2026 수특 영독연 11강 변형문제 (1~6번)

Inspired by the ____ work of the psychologists Daniel Kahneman and the late Amos Tversky, the field of psychology has cataloged a large inventory of behavioral anomalies in which people clearly violate the predictions and prescriptions of standard economic models.

It is common, for example, for someone to be willing to drive across town to save ＄10 on a ＄20 clock ____, but unwilling to do so to save ＄10 on a ＄1,000 television set.

Yet the benefit of ____ the drive is ＄10 in each case.

So if the implicit cost of the drive were less ____ ＄10, a rational person would drive across town in both cases.

People often explain their reluctance to make the drive for the television by saying the ＄10 savings is such a ____ percentage of its price.

But a rational person reckons ____ and costs in absolute terms, not as percentages.

Regardless of their generation, everyone wants to be valued, respected, and heard. But each ____ of us might express our thoughts and receive information differently.

One of my ____ was struggling with how some of their Baby Boomer employees were trying to build personal relationships with Millennial employees.

A few of these ____ read articles that recommended specific methods for communicating with each generation.

The Boomer employees then went on to use this information to inform ____ they communicated with all of their coworkers of various generations.

They walked to the offices of their Baby Boomer peers, emailed Gen X colleagues, and texted ____.

On the ____, this seemed fine, but it soon started to stir up some controversy because people did not understand why they were getting an email, when someone else was getting a face-to-face conversation.

By limiting in-person ____ to only certain coworkers, these employees unintentionally made others feel left out and undervalued.

Our species has been making music most ____ for as long as we’ve been human.

It ____ to be a permanent part of us.

The oldest known ____ instruments date back to some 40,000 years ago.

Among the most ____ of these are delicate bone flutes, found in what is now southern Germany.

These discoveries testify to the advanced technology that our ____ applied to create music:

the finger holes are carefully bevelled to allow the musician’s fingers to make a tight seal; and the ____ between the holes appear to have been precisely measured, perhaps to correspond to a specific musical scale.

This time period corresponds to the last glaciation episode in the Northern Hemisphere — life could not have been easy for ____ living at that time.

Yet time, energy, and the skills of craftworkers were used for making abstract sounds “of the least ____ ... to daily habits of life.”

So, music must have been very meaningful and important for ____.

The fact that humans living 40,000 years ago had attentively crafted musical instruments ____ sophisticated methods despite their harsh living conditions reflects the significance they placed on music.

Sometimes, even seemingly unlucky starts turn out to ____ long-run success more likely.

Gladwell cites the experience of ____ who immigrated to New York in the early twentieth century and went on to prosper in the garment industry.

Many raised children who graduated from law school, only to be rejected by leading New York law firms, which in those days hired mostly lawyers ____ wealthy Protestant families.

Jewish graduates were often left with few better ____ than to start small firms of their own.

Those firms often specialized in cases that the elite law firms felt were beneath them, such as the litigation of ____ corporate takeovers.

The ____ raised by garment workers were thus often the only ones who had developed the expertise to capitalize on the explosive growth of hostile takeover litigation that occurred in the 1970s and 1980s.

By dominating that new market, they went on to earn ____ more than the lawyers in the firms that had earlier shunned them.

Let’s take a classical example from cognitive psychology: the effect of ____ processing depth.

Imagine that I present a list of sixty words to ____ groups of students.

I ask the first group to decide whether the words’ letters are upper- or lowercase; the second group, whether the words rhyme with “____”; and the third, whether they are animal names or not.

Once the students are finished, I give them a ____ test.

Which ____ remembers the words best?

Memory turns out to be much better in the third group, who processed the words in depth, at the meaning level (75 percent ____), than in the other two groups, who processed the more superficial sensory aspects of the words, either at the letter level (33 percent success) or the rhyme level (52 percent success).

We do find a weak implicit and unconscious trace of the words in all groups: learning leaves its subliminal mark ____ the spelling and phonological systems.

However, only ____ semantic processing guarantees explicit, detailed memory of the words.

The same phenomenon occurs at the level of sentences: students who make the effort to understand sentences on their own, without teacher guidance, show much ____ retention of information.

This is a general rule, ____ the American psychologist Henry Roediger states as follows:

“Making learning conditions more difficult, thus requiring ____ to engage more cognitive effort, often leads to enhanced retention.”