2026 수특 영독연 5강 변형문제 (1~6번)

Cooperation is ____ hallmark of human society.

Not merely do people behave considerately toward complete ____ they sometimes make substantial financial and even physical sacrifices for them.

Such behavior seems ____ to explain with classic models of the evolution of altruism where cooperation between unrelated others can arise only when the same individuals interact repeatedly.

However, new models of the evolution of human sociality and the results of experiments to test them suggest that a sense of fairness and other ____ of morality have deep evolutionary roots.

Such models consider processes at the level of groups of individuals, but without ____ on the discredited notion of group selection in which individuals act “for the good of the group.”

Genes promoting prosocial tendencies in individuals can arise when groups compete in ways argued to be characteristic of the ____ stages of human evolution.

In particular, such conditions may have promoted the evolution of strong reciprocity, a tendency to cooperate with anonymous unrelated others and to punish those who do not do the same ____ when doing so is costly to the punisher.

Deforestation drivers are very diverse and vary by ____ and states.

A number of important ____ have attempted to generalise and pull together large numbers of local studies.

This work is hampered, however, by the fact that most information on drivers is not quantitative, so that few direct quantitative correlations can be made linking certain quantities of deforestation ____ particular activities.

Angelsen ____ Kaimowitz reviewed 140 economic models analysing the causes of tropical deforestation.

They found that, when looking at proximate causes, ____ is often associated with the presence of more roads, higher agricultural prices, lower wages, and a shortage of off-farm employment.

Also they considered it likely that policy reforms associated with economic liberalisation and related adjustment increase the ____ on forests.

They pointed out, however, that many research studies have adopted poor ____ and low quality data, which makes the drawing of clear conclusions about the role of macroeconomic factors difficult.

On the one hand, the astonishing success of modern science in predicting and explaining the world seems to justify relying on it and ____ extraordinary power to scientific institutions (especially in the form of public funding).

On the other hand, the dominant ____ position of science risks marginalizing alternative forms of knowledge acquisition.

It’s not clear that there still is a fair ____ between science and its alternatives;

and it’s not straightforward that science has to prove its epistemic superiority in the 21st century in a way ____ to the period of the scientific revolution (16th-18th centuries).

This is Paul Feyerabend’s major argument in Science in a Free Society, which he casts as: “today science prevails ____ because of its comparative merits, but because the show has been rigged in its favour.”

So, Feyerabend insists, the fact that science has been the ____ appropriate means for addressing problems in the past doesn’t warrant that it’s also the most reliable form of knowledge acquisition for our current and future problems.

A hallmark of immigrant parents that has been found across socioeconomic groups and countries of origin ____ that first-generation immigrant parents place a high value on the educational achievement of their adolescent children.

Immigrant parents tend to view earning good grades, finishing ____ school, and attending college as the primary means through which their children can establish themselves in their country of destination.

Compared to native-born parents ____ similar education levels, immigrant parents have been found to have higher educational aspirations for their children.

Immigrant adolescents internalize their parents’ values regarding the importance of education and tend to study ____ and devote more effort to their schoolwork than do nonimmigrant adolescents.

During adolescence, immigrants’ peer groups often become more segregated ____ nonimmigrants’ peer groups, with the immigrant adolescents supporting their peers’ academic achievement, particularly for higher SES (socioeconomic status) adolescents.

In public ____ delivery with little or no preparation is called impromptu speaking.

You engage in impromptu speaking every day as you communicate thoughts and ideas that ____ up in the moment with no preparation or practice whatsoever.

For example, when you answer a ____ in class or speak up during a meeting of a campus organization, you’re using impromptu speaking.

In this respect, impromptu speaking ____ simply another way to use the basic communication skills you already have and use regularly.

Learning how to express yourself on the spot without relying on research, extensive preparation, or notes will help you do well in your public ____ class and in less-structured speaking situations beyond the classroom.

In addition, developing your impromptu speaking skills increases your confidence and ____ your speaking anxiety in any presentation context.

In principle, there is an intuitively plausible relationship between profit and team ____ Fans like to watch exciting games where the outcome is uncertain.

This is a result of competitive ____ between the opponents.

Tight, hard-fought games are more ____ to watch than lopsided games in which the outcome is never in doubt.

However, fans also prefer to see their team win. As ____ result, attendance should increase with improvement in the team’s performance.

Presumably, better ____ win more than weaker teams.

Thus, improved team quality should translate ____ more wins and therefore increased attendance.

With a given set of ____ increased attendance turns into increased revenue from gate receipts, parking, and concessions.

This increased revenue should lead to higher profit, but ____ costs more to field a higher-quality team than a lower-quality team.

Consequently, there is a trade-off and therefore an optimal level of team quality that will vary from team ____ team depending on variation in the fan base.