2026 수특 영독연 11강 변형문제 (1~6번)

Inspired by the pioneering work of the psychologists Daniel Kahneman and the late Amos Tversky, the field of psychology has cataloged a large inventory of behavioral anomalies in which people clearly ____ the predictions and prescriptions of standard economic models.

It is common, for example, for someone to be willing to drive across town to save ＄10 on a ＄20 clock radio, but unwilling to do so to save ＄10 on a ＄1,000 television ____

Yet the ____ of making the drive is ＄10 in each case.

So ____ the implicit cost of the drive were less than ＄10, a rational person would drive across town in both cases.

People often explain their ____ to make the drive for the television by saying the ＄10 savings is such a small percentage of its price.

But a rational person ____ benefits and costs in absolute terms, not as percentages.

Regardless of their generation, everyone wants ____ be valued, respected, and heard. But each one of us might express our thoughts and receive information differently.

One of my clients was struggling with how some ____ their Baby Boomer employees were trying to build personal relationships with Millennial employees.

____ few of these employees read articles that recommended specific methods for communicating with each generation.

The Boomer employees then went on to use this ____ to inform how they communicated with all of their coworkers of various generations.

They walked to the offices of their Baby Boomer peers, emailed Gen X colleagues, and texted ____

On the surface, this seemed fine, but it soon started to stir up some controversy because people did not ____ why they were getting an email, when someone else was getting a face-to-face conversation.

By limiting in-person conversation to only certain coworkers, these ____ unintentionally made others feel left out and undervalued.

Our species ____ been making music most likely for as long as we’ve been human.

It seems to be a permanent part ____ us.

The oldest known musical instruments date back to some ____ years ago.

Among the most intriguing of these are delicate bone flutes, found ____ what is now southern Germany.

These discoveries testify to the ____ technology that our ancestors applied to create music:

the finger holes are carefully bevelled to allow the musician’s fingers to make a tight seal; and ____ distances between the holes appear to have been precisely measured, perhaps to correspond to a specific musical scale.

This time period corresponds to the last ____ episode in the Northern Hemisphere — life could not have been easy for people living at that time.

Yet time, energy, and the skills of craftworkers were used for making abstract sounds “of ____ least use ... to daily habits of life.”

So, music must have ____ very meaningful and important for them.

The fact that humans living ____ years ago had attentively crafted musical instruments employing sophisticated methods despite their harsh living conditions reflects the significance they placed on music.

Sometimes, even seemingly unlucky starts turn out to make long-run success ____ likely.

Gladwell cites the experience of Jews who immigrated to New York in the early twentieth century and went on to prosper ____ the garment industry.

Many raised children who graduated from law ____ only to be rejected by leading New York law firms, which in those days hired mostly lawyers from wealthy Protestant families.

Jewish graduates were often left with ____ better options than to start small firms of their own.

Those firms often specialized in cases that the elite ____ firms felt were beneath them, such as the litigation of hostile corporate takeovers.

The lawyers raised by garment workers were thus often the only ones ____ had developed the expertise to capitalize on the explosive growth of hostile takeover litigation that occurred in the 1970s and 1980s.

By dominating that new market, ____ went on to earn vastly more than the lawyers in the firms that had earlier shunned them.

Let’s take a classical ____ from cognitive psychology: the effect of word processing depth.

Imagine that I present a list of sixty words ____ three groups of students.

I ask the first group to decide whether the ____ letters are upper- or lowercase; the second group, whether the words rhyme with “chair”; and the third, whether they are animal names or not.

Once the students are finished, I give them ____ memory test.

Which group remembers ____ words best?

Memory turns out to be much better in the third group, who processed the words in depth, at the ____ level (75 percent success), than in the other two groups, who processed the more superficial sensory aspects of the words, either at the letter level (33 percent success) or the rhyme level (52 percent success).

We do find a weak implicit and unconscious trace of the words in all groups: learning leaves its subliminal ____ within the spelling and phonological systems.

____ only in-depth semantic processing guarantees explicit, detailed memory of the words.

The same phenomenon occurs at the level of ____ students who make the effort to understand sentences on their own, without teacher guidance, show much better retention of information.

This is a general rule, ____ the American psychologist Henry Roediger states as follows:

“Making learning conditions more difficult, thus requiring students ____ engage more cognitive effort, often leads to enhanced retention.”