2026수능특강 영독연 1강 변형문제 (1~6번)

____ are category judgments made when they don’t rely on typicality?

As an approach to this question, ____ think through an example.

Consider a lemon. Paint the lemon with red and ____ stripes. Is it still a lemon?

Most people ____ that it is. Now, inject the lemon with sugar water, so it has a sweet taste.

Then, run ____ the lemon with a truck, so that it’s flat as a pancake.

What have we got at this point? Do we have a ____, artificially sweet, flattened lemon? Or do we have a non-lemon?

Most people still accept this poor, ____ fruit as a lemon, but consider what this judgment involves.

We’ve taken steps to make this object ____ and more distant from the prototype and also very different from any specific lemon you’ve ever encountered.

But this seems not to shake your faith that the object remains a ____.

To be sure, we have a not-easily-recognized lemon, an exceptional ____, but it’s still a lemon.

____, something can be a lemon with virtually no resemblance to other lemons.

____ a reason so many of the studies that found that were incentives undermine motivation conducted with children.

Children are busy figuring ____ their likes and dislikes.

When I ask my eight-year-old if he likes a subject at school, he needs to think about it; he doesn’t intuitively know the ____ the way you might.

Children are relatively new to a world that’s largely controlled by adults, so many of the activities that occupy their ____ need explanation.

They might ____ themselves, “Am I drawing because I like to draw or because my teacher made me draw?” or

“Does this food taste good to me or am I eating it because ____ I won’t get dessert?”

Incentives give them the ____ to start piecing together their likes and dislikes.

And if you’re a child, and an adult is willing to pay you to do something, that’s a clue that you wouldn’t otherwise enjoy ____ it.

Because both parties typically suffer costs when a competition escalates to violence, contests ____ members of the same species are typically a blend of truth and exaggeration by each party intended to convince the other party to back down.

Exaggeration would disappear if ____ were no cost to testing one’s abilities against those of one’s opponent.

If we’re competing over the last slice of cake and I think I might be stronger than you, I’ll ____ punch you and find out.

But there is a notable cost to this test, as you are likely to punch me ____ — a bummer under the best of circumstances, but particularly so if you’re stronger than I am.

It is this guaranteed cost of competition that allows deceptive individuals to exaggerate their strengths and play down their weaknesses without ____ getting caught.

This type of exaggeration can be seen throughout the animal kingdom, such as when moose or hyenas raise the hackles on their back to ____ larger, or when crabs grow unnecessarily large claw shells that they do not fill with muscle.

Other people’s reactions ____ influence whether any one individual decides to help.

No one wants to foolishly rush to help in a case that may not be an emergency ____ all.

In fact, people sometimes fail to act because they ____ appearing foolish in front of others.

So we usually keep calm and check to see what ____ present are doing.

Of course, if everyone else is also keeping calm while they check the reactions of others, ____ will conclude that help is not needed or that norms make helping inappropriate.

In one series of studies, ____ arranged for smoke to pour into a laboratory room in which students were sitting completing questionnaires.

When the students were alone, their concern at the unusual situation soon led them to seek help. But when two confederates in the room ____ no reaction to the smoke, participants also did nothing.

When people notice that bystanders and passersby are ____, that observation reduces the likelihood that they will help.

Thus, one way that the presence of bystanders can influence helping is by ____ that helping is contrary to norms.

There is a profound ____ to start natural philosophy with the ancient Greeks rather than the older cultures (Egyptian, Babylonian, Indian, and Chinese), despite their many accomplishments.

Although these older cultures had technical knowledge, keen observational skills, and vast resources of material and information, they failed to create natural philosophy because they did ____ separate the natural world from the supernatural world.

The religions of the old empires were predicated on the belief that the material world was controlled and inhabited by supernatural beings and forces, and that the reason for the behavior of these ____ forces was largely unknowable.

Although there were many technical developments in the societies of the four river cultures, the intellectual heritage was dominated by the priests, and their interest in the material world was an ____ of their concepts of theology.

____ ancient civilizations, such as the Egyptian, Babylonian, and Aztec empires, spent a large proportion of social capital (covering such things as the time, wealth, skill, and public space of the society) on religious activity.

The processes of state formation and the centralization of government in early modern ____ involved the use of increasing amounts of information.

Historians have noted the rise of what the Canadian sociologist Dorothy Smith called ‘textually mediated forms of ruling’ such as writing letters, writing and annotating reports, issuing forms and questionnaires and so on, associated with what is variously known as the information state, archive state or paper state — now in the ____ of transforming itself into the digital state.

This process may be described as the rise of ‘bureaucracy’ in the original sense of the term, the rule of the bureau, or office, and its ____.

These officials both issued and ____ written orders and recorded these orders in their files, together with the reports on the political situation at home and abroad that assisted decision-making.

The ruler on horseback was gradually transformed into the ruler sitting at his desk, as in the famous cases of Philip II of Spain in the sixteenth century and ____ XIV of France in the seventeenth.