2026수능특강 영독연 1강 변형문제 (1~6번)

How are category judgments made when they don’t rely on ____?

As an approach to this question, ____ think through an example.

Consider a lemon. Paint the lemon with red and white stripes. Is it still a ____?

Most people say that it is. Now, inject the lemon with sugar ____, so it has a sweet taste.

Then, run over the lemon with a truck, so that it’s flat as a ____.

What have we got at this point? Do we have a striped, artificially ____, flattened lemon? Or do we have a non-lemon?

Most people still accept this poor, abused fruit as a lemon, but consider what this judgment ____.

We’ve taken steps to make this object more and more distant ____ the prototype and also very different from any specific lemon you’ve ever encountered.

But this ____ not to shake your faith that the object remains a lemon.

To be sure, we have a not-easily-recognized lemon, an exceptional lemon, but ____ still a lemon.

Apparently, something can be a ____ with virtually no resemblance to other lemons.

There’s a reason so many of the studies that found that were ____ undermine motivation conducted with children.

Children are busy ____ out their likes and dislikes.

When I ask my eight-year-old if he likes a subject at school, he needs to think ____ it; he doesn’t intuitively know the answer the way you might.

Children are relatively ____ to a world that’s largely controlled by adults, so many of the activities that occupy their days need explanation.

They might ask themselves, “Am I drawing because I like to draw or because my teacher made me ____?” or

“Does this ____ taste good to me or am I eating it because otherwise I won’t get dessert?”

Incentives give them the clues to ____ piecing together their likes and dislikes.

And if you’re a child, and an adult is willing to pay you to do something, ____ a clue that you wouldn’t otherwise enjoy doing it.

Because both parties typically suffer costs when a competition escalates to violence, contests between members of the same species are typically a blend of ____ and exaggeration by each party intended to convince the other party to back down.

Exaggeration would disappear if there were no cost to testing one’s abilities against those of ____ opponent.

If we’re competing over the last slice of cake and I think I might be stronger than you, I’ll ____ punch you and find out.

But there is a notable cost to this test, as you are likely to ____ me back — a bummer under the best of circumstances, but particularly so if you’re stronger than I am.

It is this guaranteed cost of competition that allows deceptive individuals to exaggerate their strengths and play ____ their weaknesses without necessarily getting caught.

This type of exaggeration can be seen throughout the ____ kingdom, such as when moose or hyenas raise the hackles on their back to appear larger, or when crabs grow unnecessarily large claw shells that they do not fill with muscle.

Other people’s reactions can ____ whether any one individual decides to help.

No one wants to foolishly rush to help in a case that may not be an ____ after all.

In fact, people ____ fail to act because they fear appearing foolish in front of others.

So we usually keep calm and check to see what others ____ are doing.

Of course, if everyone else is also keeping calm while they check the reactions of others, everyone will conclude that help is not ____ or that norms make helping inappropriate.

In one series of studies, experimenters arranged for smoke to pour ____ a laboratory room in which students were sitting completing questionnaires.

When the students were alone, their concern at the unusual situation soon led them to seek help. But when two confederates in the room showed no reaction to the smoke, ____ also did nothing.

When people notice that bystanders and passersby are unresponsive, that ____ reduces the likelihood that they will help.

Thus, one way that the presence of bystanders can influence ____ is by suggesting that helping is contrary to norms.

There is a profound reason to start natural philosophy with the ancient Greeks rather than the older cultures (Egyptian, Babylonian, ____, and Chinese), despite their many accomplishments.

Although these older cultures had technical knowledge, keen observational skills, and vast resources of material and information, they failed to create natural philosophy ____ they did not separate the natural world from the supernatural world.

The religions of the old empires were predicated on the belief that the material world was controlled and inhabited by supernatural beings and forces, and that the reason for the behavior of these supernatural ____ was largely unknowable.

____ there were many technical developments in the societies of the four river cultures, the intellectual heritage was dominated by the priests, and their interest in the material world was an extension of their concepts of theology.

Many ancient civilizations, such as the Egyptian, Babylonian, and Aztec empires, spent a large proportion of social capital (covering such things as the time, wealth, skill, and public space of the ____) on religious activity.

The processes of state formation and the centralization of government in early modern Europe involved the use of ____ amounts of information.

Historians have noted the rise of what the Canadian sociologist Dorothy Smith called ‘textually mediated forms of ruling’ such as ____ letters, writing and annotating reports, issuing forms and questionnaires and so on, associated with what is variously known as the information state, archive state or paper state — now in the process of transforming itself into the digital state.

This process may be described as the rise of ‘____’ in the original sense of the term, the rule of the bureau, or office, and its officials.

These officials both issued and followed written orders and recorded these orders in their ____, together with the reports on the political situation at home and abroad that assisted decision-making.

The ruler on horseback was gradually transformed into the ruler sitting at his desk, as in the famous cases of Philip II of ____ in the sixteenth century and Louis XIV of France in the seventeenth.