2026 수능특강 영독연 10강 변형문제 (7~12번)

From an epistemic perspective, a central ____ concerns the extent to which advertising is expected to be truthful.

Advertisements often use widely exaggerated or metaphorical claims, ____ practice called “puffery,” which, in contrast to misleading advertising, is legally permitted in some countries, for example, the United States.

Its legality is ____ on the assumption that individuals will not take such claims literally or act on them.

This assumption, however, is contradicted by empirical evidence that shows that consumers doin fact react to puffed ____

Even though some consumers may indeed recognize puffery as what it is, others are more vulnerable and ____ it at face value.

This practice thus ____ raises issues of fairness: is it legitimate for companies to make false statements that better-informed or more reflective consumers will not believe, but others will fall prey to?

____ sophisticated consumers suffer from such strategies, however, because they have to double-check which advertisements to take seriously.

In an analysis of the treatment of puffery in US law, legal scholar David Hoffman argues that it should be understood as causing a negative externality: it creates “informational ____ currently borne by buyers, without compensation from sellers.”

Environmental economists often aim to put an economic ____ on ecosystem service.

The reason for this is that ecosystem services historically have ____ underconsidered and underappreciated in environmental decision-making and policy.

Placing a monetary value on them increases ____ salience.

The economic value of global ecosystem services is estimated to be ＄125 trillion ____ year.

This puts into perspective just how crucial well-functioning ecological systems are to human well-being as well as the extent to ____ human systems are intertwined with and dependent upon them.

However, site- or system-specific economic valuations are often more important to environmental decision-making than is global or ____ evaluation.

Not ____ ecological systems and spaces have the same ecosystem services and natural resource value.

For example, an average hectare of open ocean provides fewer services than does an average hectare ____ reef, and an average hectare of desert provides fewer than does an average hectare of tropical rainforest.

Natural laws are not things that we can see or touch or hear; they are — according to Scottish philosopher David Hume — only descriptions of past groupings of ____

____ instance, consider the series of events: I let go of the pen; the pen falls; I let go of the pen; the pen falls; I let go of the pen; and so on.

This series may be explained by a set of laws, such as gravity and ____

But this series — by itself — simply describes events that have happened in the past; it does not tell us why pens behave ____ way, and it does not tell us that pens will always behave that way.

And even if those past events happened because of ____ why believe those laws will continue to govern events in the future?

If ____ say laws existed in the past, we need some additional law that tells us those laws will exist in the future.

____ it seems we can only describe the way those laws behaved in the past.

Natural laws, which David Hume claims merely represent ____ grouping of events, do not guarantee future behavior since they lack an explanation for their continuing validity.

Even though the universe is consistently ____ it is still orderly.

There are ____ rules that can be observed and measured.

There are dependable ____ principles that govern the relationship of one particle to another at varying scales.

Three hundred years ago, the brilliant mathematician Sir Isaac Newton formulated the laws of motion that ____ the movement of large objects in physical space.

These are the reliable and reproducible physical rules that allow us to calculate the accurate trajectory ____ an artillery shell or a rocket ship.

These apply to the scale ____ objects that we can observe directly and are not microscopic in size; however, in the last century, a new set of quantum rules has been identified that govern how the atomic level operates.

Some of these quantum principles contradict our ordinary ____

At this microscopic scale, the actions among particles defy our established expectations of clear-cut relationships ____ physical causes and effects.

____ quantum measurements reveal inherent uncertainties about the relationship between one object and another.

Yet, these built-in uncertainties are just as relevant to our lives as those Newtonian forces that govern what happens when two cars crash into each ____

Humans have an extremely extended period of ____ development.

This is especially true for circuits that mediate behavioral control, such as the prefrontal cortex, which do not fully mature until a ____ early twenties.

Until that time, synapses are still ____ modified on a massive scale.

This provides plentiful opportunity for these circuits to be shaped by experience and is likely one of ____ key factors in our ability to successfully populate what has been called the “cognitive niche.”

Rather than being adapted for specific environments, with a limited set of hardwired, instinctive behaviors, we have evolved cognitive flexibility and responsiveness, allowing us to adapt ____ to our individual environments.

Repeated patterns are reinforced and habitual modes of behavior emerge. ____ gradually become ourselves.

But at some point we ____ to stop constantly becoming and just get on with things — important things like building a career or finding a mate.

That means we have ____ consolidate the adaptations we have made and restrict further changes.

We can’t have runaway positive feedback loops forever — we have to maintain these ____ configurations to remain ourselves.

The periods of wholesale plasticity last considerably longer in behavioral ____ cognitive circuits than in sensory ones, but they still close as we reach adulthood.

The plasticity processes themselves will have progressively narrowed the “degrees of freedom” of the developing brain, ____ initial biases by both positive reinforcement and progressive elimination of connections mediating less-favored states.

But ____ biochemistry of the brain also changes with maturation, so that mechanisms of plasticity and flexibility get replaced by mechanisms of stability and maintenance.