EBS 2026 수능특강 영어독해연습 4강
7 인간처럼 구문을 사용하는 일본 박새의 노래
The bird songs we hear every day are more ____ beautiful.
They serve a ____ purpose.
Birds employ their voices to call their mates, find their flock, claim territory, ____ off intruders, warn others about predators, and for countless other functions.
For instance, Japanese and Swiss researchers ____ discovered that Japanese great tits, small birds with jet-black heads and necks with prominent white cheeks, use syntax in their songs, just as humans do in their speech.
Syntax is ____ to language. For example, if you say, “I love that restaurant,” the message is clear.
But not even Star Wars’ Master Yoda could understand, “Restaurant love that I.” Until recently, ____ believed that only humans could string together such vocalizations.
The Japanese great ____, it turns out, is the first animal apart from humans who can use phonological syntax — the ability to combine sounds that individually have no meaning into a collective sound — that does.
To instruct other members of his flock to scan for predators, or to attract a mate, a great tit ____ sing several distinct notes in the correct order — if the notes are sung differently, the study found, other birds will not react.
8 불안에 대한 유전자의 역할
When an organism is confronted with some sort of threat, it typically becomes ____, searches to gain information about the nature of the threat, struggles to find an effective coping response.
And once a signal indicates safety — the lion has been evaded, the traffic cop buys the ____ and doesn’t issue a ticket — the organism can relax.
But this is not ____ occurs in an anxious individual.
Instead, there is a nervous scrambling among coping responses — abruptly shifting from one to ____ without checking whether anything has worked, an agitated attempt to cover all the bases and attempt a variety of responses simultaneously.
Or there is an inability to ____ when the safety signal occurs, and the restless vigilance keeps going.
By definition, ____ makes little sense outside the context of what the environment is doing to an individual.
In that framework, the ____ chemicals and, ultimately, the genes relevant to anxiety don’t make you anxious.
They make you more responsive to anxiety-provoking situations, make it harder to detect ____ signals in the environment.
9 확률을 예측하는 아기
Babies use ____ learning to make predictions about the world, guiding their actions.
Like little statisticians, they form hypotheses, assess probabilities ____ on their knowledge, integrate new evidence from the environment, and perform tests.
In one creative study by the developmental psychologist Fei Xu, ten- to ____ children first expressed a preference for pink or black lollipops, then were shown two candy jars:
one containing more black lollipops than pink, and one with more ____ than black.
The experimenter then closed her eyes and drew one lollipop from ____ jar so infants could see only the stick, not the color.
Each lollipop was placed into a separate, opaque cup with ____ the stick showing.
Infants crawled to the cup that was statistically more likely to contain their preferred ____, because it came from a jar where that color was in the majority.
Experiments like this demonstrate that infants are not merely ____ to the world.
Even from a very young age, they actively estimate probabilities based on patterns that they observe and learn, to maximize the outcomes they ____.
10 냄새의 기능
David Howes, a professor of anthropology, notes the frequent ____ in different cultures between scents and rituals of transition, such as funerals or rites of passage.
He suggests that scent is felt to be symbolically appropriate for moments of social transition because it so frequently accompanies and marks other ____ of physical transition,
as ____ cooking smells signal the transformation of raw ingredients into food.
While scents tend to escape spaces and spread ____ of human control, our experience of them is frequently liminal, as we notice scents far more strongly when first entering their range.
You smell ____ bread strongly as you enter a house, but after a few minutes inside, you may no longer be able to smell it even with deliberate effort, a physical process known as olfactory adaptation or exhaustion.
It takes an ____ smell to retain our notice after a period of constant exposure.
Smells signal transitions through space as well as changes of state, and are thus ____ to mark socially important moments of change.
11 다양한 접근 방식의 필요성
Variability in judgments is expected and welcome in a competitive situation in which the best judgments will be ____.
When several companies (or several teams in the same organization) compete to generate innovative solutions to the same customer problem, we don’t want them to focus on the ____ approach.
The same is true when multiple teams of researchers attack a scientific problem, such as the development of a vaccine: we very much want them to look at it from different ____.
____ forecasters sometimes behave like competitive players.
The analyst who correctly calls a recession that no one else has anticipated is sure to gain fame, whereas the one who ____ strays from the agreement remains unnoticed.
In such settings, variability in ideas and judgments is again welcome, because variation is only the ____ step.
In a second phase, the results of these judgments will be ____ against one another, and the best will triumph.
In a market as in ____, selection cannot work without variation.
12 철저한 사전 조사
Intelligent failures begin with ____.
No scientist wants to waste time or materials on ____ that have been run before and failed.
Do your homework. The classic intelligent failure is hypothesis ____.
You’ve taken the time to think through what might happen — why ____ have reason to believe that you could be right about what will happen.
My Harvard ____ Thomas Eisenmann, an entrepreneurship expert, finds that many start-up failures are caused by the skipping of basic homework.
For example, Triangulate, an online dating start-up, rushed to launch fully ____ offerings that didn’t fit any market needs.
Eager to launch fast, founders skipped the research — customer interviews to ____ for unmet needs.
Paying no attention to that crucial ____, the company paid the price.
Thomas attributes this common failure, in part, to “the ‘fail ____’ mantra,” which overemphasizes action, shortchanging preparation.
Moreover, while this might seem self-evident, once you’ve done the homework, you ____ pay attention to what it’s telling you.