EBS 2026 수능특강 영어독해연습 4강
7 인간처럼 구문을 사용하는 일본 박새의 노래
The bird songs we hear every day are more than ____.
They ____ a practical purpose.
Birds employ their voices to call their mates, find their flock, claim territory, scare off intruders, warn others ____ predators, and for countless other functions.
For ____, Japanese and Swiss researchers recently discovered that Japanese great tits, small birds with jet-black heads and necks with prominent white cheeks, use syntax in their songs, just as humans do in their speech.
____ is crucial to language. For example, if you say, “I love that restaurant,” the message is clear.
But not even Star Wars’ Master Yoda could understand, “Restaurant love that I.” Until recently, scientists believed that ____ humans could string together such vocalizations.
The Japanese great tit, it ____ out, is the first animal apart from humans who can use phonological syntax — the ability to combine sounds that individually have no meaning into a collective sound — that does.
To instruct other members of his flock to ____ for predators, or to attract a mate, a great tit must sing several distinct notes in the correct order — if the notes are sung differently, the study found, other birds will not react.
8 불안에 대한 유전자의 역할
____ an organism is confronted with some sort of threat, it typically becomes vigilant, searches to gain information about the nature of the threat, struggles to find an effective coping response.
And once a signal indicates safety — the lion has been ____, the traffic cop buys the explanation and doesn’t issue a ticket — the organism can relax.
But this is not what ____ in an anxious individual.
Instead, there is a nervous scrambling among coping responses — abruptly shifting from one to another without checking whether anything has worked, an agitated attempt to cover ____ the bases and attempt a variety of responses simultaneously.
Or there is an inability to detect when the safety signal occurs, and the restless vigilance ____ going.
By definition, ____ makes little sense outside the context of what the environment is doing to an individual.
In that framework, the brain chemicals and, ultimately, the genes relevant to anxiety don’t ____ you anxious.
They make you more responsive to anxiety-provoking ____, make it harder to detect safety signals in the environment.
9 확률을 예측하는 아기
Babies use ____ learning to make predictions about the world, guiding their actions.
____ little statisticians, they form hypotheses, assess probabilities based on their knowledge, integrate new evidence from the environment, and perform tests.
In one creative study by the developmental psychologist Fei Xu, ten- to fourteen-month-old children first expressed a preference for pink or black lollipops, then were ____ two candy jars:
one containing more black lollipops ____ pink, and one with more pink than black.
The experimenter then ____ her eyes and drew one lollipop from each jar so infants could see only the stick, not the color.
Each lollipop was placed into a separate, opaque cup with only the ____ showing.
Infants crawled to the cup that was statistically more likely to contain their preferred color, ____ it came from a jar where that color was in the majority.
Experiments like this demonstrate that infants are not ____ reactive to the world.
Even from a very young age, they actively estimate probabilities based on patterns that they observe and learn, to maximize the outcomes they ____.
10 냄새의 기능
David Howes, a professor of anthropology, notes the frequent association in different cultures ____ scents and rituals of transition, such as funerals or rites of passage.
He suggests that scent is felt to be ____ appropriate for moments of social transition because it so frequently accompanies and marks other types of physical transition,
as ____ cooking smells signal the transformation of raw ingredients into food.
While scents tend to escape spaces and spread out of human control, our experience of them is ____ liminal, as we notice scents far more strongly when first entering their range.
You smell baking ____ strongly as you enter a house, but after a few minutes inside, you may no longer be able to smell it even with deliberate effort, a physical process known as olfactory adaptation or exhaustion.
It takes an overwhelming smell to retain our ____ after a period of constant exposure.
Smells signal transitions through space as well as changes of state, and are thus used to mark ____ important moments of change.
11 다양한 접근 방식의 필요성
Variability in judgments is ____ and welcome in a competitive situation in which the best judgments will be rewarded.
When several companies (or several teams in the same organization) compete to generate ____ solutions to the same customer problem, we don’t want them to focus on the same approach.
The same is true when multiple ____ of researchers attack a scientific problem, such as the development of a vaccine: we very much want them to look at it from different angles.
Even forecasters sometimes behave like competitive ____.
The analyst who correctly calls a recession that no one else has anticipated is sure to gain fame, whereas the one who never ____ from the agreement remains unnoticed.
In such settings, variability in ideas and judgments is again welcome, because ____ is only the first step.
In a second phase, the results of these judgments will be pitted against one ____, and the best will triumph.
In a market as in nature, selection cannot work ____ variation.
12 철저한 사전 조사
____ failures begin with preparation.
No scientist wants to waste time or materials on experiments that have been run ____ and failed.
Do your homework. The classic ____ failure is hypothesis driven.
You’ve ____ the time to think through what might happen — why you have reason to believe that you could be right about what will happen.
My Harvard colleague ____ Eisenmann, an entrepreneurship expert, finds that many start-up failures are caused by the skipping of basic homework.
For example, Triangulate, an online dating start-up, rushed to ____ fully functional offerings that didn’t fit any market needs.
Eager to launch ____, founders skipped the research — customer interviews to probe for unmet needs.
Paying no attention to that crucial preparation, the company ____ the price.
Thomas attributes this common failure, in part, to “the ‘fail fast’ mantra,” ____ overemphasizes action, shortchanging preparation.
Moreover, while this might seem self-evident, once you’ve done the homework, ____ must pay attention to what it’s telling you.