2026수특 영독연 4강 변형문제 (1~6번)

Let’s start with the statement “Humans are causing climate change ____ burning fossil fuels.”

It is the basis upon which people all over the world, including me, are calling for ____ rapid end to fossil fuel use and the transition to carbon-emission-free energy sources.

It’s a pretty bold statement, and it is very different from saying that the ____ is changing — what scientists call “detection.”

If we’re going to argue for a massive change in human ____ which is what will be required to end our use of fossil fuels, it seems reasonable to ask that we move beyond detection.

After all, fossil fuels, despite ____ problems, have provided tremendous benefits to society over the twentieth century.

If we (the climate-concerned public) are going to insist that we stop using fossil fuels, it is ____ upon us to prove that the downside is greater than the very real upside that fossil fuels have offered.

We need to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that climate is changing and ____ human use of fossil fuels, not something else, is responsible for the climate change we are observing.

We need attribution in addition ____ detection.

The grammatical structure of a language is a ‘social fact’ in Durkheim’s sense ____ being external to and constraining for individual speakers.

It is independent ____ their subjective preferences and they must follow the rules if they are to be understood.

However, the ____ rules of gender, agreement, number, subject and object, possessive, and so on are not, in general, consciously followed and applied by the individuals who speak to each other.

Speakers typically ____ only a very limited and partial awareness of the rules of their own grammar, and speaking grammatically is a matter of unreflective habit rather than conscious rule following.

The grammatical rules of a language, then, do not exist apart from the minds of ____ individual speakers.

They may be formulated in a book of grammar, but such a book records the grammar — ____ or less imperfectly — and does not comprise the grammar.

The rules that are followed in forming a ‘correct’ utterance and a well-organised discourse exist only in the minds of the individual speakers as learned dispositions held ____ the neurophysiological memory traces of their brains.

When environment involves human interests, it must necessarily be understood in relation to humans and not as ____ assemblage of independent objects.

We can find support for this in ____ work of social psychologists such as Kurt Lewin and J. J. Gibson.

Lewin envisioned a social world comprised of vectors of force between participants and the things and conditions with which ____ interact.

These vectors invite particular behaviors, and this led Lewin to call them by ____ German term affordungsqualitaten, translated into English as “invitational qualities.”

More recently, the perceptual psychologist J. J. Gibson studied ____ ways in which the design and appearance of environmental configurations and objects encourage particular responses in human behavior.

He called these connections “affordances” for behavior, clearly ____ by Lewin’s terminology and resembling his observations.

The work of Lewin and Gibson is important and instructive, for it suggests that environment is not just open space filled with arrangements of independent objects but rather is a field of forces in ____ relationships of attraction, repulsion, and neutrality or indifference.

Environment ____ then, a field that includes the human participant.

As many journalism scholars have argued, print-era journalists rejected audience research because doing so was one of the only means to protect their always-unstable professional ____

Sociologist Andrew Abbott has characterized professions as “somewhat exclusive groups of ____ applying somewhat abstract knowledge to particular cases.”

Although it is commonly categorized as a profession, journalism has long struggled to comfortably inhabit ____ definition.

Even before the rise of the internet helped shift institutional gatekeeping power away from news organizations and toward technology platforms, journalists had ____ establishing themselves as a “somewhat exclusive group of individuals.”

Indeed, while traditional professions such as medicine ____ law rely on strict licensing requirements to limit entry into the profession, the First Amendment prohibits U.S. journalism from establishing any such thing.

Nor can journalists lay a strong claim to jurisdiction over a form of ____ knowledge.

As journalism scholar Matt Carlson has argued, “abstraction ____ for bad journalism.

Clarity, especially in the explanation ____ complex topics, makes for good journalism.”

The accessibility of journalistic language is helpful for informing the public, but it also ____ journalists’ claims to specialized expertise potentially suspect.

Management, especially of ____ as complex as a transportation system, is very difficult.

There are often many ____ organizations involved, each of which has multiple divisions, with multiple levels of authority, and often many lengthy, written procedure manuals.

____ make matters worse, the manuals are seldom kept up to date and, in any event, cannot possibly consider every combination of factors that might occur.

During the incident, the people responsible for maintaining control (the pilots, in most commercial aviation incidents) waste valuable time studying the ____ manuals, trying to find the relevant case.

Modern computer systems attempt to help by automatically diagnosing the situation and either responding autonomously or offering operators the instructions to be ____

but the diagnosis or recommended course of ____ is not always appropriate (because in each complex system, most accidents involve different unique factors).

Different organizations might be involved: police and firefighters, company safety representatives, multiple teams from different divisions of a company, and different companies or government and regulatory agencies who must coordinate their decisions and ____

It is rare that the result ____ smooth, flawless management.

Age is not the ____ determinant of spatial skills.

While thirteen-year-old children have all the cognitive attributes they need to be ____ at wayfinding, some are better at it than others.

____ this point, parental attitudes, freedom of movement, cognitive differences and life experience have already begun to leave their imprint, and they never ease off.

All of us may be explorers ____ we’re born, but few of us stay that way.

We end up suppressing our childish natures, slipping into routines and following the ____ we always take.

A recent study by Canadian psychologists found that 84 per cent of eight-year-olds navigate by scrutinizing their surroundings and building ____ mental map, a so-called ‘spatial’ strategy that is also used by almost all competent adult navigators.

The alternative is ____ more closed, ‘egocentric’ strategy, which entails learning and following a sequence of turns.

Only 46 percent of us still use the ____ approach in our twenties, and 39 per cent in our sixties.

It seems that we all start off ____ free, but most of us end up on the straight and narrow.

____ has a way of clipping our wings.