EBS 2026학년도 수능특강 영어독해연습 01강
1 전형성에 의존하지 않는 범주 판단
How are category judgments ____ when they don’t rely on typicality?
As an approach to this ____ let’s think through an example.
____ a lemon. Paint the lemon with red and white stripes. Is it still a lemon?
Most people say that it is. Now, inject ____ lemon with sugar water, so it has a sweet taste.
Then, run over the lemon with a truck, so that ____ flat as a pancake.
What have we got at this point? Do ____ have a striped, artificially sweet, flattened lemon? Or do we have a non-lemon?
Most people still accept this poor, abused fruit as a lemon, but consider what this ____ involves.
We’ve taken steps to make this object more and more distant from the prototype and also very different ____ any specific lemon you’ve ever encountered.
But this seems ____ to shake your faith that the object remains a lemon.
To be sure, we ____ a not-easily-recognized lemon, an exceptional lemon, but it’s still a lemon.
Apparently, something can be a lemon with virtually no resemblance to ____ lemons.
2 유인책이 동기에 미치는 영향
There’s a reason so many of the studies that found that were incentives undermine motivation conducted ____ children.
____ are busy figuring out their likes and dislikes.
When I ask my eight-year-old if he likes a subject at school, he needs to think ____ it; he doesn’t intuitively know the answer the way you might.
Children are relatively new to a world that’s largely controlled by adults, so many of the activities that occupy their ____ need explanation.
They might ____ themselves, “Am I drawing because I like to draw or because my teacher made me draw?” or
“Does this food taste ____ to me or am I eating it because otherwise I won’t get dessert?”
Incentives give ____ the clues to start piecing together their likes and dislikes.
And if you’re a ____ and an adult is willing to pay you to do something, that’s a clue that you wouldn’t otherwise enjoy doing it.
3 경쟁에서의 과장
Because both parties typically suffer costs when a competition escalates to violence, contests between members of the ____ species are typically a blend of truth and exaggeration by each party intended to convince the other party to back down.
Exaggeration would disappear if there were no cost ____ testing one’s abilities against those of one’s opponent.
If we’re competing over the ____ slice of cake and I think I might be stronger than you, I’ll just punch you and find out.
But there ____ a notable cost to this test, as you are likely to punch me back — a bummer under the best of circumstances, but particularly so if you’re stronger than I am.
It is this guaranteed cost of competition that allows deceptive ____ to exaggerate their strengths and play down their weaknesses without necessarily getting caught.
This type of exaggeration can be seen throughout the animal kingdom, such as when moose or hyenas raise the hackles on their back to appear larger, ____ when crabs grow unnecessarily large claw shells that they do not fill with muscle.
4 타인의 반응이 도움 행동에 미치는 영향
Other people’s reactions can influence whether any one individual ____ to help.
No one ____ to foolishly rush to help in a case that may not be an emergency after all.
____ fact, people sometimes fail to act because they fear appearing foolish in front of others.
So we usually keep calm and check to ____ what others present are doing.
Of course, if everyone else is also keeping ____ while they check the reactions of others, everyone will conclude that help is not needed or that norms make helping inappropriate.
In one series of studies, experimenters arranged for ____ to pour into a laboratory room in which students were sitting completing questionnaires.
When the students were alone, their concern ____ the unusual situation soon led them to seek help. But when two confederates in the room showed no reaction to the smoke, participants also did nothing.
____ people notice that bystanders and passersby are unresponsive, that observation reduces the likelihood that they will help.
Thus, one way that the presence of bystanders can influence helping is by suggesting that helping is contrary to ____
5 자연 철학이 더 오래된 문화권에서 시작되지 못한 이유
There is a profound reason to start natural philosophy with the ancient Greeks rather than ____ older cultures (Egyptian, Babylonian, Indian, and Chinese), despite their many accomplishments.
Although these older cultures had technical knowledge, keen ____ skills, and vast resources of material and information, they failed to create natural philosophy because they did not separate the natural world from the supernatural world.
The religions of the old empires were predicated on the belief that the ____ world was controlled and inhabited by supernatural beings and forces, and that the reason for the behavior of these supernatural forces was largely unknowable.
Although there were many technical developments in the societies of the four river cultures, the intellectual heritage was dominated by the priests, and their interest in the material world was an extension of their ____ of theology.
Many ancient civilizations, such as the Egyptian, Babylonian, and Aztec empires, spent a large proportion of social capital (covering ____ things as the time, wealth, skill, and public space of the society) on religious activity.
6 문서를 매개로 한 통치 형태의 등장
The processes of state formation and the centralization of government in early modern Europe involved the use of ____ amounts of information.
Historians have noted the rise of what the Canadian sociologist Dorothy Smith called ‘textually mediated forms of ruling’ such as writing letters, writing and annotating reports, issuing forms and questionnaires and so on, associated with what is variously known as the information state, archive state or paper state — now in ____ process of transforming itself into the digital state.
This process may be described as the rise of ‘bureaucracy’ ____ the original sense of the term, the rule of the bureau, or office, and its officials.
These officials both issued and followed written ____ and recorded these orders in their files, together with the reports on the political situation at home and abroad that assisted decision-making.
The ruler on horseback was gradually transformed into the ruler sitting at his desk, as in the famous cases of Philip II of Spain in the sixteenth century and Louis ____ of France in the seventeenth.