EBS 2026 수능특강 영어독해연습 4강
7 인간처럼 구문을 사용하는 일본 박새의 노래
The bird songs we hear every day are more than ____
____ serve a practical purpose.
Birds employ their voices to call their mates, find their flock, claim territory, scare ____ intruders, warn others about predators, and for countless other functions.
For instance, Japanese and Swiss researchers recently discovered that Japanese great tits, small birds with jet-black heads and necks with prominent ____ cheeks, use syntax in their songs, just as humans do in their speech.
Syntax is crucial to language. For example, if ____ say, “I love that restaurant,” the message is clear.
But not even Star Wars’ Master Yoda could understand, “Restaurant love that I.” Until recently, scientists believed that only humans could ____ together such vocalizations.
The Japanese great tit, it turns out, is the ____ animal apart from humans who can use phonological syntax — the ability to combine sounds that individually have no meaning into a collective sound — that does.
To instruct other members of his flock to scan ____ predators, or to attract a mate, a great tit must sing several distinct notes in the correct order — if the notes are sung differently, the study found, other birds will not react.
8 불안에 대한 유전자의 역할
When an organism is confronted with some sort of threat, it typically becomes vigilant, searches to gain information ____ the nature of the threat, struggles to find an effective coping response.
____ once a signal indicates safety — the lion has been evaded, the traffic cop buys the explanation and doesn’t issue a ticket — the organism can relax.
But this is not ____ occurs in an anxious individual.
____ there is a nervous scrambling among coping responses — abruptly shifting from one to another without checking whether anything has worked, an agitated attempt to cover all the bases and attempt a variety of responses simultaneously.
Or there is an inability to detect when the safety signal occurs, and the ____ vigilance keeps going.
By definition, anxiety makes little sense outside the context of what the environment is doing ____ an individual.
In that framework, the brain chemicals ____ ultimately, the genes relevant to anxiety don’t make you anxious.
____ make you more responsive to anxiety-provoking situations, make it harder to detect safety signals in the environment.
9 확률을 예측하는 아기
Babies use statistical learning to ____ predictions about the world, guiding their actions.
____ little statisticians, they form hypotheses, assess probabilities based on their knowledge, integrate new evidence from the environment, and perform tests.
In one creative study by the developmental psychologist Fei Xu, ten- to fourteen-month-old children first expressed a preference for ____ or black lollipops, then were shown two candy jars:
one containing more black lollipops than ____ and one with more pink than black.
The experimenter then closed her ____ and drew one lollipop from each jar so infants could see only the stick, not the color.
Each lollipop was placed into a separate, opaque cup with only the stick ____
Infants crawled to the cup that was statistically more likely to contain their preferred color, because it came from a jar where that color was in the ____
Experiments like this demonstrate that infants are ____ merely reactive to the world.
Even from a very young age, they actively ____ probabilities based on patterns that they observe and learn, to maximize the outcomes they desire.
10 냄새의 기능
David Howes, a professor of anthropology, notes the frequent association in different cultures between scents and rituals of ____ such as funerals or rites of passage.
He suggests that scent is felt to be symbolically ____ for moments of social transition because it so frequently accompanies and marks other types of physical transition,
as when cooking smells ____ the transformation of raw ingredients into food.
While scents tend to escape spaces and spread out of human control, our experience of them is frequently ____ as we notice scents far more strongly when first entering their range.
You smell baking bread strongly as you enter a house, but after a few minutes inside, you may no longer be able to smell it even with deliberate ____ a physical process known as olfactory adaptation or exhaustion.
It takes an overwhelming smell to retain our notice after a period of constant ____
Smells signal transitions through space as well as changes of state, ____ are thus used to mark socially important moments of change.
11 다양한 접근 방식의 필요성
Variability in judgments is expected and welcome in a competitive situation in which the best judgments ____ be rewarded.
When several companies (or ____ teams in the same organization) compete to generate innovative solutions to the same customer problem, we don’t want them to focus on the same approach.
____ same is true when multiple teams of researchers attack a scientific problem, such as the development of a vaccine: we very much want them to look at it from different angles.
Even forecasters ____ behave like competitive players.
The analyst who correctly calls a recession that no one else has anticipated is sure to gain fame, whereas ____ one who never strays from the agreement remains unnoticed.
In such settings, variability in ideas ____ judgments is again welcome, because variation is only the first step.
In a second phase, the results of ____ judgments will be pitted against one another, and the best will triumph.
In a market as in nature, selection ____ work without variation.
12 철저한 사전 조사
Intelligent failures begin ____ preparation.
No scientist wants to waste time or materials on experiments that have ____ run before and failed.
Do your homework. The classic intelligent ____ is hypothesis driven.
You’ve taken the time to think through what might happen — why you have reason to believe that you could be right about what will ____
My Harvard colleague Thomas Eisenmann, an entrepreneurship expert, finds that many start-up failures are caused by ____ skipping of basic homework.
For example, Triangulate, an online dating start-up, rushed to launch fully functional ____ that didn’t fit any market needs.
Eager to launch fast, founders skipped the research ____ customer interviews to probe for unmet needs.
Paying no attention to that crucial preparation, the company ____ the price.
Thomas attributes this common failure, in part, to “the ‘fail ____ mantra,” which overemphasizes action, shortchanging preparation.
Moreover, while this might seem self-evident, once you’ve done the homework, you must ____ attention to what it’s telling you.