2026수특 영독연 4강 변형문제 (1~6번)

Let’s start with the statement “Humans are causing climate change by burning fossil ____.”

It is the ____ upon which people all over the world, including me, are calling for the rapid end to fossil fuel use and the transition to carbon-emission-free energy sources.

It’s a pretty bold statement, and it is ____ different from saying that the climate is changing — what scientists call “detection.”

If we’re going to argue for a massive change in human society, which is what will be required to end our ____ of fossil fuels, it seems reasonable to ask that we move beyond detection.

After ____, fossil fuels, despite their problems, have provided tremendous benefits to society over the twentieth century.

If we (the climate-concerned public) are going to insist that we stop using fossil fuels, it is incumbent upon us to prove that the downside is greater than the ____ real upside that fossil fuels have offered.

We ____ to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that climate is changing and that human use of fossil fuels, not something else, is responsible for the climate change we are observing.

We need attribution in ____ to detection.

The ____ structure of a language is a ‘social fact’ in Durkheim’s sense of being external to and constraining for individual speakers.

It is independent of their subjective ____ and they must follow the rules if they are to be understood.

However, the grammatical rules of gender, ____, number, subject and object, possessive, and so on are not, in general, consciously followed and applied by the individuals who speak to each other.

Speakers typically have only a very limited and partial awareness of the rules of their own grammar, and speaking grammatically is a matter of ____ habit rather than conscious rule following.

The grammatical rules of a language, then, do not ____ apart from the minds of the individual speakers.

They may be formulated in a book of grammar, but such a book ____ the grammar — more or less imperfectly — and does not comprise the grammar.

The rules that are followed in forming a ‘____’ utterance and a well-organised discourse exist only in the minds of the individual speakers as learned dispositions held in the neurophysiological memory traces of their brains.

When environment involves human interests, it ____ necessarily be understood in relation to humans and not as an assemblage of independent objects.

We can find ____ for this in the work of social psychologists such as Kurt Lewin and J. J. Gibson.

Lewin ____ a social world comprised of vectors of force between participants and the things and conditions with which they interact.

These vectors invite particular behaviors, and this led Lewin to call them by the German term affordungsqualitaten, translated into ____ as “invitational qualities.”

____ recently, the perceptual psychologist J. J. Gibson studied the ways in which the design and appearance of environmental configurations and objects encourage particular responses in human behavior.

He called ____ connections “affordances” for behavior, clearly influenced by Lewin’s terminology and resembling his observations.

The work of Lewin and Gibson is important and instructive, for it suggests that environment is not just open space filled with arrangements of independent objects but rather is a field of forces in ____ relationships of attraction, repulsion, and neutrality or indifference.

Environment is, ____, a field that includes the human participant.

As many journalism scholars have argued, print-era journalists rejected audience research because doing so was one of the only means to protect their always-unstable ____ status.

Sociologist Andrew Abbott has characterized ____ as “somewhat exclusive groups of individuals applying somewhat abstract knowledge to particular cases.”

Although it is commonly categorized as a ____, journalism has long struggled to comfortably inhabit this definition.

Even before the rise of the internet helped ____ institutional gatekeeping power away from news organizations and toward technology platforms, journalists had difficulty establishing themselves as a “somewhat exclusive group of individuals.”

Indeed, while traditional professions such as medicine and law rely on strict licensing requirements to limit entry ____ the profession, the First Amendment prohibits U.S. journalism from establishing any such thing.

Nor can journalists lay a strong claim to jurisdiction ____ a form of abstract knowledge.

As journalism ____ Matt Carlson has argued, “abstraction makes for bad journalism.

Clarity, especially in the explanation of ____ topics, makes for good journalism.”

The accessibility of journalistic language is helpful for informing the public, but it also renders journalists’ claims to specialized expertise ____ suspect.

Management, especially of anything as complex as a ____ system, is very difficult.

There are often many different organizations ____, each of which has multiple divisions, with multiple levels of authority, and often many lengthy, written procedure manuals.

To make matters worse, the manuals are seldom kept up to date and, in any event, cannot possibly ____ every combination of factors that might occur.

During the incident, the people ____ for maintaining control (the pilots, in most commercial aviation incidents) waste valuable time studying the different manuals, trying to find the relevant case.

Modern computer ____ attempt to help by automatically diagnosing the situation and either responding autonomously or offering operators the instructions to be followed,

but the diagnosis or recommended course of actions is not always appropriate (because in each complex system, ____ accidents involve different unique factors).

Different organizations might be involved: ____ and firefighters, company safety representatives, multiple teams from different divisions of a company, and different companies or government and regulatory agencies who must coordinate their decisions and actions.

It is rare that the result is smooth, ____ management.

Age is not the only ____ of spatial skills.

While thirteen-year-old children have all the cognitive attributes they need to be proficient at wayfinding, some are better at it ____ others.

By this point, parental attitudes, ____ of movement, cognitive differences and life experience have already begun to leave their imprint, and they never ease off.

All of us may be explorers when we’re born, but ____ of us stay that way.

We end up suppressing our ____ natures, slipping into routines and following the routes we always take.

A recent study by Canadian psychologists found that 84 per cent of eight-year-olds navigate by scrutinizing their surroundings and building a mental map, a so-called ‘spatial’ strategy that is also ____ by almost all competent adult navigators.

The alternative is a more closed, ‘egocentric’ strategy, which entails ____ and following a sequence of turns.

Only 46 percent of us still use the ____ approach in our twenties, and 39 per cent in our sixties.

It seems that we all start off wandering free, but ____ of us end up on the straight and narrow.

Life has a ____ of clipping our wings.