2026수특 영독연 4강 변형문제 (1~6번)

Let’s start with the ____ “Humans are causing climate change by burning fossil fuels.”

It is the basis upon which people all over the world, including me, are calling for the rapid end to fossil ____ use and the transition to carbon-emission-free energy sources.

It’s a ____ bold statement, and it is very different from saying that the climate is changing — what scientists call “detection.”

If we’re going to argue for a massive change in human society, which is what will be required to end our use ____ fossil fuels, it seems reasonable to ask that we move beyond detection.

After all, fossil fuels, ____ their problems, have provided tremendous benefits to society over the twentieth century.

If we (the climate-concerned public) are ____ to insist that we stop using fossil fuels, it is incumbent upon us to prove that the downside is greater than the very real upside that fossil fuels have offered.

We need to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that climate is changing and that human use of ____ fuels, not something else, is responsible for the climate change we are observing.

____ need attribution in addition to detection.

The grammatical structure of a language is a ‘social fact’ in Durkheim’s sense of being ____ to and constraining for individual speakers.

It is independent of their subjective preferences and they ____ follow the rules if they are to be understood.

____ the grammatical rules of gender, agreement, number, subject and object, possessive, and so on are not, in general, consciously followed and applied by the individuals who speak to each other.

Speakers typically have only ____ very limited and partial awareness of the rules of their own grammar, and speaking grammatically is a matter of unreflective habit rather than conscious rule following.

The grammatical rules of a language, then, do not exist apart from the ____ of the individual speakers.

They may be formulated in ____ book of grammar, but such a book records the grammar — more or less imperfectly — and does not comprise the grammar.

The rules that are followed in forming a ‘correct’ utterance and a ____ discourse exist only in the minds of the individual speakers as learned dispositions held in the neurophysiological memory traces of their brains.

When environment involves human interests, it must necessarily be understood in relation to humans and not ____ an assemblage of independent objects.

We can find support for this in ____ work of social psychologists such as Kurt Lewin and J. J. Gibson.

Lewin envisioned a social world comprised of vectors of force between participants and ____ things and conditions with which they interact.

These vectors invite particular behaviors, and this led Lewin ____ call them by the German term affordungsqualitaten, translated into English as “invitational qualities.”

More recently, the perceptual psychologist J. J. Gibson studied the ways in which the design and appearance ____ environmental configurations and objects encourage particular responses in human behavior.

He called these ____ “affordances” for behavior, clearly influenced by Lewin’s terminology and resembling his observations.

The work of Lewin and Gibson is important and instructive, for it suggests that environment is not ____ open space filled with arrangements of independent objects but rather is a field of forces in compelling relationships of attraction, repulsion, and neutrality or indifference.

Environment is, then, a field that includes ____ human participant.

As many journalism scholars have argued, print-era journalists rejected audience research because doing so was one of the only means ____ protect their always-unstable professional status.

Sociologist Andrew Abbott has characterized ____ as “somewhat exclusive groups of individuals applying somewhat abstract knowledge to particular cases.”

Although it is commonly categorized ____ a profession, journalism has long struggled to comfortably inhabit this definition.

Even before the rise ____ the internet helped shift institutional gatekeeping power away from news organizations and toward technology platforms, journalists had difficulty establishing themselves as a “somewhat exclusive group of individuals.”

Indeed, while traditional professions such as medicine and law rely on strict licensing requirements to limit entry into the profession, the First Amendment prohibits U.S. journalism from ____ any such thing.

Nor can journalists lay a strong ____ to jurisdiction over a form of abstract knowledge.

As journalism ____ Matt Carlson has argued, “abstraction makes for bad journalism.

Clarity, especially in the ____ of complex topics, makes for good journalism.”

The accessibility of journalistic language is helpful for informing the public, but it also renders journalists’ claims to specialized expertise potentially ____

____ especially of anything as complex as a transportation system, is very difficult.

There are often many different organizations involved, each of which has ____ divisions, with multiple levels of authority, and often many lengthy, written procedure manuals.

To make matters ____ the manuals are seldom kept up to date and, in any event, cannot possibly consider every combination of factors that might occur.

During the incident, the people responsible for maintaining control (the pilots, in most commercial aviation incidents) waste valuable time studying the different manuals, trying to find the relevant ____

Modern computer systems attempt to ____ by automatically diagnosing the situation and either responding autonomously or offering operators the instructions to be followed,

but the diagnosis or recommended course of actions is not ____ appropriate (because in each complex system, most accidents involve different unique factors).

Different organizations might be involved: police and firefighters, company safety representatives, multiple teams from different divisions of a company, and different companies or government and regulatory agencies who ____ coordinate their decisions and actions.

It ____ rare that the result is smooth, flawless management.

Age is ____ the only determinant of spatial skills.

While thirteen-year-old children have all the cognitive attributes they need to be proficient at wayfinding, ____ are better at it than others.

By this point, parental attitudes, ____ of movement, cognitive differences and life experience have already begun to leave their imprint, and they never ease off.

All of ____ may be explorers when we’re born, but few of us stay that way.

We end up suppressing our ____ natures, slipping into routines and following the routes we always take.

A recent study by Canadian psychologists found that 84 per cent of eight-year-olds navigate by scrutinizing their surroundings and building a ____ map, a so-called ‘spatial’ strategy that is also used by almost all competent adult navigators.

The alternative is a ____ closed, ‘egocentric’ strategy, which entails learning and following a sequence of turns.

Only 46 percent of us still use the spatial approach in ____ twenties, and 39 per cent in our sixties.

It seems ____ we all start off wandering free, but most of us end up on the straight and narrow.

Life has a way ____ clipping our wings.