EBS 2026 수능특강 영어독해연습 4강
7 인간처럼 구문을 사용하는 일본 박새의 노래
The ____ songs we hear every day are more than beautiful.
They serve a practical ____.
Birds employ their voices to call their mates, find their flock, claim territory, scare off intruders, ____ others about predators, and for countless other functions.
For instance, Japanese and Swiss researchers recently discovered that Japanese great tits, small birds with jet-black heads and necks with prominent white cheeks, use syntax in their songs, ____ as humans do in their speech.
Syntax is crucial to language. For example, if you say, “I love that restaurant,” the message is ____.
But not even Star Wars’ ____ Yoda could understand, “Restaurant love that I.” Until recently, scientists believed that only humans could string together such vocalizations.
The Japanese great tit, it turns out, is the first animal apart from humans who can use phonological syntax — the ____ to combine sounds that individually have no meaning into a collective sound — that does.
To instruct other members of his flock to scan for predators, or to attract a mate, a great tit must sing several distinct notes in the correct order — if the ____ are sung differently, the study found, other birds will not react.
8 불안에 대한 유전자의 역할
When an organism is confronted with some ____ of threat, it typically becomes vigilant, searches to gain information about the nature of the threat, struggles to find an effective coping response.
And once a signal indicates safety — the lion has been evaded, the traffic ____ buys the explanation and doesn’t issue a ticket — the organism can relax.
But this is ____ what occurs in an anxious individual.
Instead, there is a ____ scrambling among coping responses — abruptly shifting from one to another without checking whether anything has worked, an agitated attempt to cover all the bases and attempt a variety of responses simultaneously.
Or there is an inability to detect when the safety signal occurs, and the ____ vigilance keeps going.
By ____, anxiety makes little sense outside the context of what the environment is doing to an individual.
In that framework, the brain chemicals and, ultimately, the ____ relevant to anxiety don’t make you anxious.
They make you more responsive to anxiety-provoking situations, make it harder to detect safety signals in the ____.
9 확률을 예측하는 아기
Babies use statistical learning to make predictions about the world, ____ their actions.
Like little statisticians, they form hypotheses, ____ probabilities based on their knowledge, integrate new evidence from the environment, and perform tests.
In one creative study by the developmental psychologist Fei Xu, ten- to fourteen-month-old children first expressed a preference for pink or black lollipops, then were ____ two candy jars:
one containing more black lollipops than pink, and ____ with more pink than black.
The experimenter then ____ her eyes and drew one lollipop from each jar so infants could see only the stick, not the color.
Each lollipop was placed into a separate, opaque ____ with only the stick showing.
Infants crawled to the cup that was statistically more likely to contain their preferred color, because it ____ from a jar where that color was in the majority.
Experiments like this demonstrate that infants are ____ merely reactive to the world.
Even from a very young age, they actively estimate probabilities ____ on patterns that they observe and learn, to maximize the outcomes they desire.
10 냄새의 기능
David Howes, a professor of anthropology, notes the frequent ____ in different cultures between scents and rituals of transition, such as funerals or rites of passage.
He suggests that scent is felt to be symbolically appropriate for moments of social transition ____ it so frequently accompanies and marks other types of physical transition,
as when cooking smells signal the transformation of raw ingredients into ____.
____ scents tend to escape spaces and spread out of human control, our experience of them is frequently liminal, as we notice scents far more strongly when first entering their range.
You smell baking bread strongly as you enter a house, but after a few minutes inside, you may no longer be able to ____ it even with deliberate effort, a physical process known as olfactory adaptation or exhaustion.
It takes an overwhelming smell to retain our notice after a period of ____ exposure.
Smells signal transitions through ____ as well as changes of state, and are thus used to mark socially important moments of change.
11 다양한 접근 방식의 필요성
Variability in judgments is expected and welcome in a competitive ____ in which the best judgments will be rewarded.
When several companies (or several teams in the same organization) ____ to generate innovative solutions to the same customer problem, we don’t want them to focus on the same approach.
The same is true when multiple teams of researchers attack a scientific ____, such as the development of a vaccine: we very much want them to look at it from different angles.
Even forecasters sometimes behave like competitive ____.
The analyst who correctly calls a recession that no one else has anticipated is sure to gain fame, ____ the one who never strays from the agreement remains unnoticed.
In ____ settings, variability in ideas and judgments is again welcome, because variation is only the first step.
In a second phase, the ____ of these judgments will be pitted against one another, and the best will triumph.
In a market as in nature, selection cannot ____ without variation.
12 철저한 사전 조사
____ failures begin with preparation.
No scientist wants to waste time or materials on ____ that have been run before and failed.
Do your homework. The classic intelligent ____ is hypothesis driven.
You’ve taken the time to think through what might happen — why you have reason to believe that you could be right about what will ____.
My Harvard colleague Thomas Eisenmann, an entrepreneurship expert, ____ that many start-up failures are caused by the skipping of basic homework.
For example, Triangulate, an online dating start-up, rushed to ____ fully functional offerings that didn’t fit any market needs.
____ to launch fast, founders skipped the research — customer interviews to probe for unmet needs.
____ no attention to that crucial preparation, the company paid the price.
Thomas attributes this common failure, in part, to “the ‘fail fast’ ____,” which overemphasizes action, shortchanging preparation.
Moreover, while this might seem self-evident, once you’ve done the homework, you must pay attention to what it’s telling ____.