2026 수특 영독연 11강 변형문제 (1~6번)

Inspired by the ____ work of the psychologists Daniel Kahneman and the late Amos Tversky, the field of psychology has cataloged a large inventory of behavioral anomalies in which people clearly violate the predictions and prescriptions of standard economic models.

It is common, for example, for someone to be willing to drive across town to save ＄10 on a ＄20 clock radio, but unwilling to do so to save ＄10 on a ____ television set.

____ the benefit of making the drive is ＄10 in each case.

So if the implicit cost of the drive were less than ＄10, a rational person would drive across ____ in both cases.

____ often explain their reluctance to make the drive for the television by saying the ＄10 savings is such a small percentage of its price.

But a rational ____ reckons benefits and costs in absolute terms, not as percentages.

Regardless of their generation, everyone wants to be valued, respected, and heard. But each one of us might express our thoughts and receive ____ differently.

One of my clients was struggling with how ____ of their Baby Boomer employees were trying to build personal relationships with Millennial employees.

A few of these employees read articles that recommended specific methods for ____ with each generation.

The Boomer employees then went on to use this information to inform how they ____ with all of their coworkers of various generations.

They walked to the offices of their Baby Boomer ____, emailed Gen X colleagues, and texted Millennials.

On the surface, this seemed fine, but it soon started to stir up some controversy because people did ____ understand why they were getting an email, when someone else was getting a face-to-face conversation.

By limiting in-person conversation to only certain coworkers, these employees unintentionally ____ others feel left out and undervalued.

Our species has been making music ____ likely for as long as we’ve been human.

It seems to be a ____ part of us.

The oldest known musical instruments date back to some 40,000 years ____.

Among the most intriguing of these are ____ bone flutes, found in what is now southern Germany.

These discoveries testify to the advanced technology that our ancestors ____ to create music:

the finger holes are carefully bevelled to allow the musician’s ____ to make a tight seal; and the distances between the holes appear to have been precisely measured, perhaps to correspond to a specific musical scale.

This time period corresponds to the last glaciation episode in the Northern Hemisphere — life could ____ have been easy for people living at that time.

Yet time, energy, and the skills of craftworkers were ____ for making abstract sounds “of the least use ... to daily habits of life.”

So, music must have been very meaningful and ____ for them.

The fact that humans living 40,000 ____ ago had attentively crafted musical instruments employing sophisticated methods despite their harsh living conditions reflects the significance they placed on music.

Sometimes, even seemingly unlucky starts turn ____ to make long-run success more likely.

Gladwell cites the experience of Jews who immigrated to New York in the early twentieth century and ____ on to prosper in the garment industry.

Many raised children who graduated from law school, only to be rejected by leading New York law firms, ____ in those days hired mostly lawyers from wealthy Protestant families.

Jewish ____ were often left with few better options than to start small firms of their own.

Those firms often ____ in cases that the elite law firms felt were beneath them, such as the litigation of hostile corporate takeovers.

The lawyers raised by ____ workers were thus often the only ones who had developed the expertise to capitalize on the explosive growth of hostile takeover litigation that occurred in the 1970s and 1980s.

By dominating that new market, they went on to earn vastly ____ than the lawyers in the firms that had earlier shunned them.

Let’s ____ a classical example from cognitive psychology: the effect of word processing depth.

Imagine that I present a list of sixty words to three groups of ____.

I ask the first ____ to decide whether the words’ letters are upper- or lowercase; the second group, whether the words rhyme with “chair”; and the third, whether they are animal names or not.

____ the students are finished, I give them a memory test.

Which group remembers the words ____?

Memory turns out to be much better in the third group, who processed the words in depth, at the meaning level (75 percent success), than in the other two groups, who processed the more superficial sensory aspects of the words, either at the letter level (33 percent success) or the rhyme level (52 percent ____).

We do find a weak implicit and unconscious trace of the words in all groups: learning leaves ____ subliminal mark within the spelling and phonological systems.

However, ____ in-depth semantic processing guarantees explicit, detailed memory of the words.

The same phenomenon occurs at the level of sentences: students who make the effort to understand sentences on their ____, without teacher guidance, show much better retention of information.

This is a general rule, which the American psychologist Henry Roediger ____ as follows:

“Making learning conditions ____ difficult, thus requiring students to engage more cognitive effort, often leads to enhanced retention.”