EBS 2026 수능특강 영어독해연습 4강
7 인간처럼 구문을 사용하는 일본 박새의 노래
The bird songs we hear every day are more ____ beautiful.
They serve ____ practical purpose.
Birds employ their voices to call their ____ find their flock, claim territory, scare off intruders, warn others about predators, and for countless other functions.
For instance, Japanese and Swiss researchers recently discovered that Japanese great tits, small birds with jet-black heads and necks with prominent white cheeks, use syntax in their songs, ____ as humans do in their speech.
Syntax is crucial to language. For example, if you say, “I love that restaurant,” the ____ is clear.
But not even Star Wars’ Master Yoda could understand, “Restaurant love that I.” Until recently, scientists believed that only humans could ____ together such vocalizations.
The Japanese great tit, it turns out, is the first animal apart from ____ who can use phonological syntax — the ability to combine sounds that individually have no meaning into a collective sound — that does.
To instruct other members of his flock to scan ____ predators, or to attract a mate, a great tit must sing several distinct notes in the correct order — if the notes are sung differently, the study found, other birds will not react.
8 불안에 대한 유전자의 역할
When an organism ____ confronted with some sort of threat, it typically becomes vigilant, searches to gain information about the nature of the threat, struggles to find an effective coping response.
And once a signal indicates safety — the lion has been evaded, the traffic cop buys the explanation and doesn’t issue a ticket ____ the organism can relax.
But this is not what occurs in ____ anxious individual.
Instead, there is a nervous scrambling among ____ responses — abruptly shifting from one to another without checking whether anything has worked, an agitated attempt to cover all the bases and attempt a variety of responses simultaneously.
Or there is an ____ to detect when the safety signal occurs, and the restless vigilance keeps going.
By definition, anxiety makes little sense outside the context of what the environment is doing ____ an individual.
In that framework, the brain chemicals and, ultimately, the genes relevant to anxiety don’t ____ you anxious.
They make you ____ responsive to anxiety-provoking situations, make it harder to detect safety signals in the environment.
9 확률을 예측하는 아기
Babies use statistical learning to make predictions about the world, guiding their ____
Like little statisticians, they form hypotheses, ____ probabilities based on their knowledge, integrate new evidence from the environment, and perform tests.
In one creative study by the developmental psychologist Fei Xu, ten- to fourteen-month-old children first expressed a preference for pink or black lollipops, then were shown two ____ jars:
one containing more black lollipops than pink, and one ____ more pink than black.
The experimenter then closed her eyes and drew one lollipop from each jar so infants could see only the ____ not the color.
Each lollipop was ____ into a separate, opaque cup with only the stick showing.
Infants crawled to the cup that was statistically more likely to contain their preferred color, because it came from a jar where ____ color was in the majority.
Experiments like this demonstrate ____ infants are not merely reactive to the world.
Even from a very ____ age, they actively estimate probabilities based on patterns that they observe and learn, to maximize the outcomes they desire.
10 냄새의 기능
David Howes, a professor ____ anthropology, notes the frequent association in different cultures between scents and rituals of transition, such as funerals or rites of passage.
He suggests that scent is felt to be symbolically appropriate for moments of social transition because it so frequently accompanies and ____ other types of physical transition,
as when cooking smells signal the transformation of raw ____ into food.
While scents tend to ____ spaces and spread out of human control, our experience of them is frequently liminal, as we notice scents far more strongly when first entering their range.
You smell baking bread strongly as you enter a house, but after a few minutes inside, you may no longer be able ____ smell it even with deliberate effort, a physical process known as olfactory adaptation or exhaustion.
It takes an overwhelming smell to retain our notice ____ a period of constant exposure.
Smells signal transitions through space as well as changes of state, and are thus used to ____ socially important moments of change.
11 다양한 접근 방식의 필요성
Variability in judgments is expected and welcome in a competitive situation in which the best ____ will be rewarded.
When several companies (or several teams in the same organization) compete to generate innovative solutions to the same customer problem, we don’t want them to focus on the ____ approach.
The same is true ____ multiple teams of researchers attack a scientific problem, such as the development of a vaccine: we very much want them to look at it from different angles.
____ forecasters sometimes behave like competitive players.
The analyst who correctly calls a recession that no one else has anticipated is sure to gain fame, whereas the ____ who never strays from the agreement remains unnoticed.
____ such settings, variability in ideas and judgments is again welcome, because variation is only the first step.
In a second phase, the results of these ____ will be pitted against one another, and the best will triumph.
In a market as ____ nature, selection cannot work without variation.
12 철저한 사전 조사
Intelligent failures begin with ____
No ____ wants to waste time or materials on experiments that have been run before and failed.
Do ____ homework. The classic intelligent failure is hypothesis driven.
You’ve taken the time to think ____ what might happen — why you have reason to believe that you could be right about what will happen.
My ____ colleague Thomas Eisenmann, an entrepreneurship expert, finds that many start-up failures are caused by the skipping of basic homework.
For example, Triangulate, an online dating start-up, rushed to launch fully functional offerings that didn’t fit any ____ needs.
Eager to launch fast, founders skipped ____ research — customer interviews to probe for unmet needs.
Paying no attention ____ that crucial preparation, the company paid the price.
Thomas ____ this common failure, in part, to “the ‘fail fast’ mantra,” which overemphasizes action, shortchanging preparation.
Moreover, while this might seem self-evident, once you’ve done the homework, you must pay attention to what it’s telling ____