EBS 2026학년도 수능특강 영어독해연습 01강
1 전형성에 의존하지 않는 범주 판단
____ are category judgments made when they don’t rely on typicality?
As ____ approach to this question, let’s think through an example.
Consider a lemon. Paint the lemon with red ____ white stripes. Is it still a lemon?
Most people say ____ it is. Now, inject the lemon with sugar water, so it has a sweet taste.
Then, run over the lemon with a truck, ____ that it’s flat as a pancake.
What have we got at ____ point? Do we have a striped, artificially sweet, flattened lemon? Or do we have a non-lemon?
Most ____ still accept this poor, abused fruit as a lemon, but consider what this judgment involves.
We’ve taken steps to make this object more and more distant from the prototype ____ also very different from any specific lemon you’ve ever encountered.
But this seems not ____ shake your faith that the object remains a lemon.
To be sure, we have a not-easily-recognized ____ an exceptional lemon, but it’s still a lemon.
Apparently, something can be a lemon with virtually no resemblance to other ____
2 유인책이 동기에 미치는 영향
____ a reason so many of the studies that found that were incentives undermine motivation conducted with children.
Children are busy figuring ____ their likes and dislikes.
When I ask my eight-year-old if he likes a subject at ____ he needs to think about it; he doesn’t intuitively know the answer the way you might.
Children are relatively new to a world that’s ____ controlled by adults, so many of the activities that occupy their days need explanation.
They might ask themselves, “Am I drawing because I like to draw or because my teacher made me draw?” ____
“Does ____ food taste good to me or am I eating it because otherwise I won’t get dessert?”
Incentives give them the clues to start ____ together their likes and dislikes.
And if you’re a child, and an adult is ____ to pay you to do something, that’s a clue that you wouldn’t otherwise enjoy doing it.
3 경쟁에서의 과장
Because both parties typically suffer costs when a competition escalates to violence, contests between members ____ the same species are typically a blend of truth and exaggeration by each party intended to convince the other party to back down.
Exaggeration would disappear if there were no cost to ____ one’s abilities against those of one’s opponent.
If we’re competing over the last ____ of cake and I think I might be stronger than you, I’ll just punch you and find out.
But there is a notable cost to this test, as you are likely to punch me ____ — a bummer under the best of circumstances, but particularly so if you’re stronger than I am.
It is this guaranteed cost of competition that allows deceptive individuals to exaggerate their strengths and play ____ their weaknesses without necessarily getting caught.
This type of exaggeration can be seen throughout the animal kingdom, such as when moose or hyenas raise the hackles on their ____ to appear larger, or when crabs grow unnecessarily large claw shells that they do not fill with muscle.
4 타인의 반응이 도움 행동에 미치는 영향
Other people’s reactions can influence whether any one individual decides to ____
No ____ wants to foolishly rush to help in a case that may not be an emergency after all.
In fact, people sometimes fail to act because ____ fear appearing foolish in front of others.
____ we usually keep calm and check to see what others present are doing.
Of course, if everyone else is also keeping calm while they ____ the reactions of others, everyone will conclude that help is not needed or that norms make helping inappropriate.
In one series of studies, experimenters arranged for smoke to pour into ____ laboratory room in which students were sitting completing questionnaires.
When the students were alone, their concern at the unusual situation soon led them to seek help. But when two confederates in the room showed no reaction ____ the smoke, participants also did nothing.
When people notice that bystanders and passersby are unresponsive, that observation reduces ____ likelihood that they will help.
Thus, ____ way that the presence of bystanders can influence helping is by suggesting that helping is contrary to norms.
5 자연 철학이 더 오래된 문화권에서 시작되지 못한 이유
There is a profound reason to start natural philosophy with the ancient ____ rather than the older cultures (Egyptian, Babylonian, Indian, and Chinese), despite their many accomplishments.
Although these older cultures had technical knowledge, keen observational ____ and vast resources of material and information, they failed to create natural philosophy because they did not separate the natural world from the supernatural world.
The religions of the old empires were predicated on the belief that the material world was controlled and inhabited by supernatural beings and forces, ____ that the reason for the behavior of these supernatural forces was largely unknowable.
Although there were many technical developments in the societies of the four river cultures, the intellectual heritage was ____ by the priests, and their interest in the material world was an extension of their concepts of theology.
Many ancient civilizations, such as the Egyptian, Babylonian, and Aztec empires, spent a large proportion of social capital (covering such things as the time, wealth, skill, and public space of the society) ____ religious activity.
6 문서를 매개로 한 통치 형태의 등장
The processes of state formation and ____ centralization of government in early modern Europe involved the use of increasing amounts of information.
Historians have noted the rise of what the Canadian sociologist Dorothy ____ called ‘textually mediated forms of ruling’ such as writing letters, writing and annotating reports, issuing forms and questionnaires and so on, associated with what is variously known as the information state, archive state or paper state — now in the process of transforming itself into the digital state.
This process may be described as the rise of ____ in the original sense of the term, the rule of the bureau, or office, and its officials.
These officials both issued and followed written orders and recorded these orders in their ____ together with the reports on the political situation at home and abroad that assisted decision-making.
The ruler on horseback was gradually transformed into the ruler sitting at his desk, as in the famous cases of Philip II of Spain in the sixteenth century and Louis XIV of France in the ____