EBS 2026 수능특강 영어독해연습 4강
7 인간처럼 구문을 사용하는 일본 박새의 노래
The bird songs ____ hear every day are more than beautiful.
They serve a practical ____
Birds employ their voices to call their mates, find their flock, claim territory, scare off ____ warn others about predators, and for countless other functions.
For instance, Japanese and Swiss researchers recently discovered that Japanese great tits, small birds with jet-black heads and necks with prominent white ____ use syntax in their songs, just as humans do in their speech.
Syntax is crucial to language. For example, if you say, “I love ____ restaurant,” the message is clear.
But not even Star Wars’ Master Yoda could understand, “Restaurant love that I.” Until recently, scientists believed that only humans could string ____ such vocalizations.
The Japanese great tit, it turns out, is the first animal apart from humans who can use ____ syntax — the ability to combine sounds that individually have no meaning into a collective sound — that does.
To instruct other ____ of his flock to scan for predators, or to attract a mate, a great tit must sing several distinct notes in the correct order — if the notes are sung differently, the study found, other birds will not react.
8 불안에 대한 유전자의 역할
When an organism is confronted with some sort of ____ it typically becomes vigilant, searches to gain information about the nature of the threat, struggles to find an effective coping response.
And once a signal ____ safety — the lion has been evaded, the traffic cop buys the explanation and doesn’t issue a ticket — the organism can relax.
But ____ is not what occurs in an anxious individual.
Instead, there is a nervous scrambling among coping responses — abruptly shifting from one to another without checking whether anything has worked, an agitated ____ to cover all the bases and attempt a variety of responses simultaneously.
Or there is an inability to detect ____ the safety signal occurs, and the restless vigilance keeps going.
By definition, anxiety makes little sense outside the context of what the environment is doing to ____ individual.
In that framework, the brain chemicals and, ultimately, ____ genes relevant to anxiety don’t make you anxious.
They make you more ____ to anxiety-provoking situations, make it harder to detect safety signals in the environment.
9 확률을 예측하는 아기
Babies use statistical learning to make predictions about ____ world, guiding their actions.
____ little statisticians, they form hypotheses, assess probabilities based on their knowledge, integrate new evidence from the environment, and perform tests.
In ____ creative study by the developmental psychologist Fei Xu, ten- to fourteen-month-old children first expressed a preference for pink or black lollipops, then were shown two candy jars:
one containing more black lollipops than ____ and one with more pink than black.
The experimenter then closed her eyes and drew one lollipop from each ____ so infants could see only the stick, not the color.
Each lollipop was placed into a separate, opaque cup with only the stick ____
Infants crawled to the cup that was statistically more likely to contain their preferred color, because it came from a ____ where that color was in the majority.
Experiments ____ this demonstrate that infants are not merely reactive to the world.
Even from a very young age, they actively estimate probabilities based on patterns that ____ observe and learn, to maximize the outcomes they desire.
10 냄새의 기능
David Howes, a professor of anthropology, notes the frequent association ____ different cultures between scents and rituals of transition, such as funerals or rites of passage.
He suggests that scent is felt to be symbolically appropriate for moments of social ____ because it so frequently accompanies and marks other types of physical transition,
as when cooking smells signal the transformation of ____ ingredients into food.
While scents tend to escape spaces and spread out of human control, our experience of them is frequently liminal, as we notice ____ far more strongly when first entering their range.
You smell baking bread strongly as you enter a house, but ____ a few minutes inside, you may no longer be able to smell it even with deliberate effort, a physical process known as olfactory adaptation or exhaustion.
It takes an overwhelming smell to retain our notice after a period of ____ exposure.
Smells ____ transitions through space as well as changes of state, and are thus used to mark socially important moments of change.
11 다양한 접근 방식의 필요성
Variability in judgments is expected and welcome in a competitive situation in which the ____ judgments will be rewarded.
When several companies (or several teams in the same organization) compete to generate innovative solutions to the same customer problem, we don’t want them to focus on the same ____
The same is true when ____ teams of researchers attack a scientific problem, such as the development of a vaccine: we very much want them to look at it from different angles.
Even ____ sometimes behave like competitive players.
The analyst who correctly calls a recession that no one else has anticipated is ____ to gain fame, whereas the one who never strays from the agreement remains unnoticed.
In such settings, variability in ideas and judgments ____ again welcome, because variation is only the first step.
In a second phase, the results of these judgments will be pitted against one another, and the best will ____
In a market as ____ nature, selection cannot work without variation.
12 철저한 사전 조사
Intelligent failures ____ with preparation.
No scientist wants to waste time or materials on experiments that have been run ____ and failed.
Do your homework. The ____ intelligent failure is hypothesis driven.
You’ve taken the time to think through what might ____ — why you have reason to believe that you could be right about what will happen.
My Harvard colleague Thomas ____ an entrepreneurship expert, finds that many start-up failures are caused by the skipping of basic homework.
For example, Triangulate, an online dating start-up, ____ to launch fully functional offerings that didn’t fit any market needs.
Eager to ____ fast, founders skipped the research — customer interviews to probe for unmet needs.
____ no attention to that crucial preparation, the company paid the price.
Thomas attributes this common failure, in part, to “the ‘fail fast’ mantra,” which overemphasizes ____ shortchanging preparation.
Moreover, while this might seem self-evident, once you’ve done the homework, you must pay attention to what ____ telling you.