EBS 2026 수능특강 영어독해연습 4강
7 인간처럼 구문을 사용하는 일본 박새의 노래
The bird songs we ____ every day are more than beautiful.
They serve a practical ____
Birds employ their voices to call their mates, find their flock, claim territory, scare off intruders, warn ____ about predators, and for countless other functions.
For instance, Japanese and Swiss researchers recently discovered that Japanese great tits, small birds with jet-black heads and necks with prominent white cheeks, ____ syntax in their songs, just as humans do in their speech.
Syntax is crucial to language. For example, if you say, “I love ____ restaurant,” the message is clear.
But not even Star ____ Master Yoda could understand, “Restaurant love that I.” Until recently, scientists believed that only humans could string together such vocalizations.
The Japanese great tit, it turns out, is the first animal ____ from humans who can use phonological syntax — the ability to combine sounds that individually have no meaning into a collective sound — that does.
To instruct other members of ____ flock to scan for predators, or to attract a mate, a great tit must sing several distinct notes in the correct order — if the notes are sung differently, the study found, other birds will not react.
8 불안에 대한 유전자의 역할
When an organism is confronted with some sort of threat, it typically becomes vigilant, searches ____ gain information about the nature of the threat, struggles to find an effective coping response.
____ once a signal indicates safety — the lion has been evaded, the traffic cop buys the explanation and doesn’t issue a ticket — the organism can relax.
But this is not what ____ in an anxious individual.
Instead, there is ____ nervous scrambling among coping responses — abruptly shifting from one to another without checking whether anything has worked, an agitated attempt to cover all the bases and attempt a variety of responses simultaneously.
Or there is an inability to detect when the safety signal occurs, and the ____ vigilance keeps going.
By definition, anxiety makes little sense outside the context of what the environment ____ doing to an individual.
In that framework, the brain chemicals and, ultimately, the genes relevant to anxiety don’t make you ____
They make you more responsive to anxiety-provoking situations, make it harder to detect safety ____ in the environment.
9 확률을 예측하는 아기
Babies use statistical learning to make predictions ____ the world, guiding their actions.
Like little statisticians, they form hypotheses, assess probabilities based on their knowledge, integrate new ____ from the environment, and perform tests.
In one creative study ____ the developmental psychologist Fei Xu, ten- to fourteen-month-old children first expressed a preference for pink or black lollipops, then were shown two candy jars:
one containing more black lollipops than pink, ____ one with more pink than black.
The experimenter then closed her eyes and drew one lollipop from each jar so infants could see only ____ stick, not the color.
Each lollipop ____ placed into a separate, opaque cup with only the stick showing.
Infants crawled to the cup that ____ statistically more likely to contain their preferred color, because it came from a jar where that color was in the majority.
Experiments like ____ demonstrate that infants are not merely reactive to the world.
Even from a very young age, they ____ estimate probabilities based on patterns that they observe and learn, to maximize the outcomes they desire.
10 냄새의 기능
David Howes, a professor of anthropology, notes the frequent association in different cultures between scents ____ rituals of transition, such as funerals or rites of passage.
He suggests that scent is felt to be symbolically appropriate for moments of social transition because it so frequently ____ and marks other types of physical transition,
as when cooking smells signal the transformation of raw ingredients ____ food.
____ scents tend to escape spaces and spread out of human control, our experience of them is frequently liminal, as we notice scents far more strongly when first entering their range.
You smell baking bread strongly as you enter a house, but after a few minutes inside, you ____ no longer be able to smell it even with deliberate effort, a physical process known as olfactory adaptation or exhaustion.
It takes an overwhelming smell ____ retain our notice after a period of constant exposure.
Smells signal transitions through space as well as changes of state, and are thus used to mark ____ important moments of change.
11 다양한 접근 방식의 필요성
Variability in judgments is expected and welcome in a competitive ____ in which the best judgments will be rewarded.
When several companies (or several ____ in the same organization) compete to generate innovative solutions to the same customer problem, we don’t want them to focus on the same approach.
The same is true when multiple teams of researchers attack a scientific problem, such as the development of a ____ we very much want them to look at it from different angles.
____ forecasters sometimes behave like competitive players.
The analyst who correctly calls a recession that no one else has anticipated is sure to gain ____ whereas the one who never strays from the agreement remains unnoticed.
In such settings, variability in ideas and judgments is again welcome, because ____ is only the first step.
____ a second phase, the results of these judgments will be pitted against one another, and the best will triumph.
In a market as in nature, selection ____ work without variation.
12 철저한 사전 조사
Intelligent failures ____ with preparation.
No scientist ____ to waste time or materials on experiments that have been run before and failed.
Do your homework. The ____ intelligent failure is hypothesis driven.
You’ve taken the time to think through what ____ happen — why you have reason to believe that you could be right about what will happen.
My Harvard colleague Thomas Eisenmann, an entrepreneurship expert, finds that many start-up failures are ____ by the skipping of basic homework.
For example, Triangulate, an online dating ____ rushed to launch fully functional offerings that didn’t fit any market needs.
Eager to launch fast, founders skipped the research ____ customer interviews to probe for unmet needs.
____ no attention to that crucial preparation, the company paid the price.
Thomas attributes this common failure, in part, ____ “the ‘fail fast’ mantra,” which overemphasizes action, shortchanging preparation.
Moreover, while this might seem self-evident, once you’ve ____ the homework, you must pay attention to what it’s telling you.