2026 수특 영독연 5강 변형문제 (1~6번)

Cooperation is a hallmark ____ human society.

Not merely do people behave considerately toward complete strangers, they sometimes make substantial financial ____ even physical sacrifices for them.

Such behavior seems impossible to explain with classic models of the evolution of ____ where cooperation between unrelated others can arise only when the same individuals interact repeatedly.

However, new models of the evolution ____ human sociality and the results of experiments to test them suggest that a sense of fairness and other foundations of morality have deep evolutionary roots.

Such models consider processes at the level of groups of individuals, but without relying on the discredited notion of group selection ____ which individuals act “for the good of the group.”

Genes promoting prosocial tendencies in individuals can arise ____ groups compete in ways argued to be characteristic of the early stages of human evolution.

In particular, such conditions may have promoted the ____ of strong reciprocity, a tendency to cooperate with anonymous unrelated others and to punish those who do not do the same even when doing so is costly to the punisher.

____ drivers are very diverse and vary by countries and states.

A number of important studies ____ attempted to generalise and pull together large numbers of local studies.

This work is hampered, however, by the fact that most information on drivers is not quantitative, so that few direct quantitative correlations can be made linking certain quantities ____ deforestation to particular activities.

Angelsen and Kaimowitz reviewed ____ economic models analysing the causes of tropical deforestation.

They found that, when looking at proximate causes, deforestation is often associated with the presence of more roads, higher agricultural prices, lower wages, and a shortage of off-farm ____

Also they considered it likely that policy reforms associated with ____ liberalisation and related adjustment increase the pressure on forests.

They pointed out, however, that many research studies have adopted poor methodology and low quality data, which makes the drawing of ____ conclusions about the role of macroeconomic factors difficult.

On the one hand, the astonishing success of modern science in predicting and explaining the world seems to justify relying on it and bestowing extraordinary power ____ scientific institutions (especially in the form of public funding).

____ the other hand, the dominant societal position of science risks marginalizing alternative forms of knowledge acquisition.

It’s not clear that there ____ is a fair competition between science and its alternatives;

and it’s not straightforward that science has to prove its epistemic superiority in the 21st century in a way comparable to ____ period of the scientific revolution (16th-18th centuries).

This is Paul Feyerabend’s major argument in Science in a Free Society, which he casts as: “today science prevails not because of its comparative merits, but because the ____ has been rigged in its favour.”

So, ____ insists, the fact that science has been the most appropriate means for addressing problems in the past doesn’t warrant that it’s also the most reliable form of knowledge acquisition for our current and future problems.

A hallmark of immigrant parents that has been ____ across socioeconomic groups and countries of origin is that first-generation immigrant parents place a high value on the educational achievement of their adolescent children.

Immigrant parents tend to view earning good grades, finishing high school, and attending college as the primary means through which their children can establish ____ in their country of destination.

Compared to native-born parents with similar education levels, immigrant parents have been found to have higher educational aspirations for their ____

Immigrant adolescents internalize their parents’ values regarding the importance of education and tend to study more and devote more effort to their schoolwork than do nonimmigrant ____

During adolescence, immigrants’ peer groups often become more segregated from nonimmigrants’ peer groups, with the ____ adolescents supporting their peers’ academic achievement, particularly for higher SES (socioeconomic status) adolescents.

In public ____ delivery with little or no preparation is called impromptu speaking.

You engage in impromptu speaking every day as you communicate thoughts and ideas that spring up in the ____ with no preparation or practice whatsoever.

For example, when you answer a question in class or speak up during a meeting of a campus ____ you’re using impromptu speaking.

In this respect, ____ speaking is simply another way to use the basic communication skills you already have and use regularly.

Learning how to express yourself on the spot without relying on research, extensive preparation, or notes will help you do well in your public speaking class and in less-structured speaking ____ beyond the classroom.

In addition, ____ your impromptu speaking skills increases your confidence and decreases your speaking anxiety in any presentation context.

In principle, there is an intuitively plausible relationship between profit and team quality. Fans like to watch exciting ____ where the outcome is uncertain.

This is a result of competitive ____ between the opponents.

Tight, hard-fought games are more fun to watch than lopsided games in which the outcome ____ never in doubt.

However, fans also prefer to see their team win. As a result, attendance should increase with improvement in ____ team’s performance.

____ better teams win more than weaker teams.

Thus, improved team ____ should translate into more wins and therefore increased attendance.

With a given set ____ prices, increased attendance turns into increased revenue from gate receipts, parking, and concessions.

This increased revenue should lead to higher profit, but it costs more ____ field a higher-quality team than a lower-quality team.

Consequently, there is a trade-off and therefore an optimal level of team ____ that will vary from team to team depending on variation in the fan base.