2026 수특 영독연 11강 변형문제 (1~6번)

Inspired by the pioneering work of the psychologists ____ Kahneman and the late Amos Tversky, the field of psychology has cataloged a large inventory of behavioral anomalies in which people clearly violate the predictions and prescriptions of standard economic models.

It is common, for example, for someone to be willing ____ drive across town to save ＄10 on a ＄20 clock radio, but unwilling to do so to save ＄10 on a ＄1,000 television set.

Yet the benefit ____ making the drive is ＄10 in each case.

____ if the implicit cost of the drive were less than ＄10, a rational person would drive across town in both cases.

People often explain their reluctance to make the drive for the television by saying the ____ savings is such a small percentage of its price.

But ____ rational person reckons benefits and costs in absolute terms, not as percentages.

Regardless of their generation, everyone wants to be valued, respected, and heard. But each one of us might express our thoughts and receive ____ differently.

One of my clients ____ struggling with how some of their Baby Boomer employees were trying to build personal relationships with Millennial employees.

A few of these ____ read articles that recommended specific methods for communicating with each generation.

The Boomer employees then went on to use this information ____ inform how they communicated with all of their coworkers of various generations.

They walked to the offices of ____ Baby Boomer peers, emailed Gen X colleagues, and texted Millennials.

On the surface, this seemed fine, but it soon started to stir up some controversy because people did not understand why they were getting an email, when ____ else was getting a face-to-face conversation.

By limiting in-person conversation to only certain coworkers, these employees unintentionally made ____ feel left out and undervalued.

Our species has been making music most likely ____ as long as we’ve been human.

It seems ____ be a permanent part of us.

____ oldest known musical instruments date back to some 40,000 years ago.

Among the most intriguing of ____ are delicate bone flutes, found in what is now southern Germany.

These discoveries testify to the advanced technology that ____ ancestors applied to create music:

the finger ____ are carefully bevelled to allow the musician’s fingers to make a tight seal; and the distances between the holes appear to have been precisely measured, perhaps to correspond to a specific musical scale.

This time period corresponds to the last glaciation episode in ____ Northern Hemisphere — life could not have been easy for people living at that time.

Yet time, energy, and the skills of craftworkers were used for making abstract sounds “of the least use ... to ____ habits of life.”

So, music ____ have been very meaningful and important for them.

The fact that humans living 40,000 years ago had attentively crafted musical instruments employing sophisticated methods despite their ____ living conditions reflects the significance they placed on music.

Sometimes, even seemingly unlucky starts ____ out to make long-run success more likely.

Gladwell cites the experience of Jews who immigrated to New York in the early twentieth century and went on to prosper ____ the garment industry.

Many raised ____ who graduated from law school, only to be rejected by leading New York law firms, which in those days hired mostly lawyers from wealthy Protestant families.

Jewish graduates were often left with few better options than ____ start small firms of their own.

Those firms often specialized in cases that the elite law firms felt were beneath ____ such as the litigation of hostile corporate takeovers.

The lawyers raised by garment workers were thus often the only ones who had developed the expertise to capitalize on the explosive growth of hostile takeover ____ that occurred in the 1970s and 1980s.

By dominating that new market, they went on to earn vastly more than the lawyers in the firms that had earlier shunned ____

Let’s take a classical example from cognitive psychology: the effect of word ____ depth.

Imagine that ____ present a list of sixty words to three groups of students.

I ask the first group to decide whether the ____ letters are upper- or lowercase; the second group, whether the words rhyme with “chair”; and the third, whether they are animal names or not.

Once the students are finished, ____ give them a memory test.

Which group remembers the words ____

Memory turns out to be much better in ____ third group, who processed the words in depth, at the meaning level (75 percent success), than in the other two groups, who processed the more superficial sensory aspects of the words, either at the letter level (33 percent success) or the rhyme level (52 percent success).

____ do find a weak implicit and unconscious trace of the words in all groups: learning leaves its subliminal mark within the spelling and phonological systems.

However, ____ in-depth semantic processing guarantees explicit, detailed memory of the words.

The same phenomenon occurs at the level of sentences: students who make the effort to understand sentences on their own, without teacher guidance, show much better retention of ____

This is a general rule, which the American ____ Henry Roediger states as follows:

“Making learning conditions more ____ thus requiring students to engage more cognitive effort, often leads to enhanced retention.”