2026 수능특강 영독연 10강 변형문제 (7~12번)

From an epistemic perspective, a central question concerns the extent to ____ advertising is expected to be truthful.

Advertisements often use widely exaggerated or metaphorical claims, a practice called “puffery,” which, in contrast to misleading advertising, is legally permitted in some countries, for example, the United ____.

Its legality is based on the assumption that individuals will not ____ such claims literally or act on them.

This assumption, however, is ____ by empirical evidence that shows that consumers doin fact react to puffed statements.

Even though some consumers may indeed recognize puffery as ____ it is, others are more vulnerable and take it at face value.

This practice thus ____ raises issues of fairness: is it legitimate for companies to make false statements that better-informed or more reflective consumers will not believe, but others will fall prey to?

Even sophisticated consumers suffer from such strategies, however, because they ____ to double-check which advertisements to take seriously.

In an analysis of the treatment of puffery in US law, legal scholar ____ Hoffman argues that it should be understood as causing a negative externality: it creates “informational burdens currently borne by buyers, without compensation from sellers.”

Environmental economists often aim to ____ an economic valuation on ecosystem service.

The reason for this is that ecosystem services historically have been underconsidered and underappreciated in environmental ____ and policy.

Placing a monetary value on ____ increases their salience.

The economic value of ____ ecosystem services is estimated to be ＄125 trillion per year.

This puts into perspective just ____ crucial well-functioning ecological systems are to human well-being as well as the extent to which human systems are intertwined with and dependent upon them.

However, ____ or system-specific economic valuations are often more important to environmental decision-making than is global or macro evaluation.

Not ____ ecological systems and spaces have the same ecosystem services and natural resource value.

For example, an average hectare of open ocean provides fewer services than does an average hectare of reef, and an average hectare of desert provides fewer than does an average ____ of tropical rainforest.

Natural laws are not things that we can see or touch or hear; they are — according to Scottish philosopher David Hume — only descriptions of past groupings of ____.

For instance, consider the series of events: I let go of the pen; the pen falls; I let go of the pen; the ____ falls; I let go of the pen; and so on.

This series may be ____ by a set of laws, such as gravity and inertia.

But this series — by ____ — simply describes events that have happened in the past; it does not tell us why pens behave that way, and it does not tell us that pens will always behave that way.

And even if those ____ events happened because of laws, why believe those laws will continue to govern events in the future?

If we say laws existed in the past, we need some additional law that ____ us those laws will exist in the future.

But, it seems we can only describe the way ____ laws behaved in the past.

Natural laws, which David Hume ____ merely represent past grouping of events, do not guarantee future behavior since they lack an explanation for their continuing validity.

Even though the universe is consistently ____, it is still orderly.

____ are consistent rules that can be observed and measured.

There are dependable physical principles that ____ the relationship of one particle to another at varying scales.

____ hundred years ago, the brilliant mathematician Sir Isaac Newton formulated the laws of motion that define the movement of large objects in physical space.

These are the reliable and reproducible physical rules that allow us to calculate the ____ trajectory of an artillery shell or a rocket ship.

These apply to the scale of objects that we can observe directly and are ____ microscopic in size; however, in the last century, a new set of quantum rules has been identified that govern how the atomic level operates.

Some of ____ quantum principles contradict our ordinary senses.

At this microscopic scale, the actions among particles defy our ____ expectations of clear-cut relationships between physical causes and effects.

Instead, quantum measurements ____ inherent uncertainties about the relationship between one object and another.

Yet, these built-in uncertainties are ____ as relevant to our lives as those Newtonian forces that govern what happens when two cars crash into each other.

Humans ____ an extremely extended period of brain development.

This is especially true for circuits that mediate behavioral control, such as the ____ cortex, which do not fully mature until a person’s early twenties.

Until that time, synapses are ____ being modified on a massive scale.

This provides plentiful opportunity for these circuits to be ____ by experience and is likely one of the key factors in our ability to successfully populate what has been called the “cognitive niche.”

Rather than being ____ for specific environments, with a limited set of hardwired, instinctive behaviors, we have evolved cognitive flexibility and responsiveness, allowing us to adapt ourselves to our individual environments.

Repeated patterns are reinforced and habitual modes of behavior ____. We gradually become ourselves.

But at some point we have to stop constantly becoming and just get on with things — important things like ____ a career or finding a mate.

That means we have to consolidate the adaptations we have made and restrict ____ changes.

We can’t have runaway positive feedback loops forever — we ____ to maintain these neural configurations to remain ourselves.

The periods of wholesale ____ last considerably longer in behavioral and cognitive circuits than in sensory ones, but they still close as we reach adulthood.

The plasticity processes themselves will have progressively ____ the “degrees of freedom” of the developing brain, magnifying initial biases by both positive reinforcement and progressive elimination of connections mediating less-favored states.

But the biochemistry of the brain also changes with maturation, so that mechanisms of plasticity and flexibility get replaced by ____ of stability and maintenance.