2026 수특 영독연 11강 변형문제 (1~6번)

Inspired by the pioneering work of the psychologists Daniel Kahneman and the late ____ Tversky, the field of psychology has cataloged a large inventory of behavioral anomalies in which people clearly violate the predictions and prescriptions of standard economic models.

It is common, for example, for someone to be willing to drive across town to save ＄10 on a ＄20 clock radio, but unwilling to do so to ____ ＄10 on a ＄1,000 television set.

Yet the benefit of making the drive is ＄10 in each ____.

So if the implicit cost of the ____ were less than ＄10, a rational person would drive across town in both cases.

People often explain their reluctance to make the drive for the television by saying the ＄10 savings is such a small percentage of its ____.

But a rational ____ reckons benefits and costs in absolute terms, not as percentages.

Regardless of their generation, ____ wants to be valued, respected, and heard. But each one of us might express our thoughts and receive information differently.

One of my clients was struggling with how ____ of their Baby Boomer employees were trying to build personal relationships with Millennial employees.

A few of these employees read articles that recommended specific methods for communicating with each ____.

The Boomer employees then went on to use this information to inform how they communicated with all of their coworkers of various ____.

They walked to the offices of their Baby Boomer peers, emailed Gen X colleagues, and texted ____.

On the surface, this seemed fine, but it soon started to stir up some controversy because people did not understand why they were getting an ____, when someone else was getting a face-to-face conversation.

By ____ in-person conversation to only certain coworkers, these employees unintentionally made others feel left out and undervalued.

Our species has been making music most ____ for as long as we’ve been human.

It seems to be a permanent ____ of us.

The oldest known ____ instruments date back to some 40,000 years ago.

Among the most intriguing of these are delicate bone flutes, found in what is now ____ Germany.

These discoveries testify to the advanced technology that our ancestors ____ to create music:

the finger holes are carefully bevelled to allow the musician’s fingers to make a tight seal; and the distances between the holes appear to have been ____ measured, perhaps to correspond to a specific musical scale.

This time period corresponds to the ____ glaciation episode in the Northern Hemisphere — life could not have been easy for people living at that time.

Yet time, energy, and the ____ of craftworkers were used for making abstract sounds “of the least use ... to daily habits of life.”

So, music must have ____ very meaningful and important for them.

The fact that humans living 40,000 years ago had ____ crafted musical instruments employing sophisticated methods despite their harsh living conditions reflects the significance they placed on music.

Sometimes, even seemingly ____ starts turn out to make long-run success more likely.

Gladwell cites the experience of Jews ____ immigrated to New York in the early twentieth century and went on to prosper in the garment industry.

Many raised children who graduated from law school, only to be rejected by leading New York law firms, which in ____ days hired mostly lawyers from wealthy Protestant families.

Jewish graduates were often left with few better options than to start small ____ of their own.

Those firms often specialized in cases that the elite law firms felt were ____ them, such as the litigation of hostile corporate takeovers.

The lawyers raised by garment workers were thus often the only ones who had developed the expertise to capitalize on the explosive growth of hostile takeover litigation that ____ in the 1970s and 1980s.

By dominating that new ____, they went on to earn vastly more than the lawyers in the firms that had earlier shunned them.

____ take a classical example from cognitive psychology: the effect of word processing depth.

Imagine that I present a list of ____ words to three groups of students.

I ask the first group to decide whether the words’ letters are upper- or lowercase; the ____ group, whether the words rhyme with “chair”; and the third, whether they are animal names or not.

Once the students are finished, I ____ them a memory test.

Which group remembers the ____ best?

Memory turns out to be much better in the third group, who processed the words in depth, at the meaning level (75 percent success), than in the other two groups, who processed the ____ superficial sensory aspects of the words, either at the letter level (33 percent success) or the rhyme level (52 percent success).

We do find a weak implicit and unconscious trace of the ____ in all groups: learning leaves its subliminal mark within the spelling and phonological systems.

However, only in-depth semantic processing guarantees explicit, detailed memory of the ____.

The same phenomenon occurs at the level of sentences: students who make the effort to understand sentences on their own, without teacher guidance, show much better retention of ____.

This is a general rule, which the American psychologist Henry ____ states as follows:

“Making learning conditions more difficult, thus requiring ____ to engage more cognitive effort, often leads to enhanced retention.”