2026 수능특강 영독연 10강 변형문제 (7~12번)

From an epistemic perspective, a ____ question concerns the extent to which advertising is expected to be truthful.

Advertisements often use widely exaggerated or metaphorical claims, ____ practice called “puffery,” which, in contrast to misleading advertising, is legally permitted in some countries, for example, the United States.

Its legality is based on the assumption that individuals will not take such claims literally ____ act on them.

This assumption, however, is contradicted by empirical ____ that shows that consumers doin fact react to puffed statements.

Even though some consumers ____ indeed recognize puffery as what it is, others are more vulnerable and take it at face value.

This practice ____ also raises issues of fairness: is it legitimate for companies to make false statements that better-informed or more reflective consumers will not believe, but others will fall prey to?

Even sophisticated consumers suffer ____ such strategies, however, because they have to double-check which advertisements to take seriously.

In an analysis of the treatment of puffery in US law, ____ scholar David Hoffman argues that it should be understood as causing a negative externality: it creates “informational burdens currently borne by buyers, without compensation from sellers.”

Environmental economists often aim to put ____ economic valuation on ecosystem service.

The reason for this is that ecosystem services historically have been underconsidered ____ underappreciated in environmental decision-making and policy.

____ a monetary value on them increases their salience.

The economic value of global ecosystem services is estimated to be ＄125 ____ per year.

This puts into perspective just how crucial well-functioning ecological systems are to human well-being as well as the extent to which human ____ are intertwined with and dependent upon them.

However, site- or system-specific economic valuations are often more important to environmental ____ than is global or macro evaluation.

____ all ecological systems and spaces have the same ecosystem services and natural resource value.

For example, an average hectare of open ocean provides fewer services than does an average hectare of reef, and an ____ hectare of desert provides fewer than does an average hectare of tropical rainforest.

Natural laws are not ____ that we can see or touch or hear; they are — according to Scottish philosopher David Hume — only descriptions of past groupings of events.

For instance, consider the series of events: I let go of the pen; the pen falls; I let go of the pen; the pen falls; I ____ go of the pen; and so on.

This series may be explained by a set ____ laws, such as gravity and inertia.

But this series — by itself — simply describes events that have happened in the past; it does not tell us why pens behave that way, ____ it does not tell us that pens will always behave that way.

And ____ if those past events happened because of laws, why believe those laws will continue to govern events in the future?

If we say laws existed in the past, we need some additional law that tells us those laws will ____ in the future.

____ it seems we can only describe the way those laws behaved in the past.

Natural laws, which ____ Hume claims merely represent past grouping of events, do not guarantee future behavior since they lack an explanation for their continuing validity.

Even though the universe is consistently inflating, it is ____ orderly.

There ____ consistent rules that can be observed and measured.

There are dependable physical principles that govern the relationship of one particle to another at varying ____

Three hundred years ago, the brilliant mathematician Sir Isaac Newton ____ the laws of motion that define the movement of large objects in physical space.

These are the ____ and reproducible physical rules that allow us to calculate the accurate trajectory of an artillery shell or a rocket ship.

These apply to the scale of objects that we can observe ____ and are not microscopic in size; however, in the last century, a new set of quantum rules has been identified that govern how the atomic level operates.

Some of ____ quantum principles contradict our ordinary senses.

At this microscopic scale, the actions among particles defy our established expectations of clear-cut relationships between physical ____ and effects.

Instead, quantum measurements reveal inherent uncertainties about the relationship between one object ____ another.

Yet, these built-in uncertainties are just as relevant to our lives as ____ Newtonian forces that govern what happens when two cars crash into each other.

Humans have an extremely extended period of ____ development.

This is especially true for circuits that ____ behavioral control, such as the prefrontal cortex, which do not fully mature until a person’s early twenties.

Until that time, synapses are still being ____ on a massive scale.

This provides plentiful ____ for these circuits to be shaped by experience and is likely one of the key factors in our ability to successfully populate what has been called the “cognitive niche.”

Rather than being ____ for specific environments, with a limited set of hardwired, instinctive behaviors, we have evolved cognitive flexibility and responsiveness, allowing us to adapt ourselves to our individual environments.

Repeated patterns are reinforced and habitual modes of ____ emerge. We gradually become ourselves.

____ at some point we have to stop constantly becoming and just get on with things — important things like building a career or finding a mate.

That means we ____ to consolidate the adaptations we have made and restrict further changes.

We can’t have ____ positive feedback loops forever — we have to maintain these neural configurations to remain ourselves.

The periods of wholesale plasticity last considerably longer in behavioral and cognitive ____ than in sensory ones, but they still close as we reach adulthood.

The plasticity processes themselves will have progressively narrowed the “degrees ____ freedom” of the developing brain, magnifying initial biases by both positive reinforcement and progressive elimination of connections mediating less-favored states.

But the biochemistry of the brain also changes with maturation, so that mechanisms of plasticity and flexibility ____ replaced by mechanisms of stability and maintenance.