2026 수능특강 영독연 10강 변형문제 (7~12번)

From an epistemic ____, a central question concerns the extent to which advertising is expected to be truthful.

Advertisements often use widely exaggerated or metaphorical claims, a practice called “puffery,” which, in contrast to ____ advertising, is legally permitted in some countries, for example, the United States.

Its legality is based on the assumption that individuals will not ____ such claims literally or act on them.

This assumption, however, is contradicted by empirical evidence that shows that consumers doin fact react to ____ statements.

Even though some consumers may ____ recognize puffery as what it is, others are more vulnerable and take it at face value.

This ____ thus also raises issues of fairness: is it legitimate for companies to make false statements that better-informed or more reflective consumers will not believe, but others will fall prey to?

Even sophisticated consumers suffer from such strategies, however, ____ they have to double-check which advertisements to take seriously.

In an analysis of the treatment of puffery in US law, legal ____ David Hoffman argues that it should be understood as causing a negative externality: it creates “informational burdens currently borne by buyers, without compensation from sellers.”

Environmental economists often aim to put an economic ____ on ecosystem service.

The reason for this is that ecosystem services historically ____ been underconsidered and underappreciated in environmental decision-making and policy.

Placing a monetary value on ____ increases their salience.

The economic value of ____ ecosystem services is estimated to be ＄125 trillion per year.

This puts into perspective just how crucial well-functioning ecological systems are to human well-being as well as the extent to which ____ systems are intertwined with and dependent upon them.

However, site- or system-specific economic valuations are often more ____ to environmental decision-making than is global or macro evaluation.

Not all ____ systems and spaces have the same ecosystem services and natural resource value.

For example, an average hectare of open ocean provides fewer services than does an average hectare of reef, and an average ____ of desert provides fewer than does an average hectare of tropical rainforest.

Natural laws are not things that we can ____ or touch or hear; they are — according to Scottish philosopher David Hume — only descriptions of past groupings of events.

For instance, consider the series of ____: I let go of the pen; the pen falls; I let go of the pen; the pen falls; I let go of the pen; and so on.

This series may be explained by a set of laws, such as gravity and ____.

But this series — by itself — simply describes events that have happened in the past; it does ____ tell us why pens behave that way, and it does not tell us that pens will always behave that way.

And even if those past events happened because of ____, why believe those laws will continue to govern events in the future?

If we say laws existed in the past, we ____ some additional law that tells us those laws will exist in the future.

But, it ____ we can only describe the way those laws behaved in the past.

Natural laws, which David Hume claims merely represent past grouping of events, do ____ guarantee future behavior since they lack an explanation for their continuing validity.

Even though the universe is consistently inflating, it is still ____.

There are consistent ____ that can be observed and measured.

There are dependable physical principles that govern the ____ of one particle to another at varying scales.

Three hundred years ago, the brilliant mathematician Sir Isaac Newton formulated the laws of motion that define the movement of large ____ in physical space.

These are the reliable and reproducible physical ____ that allow us to calculate the accurate trajectory of an artillery shell or a rocket ship.

These apply to the scale of objects that we can observe ____ and are not microscopic in size; however, in the last century, a new set of quantum rules has been identified that govern how the atomic level operates.

Some of these quantum principles contradict our ____ senses.

At this microscopic scale, the actions among particles defy our established expectations of ____ relationships between physical causes and effects.

Instead, quantum measurements reveal inherent uncertainties ____ the relationship between one object and another.

Yet, these built-in uncertainties are just as relevant to our lives as those Newtonian forces that govern what happens ____ two cars crash into each other.

Humans have an extremely extended period of ____ development.

This is especially true for circuits that mediate behavioral control, such as the prefrontal cortex, which do not fully mature until a person’s early ____.

Until that time, synapses are still being modified on a massive ____.

This provides plentiful opportunity for these ____ to be shaped by experience and is likely one of the key factors in our ability to successfully populate what has been called the “cognitive niche.”

Rather than being adapted for ____ environments, with a limited set of hardwired, instinctive behaviors, we have evolved cognitive flexibility and responsiveness, allowing us to adapt ourselves to our individual environments.

Repeated ____ are reinforced and habitual modes of behavior emerge. We gradually become ourselves.

But at some point we have to stop constantly becoming and just get on with things — important things like building a ____ or finding a mate.

That means we have to consolidate the adaptations we have ____ and restrict further changes.

We can’t ____ runaway positive feedback loops forever — we have to maintain these neural configurations to remain ourselves.

The ____ of wholesale plasticity last considerably longer in behavioral and cognitive circuits than in sensory ones, but they still close as we reach adulthood.

The ____ processes themselves will have progressively narrowed the “degrees of freedom” of the developing brain, magnifying initial biases by both positive reinforcement and progressive elimination of connections mediating less-favored states.

But the biochemistry of the brain also changes with ____, so that mechanisms of plasticity and flexibility get replaced by mechanisms of stability and maintenance.