2026수특 영독연 4강 변형문제 (1~6번)

Let’s ____ with the statement “Humans are causing climate change by burning fossil fuels.”

It is the basis upon which people all over the world, including me, are calling for the rapid end ____ fossil fuel use and the transition to carbon-emission-free energy sources.

It’s a ____ bold statement, and it is very different from saying that the climate is changing — what scientists call “detection.”

If we’re going to argue for a massive change in human society, which is what will be required to end our use of fossil fuels, it seems reasonable to ask that ____ move beyond detection.

After all, fossil fuels, despite their problems, ____ provided tremendous benefits to society over the twentieth century.

If we (the climate-concerned public) are going to insist that we stop using fossil fuels, it is incumbent upon us to prove that the downside is greater than the ____ real upside that fossil fuels have offered.

We need to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that climate is changing and that human use of fossil fuels, ____ something else, is responsible for the climate change we are observing.

____ need attribution in addition to detection.

The grammatical structure of a ____ is a ‘social fact’ in Durkheim’s sense of being external to and constraining for individual speakers.

It is independent of their subjective preferences and they must follow ____ rules if they are to be understood.

However, the grammatical rules of gender, ____ number, subject and object, possessive, and so on are not, in general, consciously followed and applied by the individuals who speak to each other.

Speakers typically have only a very limited and partial awareness of the rules of their own grammar, and speaking grammatically is a matter of unreflective habit rather than conscious rule ____

The grammatical rules of a language, then, do not exist apart from the minds ____ the individual speakers.

They may be ____ in a book of grammar, but such a book records the grammar — more or less imperfectly — and does not comprise the grammar.

The rules that are followed in forming a ‘correct’ utterance and a well-organised discourse exist only in ____ minds of the individual speakers as learned dispositions held in the neurophysiological memory traces of their brains.

When environment involves human interests, it must necessarily be understood in relation to humans and not as ____ assemblage of independent objects.

We can find support for this in the work of social psychologists ____ as Kurt Lewin and J. J. Gibson.

Lewin envisioned a social world comprised of vectors of force between participants and the things and conditions with ____ they interact.

These vectors ____ particular behaviors, and this led Lewin to call them by the German term affordungsqualitaten, translated into English as “invitational qualities.”

More recently, the perceptual psychologist J. J. Gibson studied the ways in which the design and appearance of environmental configurations and objects encourage particular responses ____ human behavior.

He called these connections “affordances” for behavior, clearly influenced by Lewin’s terminology ____ resembling his observations.

The work of Lewin and Gibson is important and instructive, for it suggests that environment is not just open space filled with ____ of independent objects but rather is a field of forces in compelling relationships of attraction, repulsion, and neutrality or indifference.

____ is, then, a field that includes the human participant.

As many journalism scholars have argued, print-era journalists rejected audience research because doing so was one of the only means to ____ their always-unstable professional status.

Sociologist Andrew Abbott has characterized professions as “somewhat exclusive groups of ____ applying somewhat abstract knowledge to particular cases.”

Although it is ____ categorized as a profession, journalism has long struggled to comfortably inhabit this definition.

Even before the rise of the internet helped shift institutional gatekeeping power away from news organizations and toward technology platforms, journalists had ____ establishing themselves as a “somewhat exclusive group of individuals.”

Indeed, while traditional professions such as medicine and law rely ____ strict licensing requirements to limit entry into the profession, the First Amendment prohibits U.S. journalism from establishing any such thing.

Nor can journalists lay a strong claim to ____ over a form of abstract knowledge.

As journalism scholar Matt Carlson has argued, “abstraction makes for bad ____

Clarity, especially in the explanation of complex ____ makes for good journalism.”

The accessibility of journalistic language is helpful for informing the public, but it also renders journalists’ claims to ____ expertise potentially suspect.

Management, especially ____ anything as complex as a transportation system, is very difficult.

There are often many different organizations involved, each of which ____ multiple divisions, with multiple levels of authority, and often many lengthy, written procedure manuals.

To make matters worse, the manuals ____ seldom kept up to date and, in any event, cannot possibly consider every combination of factors that might occur.

____ the incident, the people responsible for maintaining control (the pilots, in most commercial aviation incidents) waste valuable time studying the different manuals, trying to find the relevant case.

Modern computer systems attempt to help by automatically diagnosing the situation and either responding ____ or offering operators the instructions to be followed,

but the diagnosis or recommended course of actions is not always appropriate (because in ____ complex system, most accidents involve different unique factors).

Different organizations might be involved: police and firefighters, company safety representatives, multiple teams from different divisions of a company, and different companies or government and regulatory agencies who must coordinate their decisions and ____

It is rare that the result ____ smooth, flawless management.

Age is not the only determinant of spatial ____

While thirteen-year-old children have all the cognitive attributes ____ need to be proficient at wayfinding, some are better at it than others.

By this point, parental attitudes, freedom of movement, cognitive differences and ____ experience have already begun to leave their imprint, and they never ease off.

All of us may be explorers when we’re born, but few of us ____ that way.

We end up suppressing our childish natures, slipping into routines and following ____ routes we always take.

A recent study by Canadian psychologists found that 84 per cent of eight-year-olds navigate by scrutinizing their surroundings and ____ a mental map, a so-called ‘spatial’ strategy that is also used by almost all competent adult navigators.

The alternative is a more closed, ‘egocentric’ strategy, which entails learning and following ____ sequence of turns.

Only 46 percent ____ us still use the spatial approach in our twenties, and 39 per cent in our sixties.

It seems that we all start off wandering free, but most of us end up on the straight ____ narrow.

____ has a way of clipping our wings.