2026수특 영독연 4강 변형문제 (1~6번)

____ start with the statement “Humans are causing climate change by burning fossil fuels.”

It is the basis upon which people ____ over the world, including me, are calling for the rapid end to fossil fuel use and the transition to carbon-emission-free energy sources.

It’s a pretty bold statement, and it is ____ different from saying that the climate is changing — what scientists call “detection.”

If we’re going to argue for a massive change in human society, which is what ____ be required to end our use of fossil fuels, it seems reasonable to ask that we move beyond detection.

____ all, fossil fuels, despite their problems, have provided tremendous benefits to society over the twentieth century.

If we (the ____ public) are going to insist that we stop using fossil fuels, it is incumbent upon us to prove that the downside is greater than the very real upside that fossil fuels have offered.

We need to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that climate is changing and that human use of fossil ____, not something else, is responsible for the climate change we are observing.

We ____ attribution in addition to detection.

The grammatical structure of a language is a ‘social fact’ in Durkheim’s ____ of being external to and constraining for individual speakers.

It is ____ of their subjective preferences and they must follow the rules if they are to be understood.

However, the grammatical rules of gender, agreement, number, subject and object, possessive, and so on are ____, in general, consciously followed and applied by the individuals who speak to each other.

Speakers typically have only a very limited and partial awareness of the rules of their own grammar, and speaking ____ is a matter of unreflective habit rather than conscious rule following.

The grammatical rules of a language, then, do not exist apart from the minds of the ____ speakers.

They may be formulated in a book of grammar, but such a book records the grammar — more or less ____ — and does not comprise the grammar.

The rules that are followed in forming a ‘correct’ utterance and a well-organised discourse ____ only in the minds of the individual speakers as learned dispositions held in the neurophysiological memory traces of their brains.

When environment involves human interests, it must necessarily be understood in relation to humans and not as an assemblage of independent ____.

We ____ find support for this in the work of social psychologists such as Kurt Lewin and J. J. Gibson.

Lewin envisioned a social world comprised of vectors of force between participants and the ____ and conditions with which they interact.

These ____ invite particular behaviors, and this led Lewin to call them by the German term affordungsqualitaten, translated into English as “invitational qualities.”

More recently, the perceptual psychologist J. J. Gibson studied the ways in which the design and appearance of environmental configurations and objects encourage particular responses in human ____.

He called these connections “affordances” for ____, clearly influenced by Lewin’s terminology and resembling his observations.

The work of Lewin and Gibson is important and instructive, for it suggests that environment is not just open space filled with arrangements of independent objects but rather is a field of forces in ____ relationships of attraction, repulsion, and neutrality or indifference.

Environment is, then, a field that includes the human ____.

As many journalism scholars have argued, print-era journalists rejected audience research because doing so was one of the only means to protect their always-unstable ____ status.

____ Andrew Abbott has characterized professions as “somewhat exclusive groups of individuals applying somewhat abstract knowledge to particular cases.”

Although it is commonly categorized as a ____, journalism has long struggled to comfortably inhabit this definition.

Even before the rise of the internet helped shift institutional gatekeeping ____ away from news organizations and toward technology platforms, journalists had difficulty establishing themselves as a “somewhat exclusive group of individuals.”

Indeed, while traditional professions ____ as medicine and law rely on strict licensing requirements to limit entry into the profession, the First Amendment prohibits U.S. journalism from establishing any such thing.

Nor can journalists lay a ____ claim to jurisdiction over a form of abstract knowledge.

As journalism scholar Matt Carlson has argued, “abstraction ____ for bad journalism.

Clarity, ____ in the explanation of complex topics, makes for good journalism.”

The accessibility of journalistic language is helpful for ____ the public, but it also renders journalists’ claims to specialized expertise potentially suspect.

Management, especially of ____ as complex as a transportation system, is very difficult.

There are ____ many different organizations involved, each of which has multiple divisions, with multiple levels of authority, and often many lengthy, written procedure manuals.

To make matters worse, the manuals are seldom ____ up to date and, in any event, cannot possibly consider every combination of factors that might occur.

During the incident, the people responsible for maintaining control (the pilots, in most commercial aviation incidents) waste valuable time studying the different ____, trying to find the relevant case.

Modern computer ____ attempt to help by automatically diagnosing the situation and either responding autonomously or offering operators the instructions to be followed,

but the diagnosis or recommended course of actions is not always appropriate (because in each complex system, most accidents involve different unique ____).

Different organizations might be involved: police and firefighters, company safety representatives, multiple teams from different divisions of a company, and different companies or government and regulatory agencies who ____ coordinate their decisions and actions.

It is ____ that the result is smooth, flawless management.

Age is not the only ____ of spatial skills.

While thirteen-year-old children have all the cognitive attributes they need to be ____ at wayfinding, some are better at it than others.

By this point, parental attitudes, freedom of movement, cognitive differences and life experience ____ already begun to leave their imprint, and they never ease off.

All of us may be explorers when we’re born, but few of us ____ that way.

We end up suppressing our childish natures, slipping into routines and following the routes we always ____.

A recent study by Canadian psychologists found that 84 per cent of eight-year-olds navigate by scrutinizing their surroundings and building a mental map, a so-called ‘spatial’ strategy that is ____ used by almost all competent adult navigators.

The alternative is a more ____, ‘egocentric’ strategy, which entails learning and following a sequence of turns.

____ 46 percent of us still use the spatial approach in our twenties, and 39 per cent in our sixties.

It seems that we all start off wandering free, but most of us end up on the straight and ____.

Life has a way of ____ our wings.