2026 수특 영독연 11강 변형문제 (1~6번)

Inspired ____ the pioneering work of the psychologists Daniel Kahneman and the late Amos Tversky, the field of psychology has cataloged a large inventory of behavioral anomalies in which people clearly violate the predictions and prescriptions of standard economic models.

It is common, for example, for someone to be willing to drive across town ____ save ＄10 on a ＄20 clock radio, but unwilling to do so to save ＄10 on a ＄1,000 television set.

Yet the benefit of making the drive is ____ in each case.

So if the implicit cost of the ____ were less than ＄10, a rational person would drive across town in both cases.

People often explain their reluctance to make the drive for the television by saying the ＄10 savings is such a small percentage of its ____

But a rational person reckons ____ and costs in absolute terms, not as percentages.

Regardless of their generation, everyone wants to be ____ respected, and heard. But each one of us might express our thoughts and receive information differently.

One of my clients was struggling with how some of their ____ Boomer employees were trying to build personal relationships with Millennial employees.

A few of these employees read articles ____ recommended specific methods for communicating with each generation.

____ Boomer employees then went on to use this information to inform how they communicated with all of their coworkers of various generations.

They walked to the ____ of their Baby Boomer peers, emailed Gen X colleagues, and texted Millennials.

On the surface, this seemed fine, but it soon started to stir up some controversy because people did ____ understand why they were getting an email, when someone else was getting a face-to-face conversation.

By limiting in-person ____ to only certain coworkers, these employees unintentionally made others feel left out and undervalued.

Our species ____ been making music most likely for as long as we’ve been human.

It seems to be a permanent part of ____

The oldest known musical instruments date back to some 40,000 years ____

Among the most intriguing of these are ____ bone flutes, found in what is now southern Germany.

These discoveries testify ____ the advanced technology that our ancestors applied to create music:

the finger holes are carefully bevelled to allow the musician’s fingers to make a tight seal; and the distances between the holes appear to have been precisely measured, perhaps ____ correspond to a specific musical scale.

This time period corresponds to the last glaciation episode in the Northern Hemisphere — life ____ not have been easy for people living at that time.

Yet time, energy, and the skills of craftworkers were used for making abstract sounds “of the least use ... to daily habits of ____

____ music must have been very meaningful and important for them.

The fact that humans living 40,000 years ago had attentively ____ musical instruments employing sophisticated methods despite their harsh living conditions reflects the significance they placed on music.

Sometimes, even ____ unlucky starts turn out to make long-run success more likely.

Gladwell cites the experience of Jews who immigrated to New ____ in the early twentieth century and went on to prosper in the garment industry.

Many raised children who graduated from law school, only to be rejected by leading New York law firms, which in those days hired mostly lawyers from wealthy ____ families.

Jewish graduates were often ____ with few better options than to start small firms of their own.

Those firms often specialized in cases that the elite ____ firms felt were beneath them, such as the litigation of hostile corporate takeovers.

The lawyers raised by garment workers were thus often the only ones who had developed the expertise to capitalize on the ____ growth of hostile takeover litigation that occurred in the 1970s and 1980s.

By dominating that new market, they went on to earn vastly more than the lawyers in the firms ____ had earlier shunned them.

Let’s take a classical example from cognitive psychology: the ____ of word processing depth.

Imagine that I present a ____ of sixty words to three groups of students.

I ask the first group to decide whether the words’ letters are upper- or lowercase; the second group, whether the words rhyme with “chair”; and the third, whether they ____ animal names or not.

Once the students are finished, I give them a ____ test.

Which group remembers ____ words best?

Memory turns ____ to be much better in the third group, who processed the words in depth, at the meaning level (75 percent success), than in the other two groups, who processed the more superficial sensory aspects of the words, either at the letter level (33 percent success) or the rhyme level (52 percent success).

We do find a weak implicit and unconscious trace of the words in all ____ learning leaves its subliminal mark within the spelling and phonological systems.

However, only in-depth semantic processing guarantees explicit, detailed memory of the ____

The same phenomenon occurs at the level of sentences: students who make the effort to understand sentences on their own, without ____ guidance, show much better retention of information.

This is a general rule, which ____ American psychologist Henry Roediger states as follows:

“Making ____ conditions more difficult, thus requiring students to engage more cognitive effort, often leads to enhanced retention.”