EBS 2026학년도 수능특강 영어독해연습 01강
1 전형성에 의존하지 않는 범주 판단
How are category judgments made when ____ don’t rely on typicality?
As ____ approach to this question, let’s think through an example.
Consider a lemon. Paint the ____ with red and white stripes. Is it still a lemon?
Most people say that it is. Now, inject the lemon with sugar water, so it has ____ sweet taste.
Then, run over ____ lemon with a truck, so that it’s flat as a pancake.
What have we got at this point? Do we ____ a striped, artificially sweet, flattened lemon? Or do we have a non-lemon?
Most people still accept this poor, abused fruit as a lemon, ____ consider what this judgment involves.
We’ve taken steps to make this object more and more distant from the prototype and also very different ____ any specific lemon you’ve ever encountered.
But this seems not to shake your faith that the object remains a ____
To be ____ we have a not-easily-recognized lemon, an exceptional lemon, but it’s still a lemon.
Apparently, something can be ____ lemon with virtually no resemblance to other lemons.
2 유인책이 동기에 미치는 영향
There’s a reason so many of the studies that ____ that were incentives undermine motivation conducted with children.
Children are busy ____ out their likes and dislikes.
When I ask my eight-year-old if he likes a subject at school, he needs to think about it; he doesn’t intuitively ____ the answer the way you might.
Children are relatively new to a world that’s largely controlled by adults, ____ many of the activities that occupy their days need explanation.
They might ask themselves, “Am I drawing because I like to draw or ____ my teacher made me draw?” or
“Does this food taste good to me or am I eating it because otherwise I won’t ____ dessert?”
Incentives give them the clues to start piecing ____ their likes and dislikes.
And if you’re a child, and an adult is willing to pay you to do ____ that’s a clue that you wouldn’t otherwise enjoy doing it.
3 경쟁에서의 과장
Because both parties typically suffer costs when a competition escalates to violence, contests between members ____ the same species are typically a blend of truth and exaggeration by each party intended to convince the other party to back down.
Exaggeration would disappear if there were no cost ____ testing one’s abilities against those of one’s opponent.
If we’re competing over the last slice of cake and I think I might be stronger than you, I’ll ____ punch you and find out.
But there is a notable cost to this test, as you are ____ to punch me back — a bummer under the best of circumstances, but particularly so if you’re stronger than I am.
It is this ____ cost of competition that allows deceptive individuals to exaggerate their strengths and play down their weaknesses without necessarily getting caught.
This type of exaggeration can be seen throughout the animal kingdom, such as when moose or hyenas raise the hackles ____ their back to appear larger, or when crabs grow unnecessarily large claw shells that they do not fill with muscle.
4 타인의 반응이 도움 행동에 미치는 영향
Other people’s reactions can influence whether any one individual decides to ____
No one wants to foolishly rush ____ help in a case that may not be an emergency after all.
In fact, people sometimes fail to act because they fear appearing foolish in front ____ others.
So we usually keep calm and ____ to see what others present are doing.
Of course, if everyone else is also keeping calm while they check the reactions of others, everyone will conclude that help is not needed or that norms ____ helping inappropriate.
In one series of studies, experimenters arranged ____ smoke to pour into a laboratory room in which students were sitting completing questionnaires.
____ the students were alone, their concern at the unusual situation soon led them to seek help. But when two confederates in the room showed no reaction to the smoke, participants also did nothing.
When people notice that bystanders and ____ are unresponsive, that observation reduces the likelihood that they will help.
Thus, one ____ that the presence of bystanders can influence helping is by suggesting that helping is contrary to norms.
5 자연 철학이 더 오래된 문화권에서 시작되지 못한 이유
There is a profound reason to start natural philosophy with the ____ Greeks rather than the older cultures (Egyptian, Babylonian, Indian, and Chinese), despite their many accomplishments.
Although these older cultures had technical knowledge, keen observational skills, and vast resources of material and information, they failed to ____ natural philosophy because they did not separate the natural world from the supernatural world.
The religions of the old empires were predicated on the belief that the material world was controlled and inhabited by supernatural beings and forces, ____ that the reason for the behavior of these supernatural forces was largely unknowable.
Although there were many technical developments in the societies of the four river cultures, the intellectual heritage was dominated ____ the priests, and their interest in the material world was an extension of their concepts of theology.
Many ancient civilizations, such as the Egyptian, Babylonian, and Aztec empires, spent a large proportion of social capital (covering such things as the time, wealth, skill, and public space of the society) on religious ____
6 문서를 매개로 한 통치 형태의 등장
The ____ of state formation and the centralization of government in early modern Europe involved the use of increasing amounts of information.
Historians have noted ____ rise of what the Canadian sociologist Dorothy Smith called ‘textually mediated forms of ruling’ such as writing letters, writing and annotating reports, issuing forms and questionnaires and so on, associated with what is variously known as the information state, archive state or paper state — now in the process of transforming itself into the digital state.
This process may be described as the rise ____ ‘bureaucracy’ in the original sense of the term, the rule of the bureau, or office, and its officials.
These officials both issued and followed written orders and recorded these orders in their files, together with the reports on the political situation at home and abroad that ____ decision-making.
The ruler on horseback was gradually transformed into the ruler sitting at his desk, as ____ the famous cases of Philip II of Spain in the sixteenth century and Louis XIV of France in the seventeenth.