2026수특 영독연 4강 변형문제 (1~6번)

Let’s start with the statement “Humans are causing climate change by ____ fossil fuels.”

It is the basis upon which people all over the world, ____ me, are calling for the rapid end to fossil fuel use and the transition to carbon-emission-free energy sources.

It’s a pretty bold statement, and it ____ very different from saying that the climate is changing — what scientists call “detection.”

If we’re going to argue for a massive change in human society, which is what will be required to end our use of fossil fuels, ____ seems reasonable to ask that we move beyond detection.

After all, fossil fuels, despite their problems, have provided tremendous benefits ____ society over the twentieth century.

If we (the climate-concerned public) are going to insist that we stop using fossil fuels, it is incumbent ____ us to prove that the downside is greater than the very real upside that fossil fuels have offered.

We need to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that climate is changing and that human use of fossil fuels, not something else, is responsible for the ____ change we are observing.

____ need attribution in addition to detection.

The grammatical structure of a language is a ‘social fact’ in Durkheim’s sense of ____ external to and constraining for individual speakers.

It is independent of their subjective preferences and they must follow ____ rules if they are to be understood.

However, the grammatical rules of gender, agreement, number, subject and object, ____ and so on are not, in general, consciously followed and applied by the individuals who speak to each other.

Speakers typically have only a very limited and partial awareness of the rules of their own grammar, and speaking grammatically ____ a matter of unreflective habit rather than conscious rule following.

The grammatical rules of a language, then, do not exist apart from the minds of the ____ speakers.

They may be formulated in a book of grammar, but such a ____ records the grammar — more or less imperfectly — and does not comprise the grammar.

The rules that are followed in forming a ____ utterance and a well-organised discourse exist only in the minds of the individual speakers as learned dispositions held in the neurophysiological memory traces of their brains.

When environment involves human interests, it must necessarily be understood in relation to humans and not as ____ assemblage of independent objects.

We can find support for this ____ the work of social psychologists such as Kurt Lewin and J. J. Gibson.

Lewin envisioned ____ social world comprised of vectors of force between participants and the things and conditions with which they interact.

These vectors invite particular ____ and this led Lewin to call them by the German term affordungsqualitaten, translated into English as “invitational qualities.”

More recently, the perceptual psychologist J. J. Gibson studied the ways in which ____ design and appearance of environmental configurations and objects encourage particular responses in human behavior.

He called these connections “affordances” for behavior, clearly ____ by Lewin’s terminology and resembling his observations.

The work of Lewin and Gibson is important and instructive, for it suggests that environment is not just open space filled with arrangements of independent objects but rather is ____ field of forces in compelling relationships of attraction, repulsion, and neutrality or indifference.

Environment is, then, a ____ that includes the human participant.

As many ____ scholars have argued, print-era journalists rejected audience research because doing so was one of the only means to protect their always-unstable professional status.

Sociologist Andrew Abbott has characterized professions as “somewhat exclusive groups of individuals applying somewhat abstract knowledge to particular ____

Although it is commonly categorized as a profession, journalism has long ____ to comfortably inhabit this definition.

Even before the rise of the internet helped shift institutional gatekeeping power away from news organizations and toward technology platforms, journalists had difficulty establishing themselves as a “somewhat exclusive group ____ individuals.”

Indeed, ____ traditional professions such as medicine and law rely on strict licensing requirements to limit entry into the profession, the First Amendment prohibits U.S. journalism from establishing any such thing.

Nor ____ journalists lay a strong claim to jurisdiction over a form of abstract knowledge.

As journalism scholar Matt Carlson has ____ “abstraction makes for bad journalism.

Clarity, especially ____ the explanation of complex topics, makes for good journalism.”

The accessibility of journalistic language is helpful for informing ____ public, but it also renders journalists’ claims to specialized expertise potentially suspect.

____ especially of anything as complex as a transportation system, is very difficult.

There are often many different organizations involved, ____ of which has multiple divisions, with multiple levels of authority, and often many lengthy, written procedure manuals.

To make matters worse, the manuals are seldom kept up ____ date and, in any event, cannot possibly consider every combination of factors that might occur.

During the incident, the people responsible for maintaining control (the pilots, ____ most commercial aviation incidents) waste valuable time studying the different manuals, trying to find the relevant case.

Modern computer systems attempt to help by automatically diagnosing the situation and either ____ autonomously or offering operators the instructions to be followed,

but the diagnosis or recommended course of ____ is not always appropriate (because in each complex system, most accidents involve different unique factors).

Different organizations might be involved: police and ____ company safety representatives, multiple teams from different divisions of a company, and different companies or government and regulatory agencies who must coordinate their decisions and actions.

It is rare that the result is smooth, ____ management.

Age is ____ the only determinant of spatial skills.

While thirteen-year-old children have all the cognitive attributes they need to be proficient at wayfinding, some ____ better at it than others.

By this point, parental attitudes, freedom of movement, cognitive differences ____ life experience have already begun to leave their imprint, and they never ease off.

All of us may be explorers when we’re born, ____ few of us stay that way.

____ end up suppressing our childish natures, slipping into routines and following the routes we always take.

A recent study by Canadian psychologists found that 84 per cent of eight-year-olds navigate by scrutinizing their surroundings and building ____ mental map, a so-called ‘spatial’ strategy that is also used by almost all competent adult navigators.

The alternative is a more closed, ‘egocentric’ strategy, which ____ learning and following a sequence of turns.

Only 46 percent of us still use the ____ approach in our twenties, and 39 per cent in our sixties.

It seems that we all start off wandering ____ but most of us end up on the straight and narrow.

Life has a way of clipping ____ wings.