2026 수특 영독연 12강 변형문제 (7-12번)

Electric scooters are the latest ____ in urban transportation.

They wait in clusters on the pavement, ready ____ hire by anyone with a smartphone and a credit card. Scooters are faster than walking, easier than cycling, and simpler than cars.

They turn the urban landscape into a playground. Riding them is ____ carefree experience — but it is more restrained than it might seem.

Every journey is tracked ____ start to finish. No matter how hard the throttle is pressed, the scooters will not go above a particular speed.

They refuse to leave designated urban ____

And there is no haggling over the fare: an app charges a precise ____ depending on the length of the journey.

None of this is inherently objectionable. But scooters do offer a helpful example of the paradox of digital technologies: they offer freedom, but only in exchange ____ some surrender of control.

This is not a paradox that ____ ever be fully resolved.

The question will always be whether the balance between freedom and control is struck in ____ right place.

It is possible, in principle, that language suddenly appeared ____ formed during human evolution without any gradual or intermediate forms.

That notion, a linguistic Big Bang, has been championed by ____ such as Noam Chomsky.

But it is extremely improbable, biologically speaking, that such a complex characteristic as our capacity ____ speech just popped up out of nowhere.

It ____ more likely that language evolved in several stages in the same way, for instance, as our large brains did or our tool-making ability.

This may have been a process similar to ____ one children go through, or the process may have been entirely different and involved intermediate forms.

But some form of evolution must have occurred on the journey from non-speaking ape to speaking ____

At some point there must have been linguistic precursors, ____ forms of language.

There must also have been a protolanguage, the first one that could be called a ____

In prior ages to the Digital Age, the power to ____ information remained primarily in the hands of designated authorities, be they the King or the New York Times.

Today however, advances in information technology — specifically, computers and telecommunicators — have resulted in a ____ where information can be created by anyone and can flow from anyone to everyone else.

Take for example these astounding ____ at the time of writing this paper, the number of websites currently online is over 1.5 billion, the number of active users on some of the biggest social media platforms is over two billion, and the number of Internet users is over four billion.

More specific to consumer-created content, 400 hours of ____ are uploaded every minute and searches of “how to” videos are growing 70% year over year on popular video sites.

These ____ will likely increase by the time this manuscript goes to print.

People today are not simply innocent consumers of information, but also providers of information through their own content ____ which is “the material people contribute to the online world.”

Today, the production and distribution of ____ is a market in which nearly everyone can, and does, participate.

In the Digital Age, advances in information technology have shifted the power to create and share content from designated authorities to individuals, resulting in a participatory information market where nearly ____ contributes.

Scientific research is ____ based on a cycle involving several distinct stages.

The ____ typically starts with a collection of incidental observations and the formulation of a possible explanation for these observations.

This explanation is known as a theory. ____ on this theory, we can then make predictions about conditions that we have not yet observed.

____ other words, we can formulate specific hypotheses.

Now, we can design an experiment that aims to disprove our theory: ____ the results of our experiment are consistent with the theory, we have no reason to suspect that anything is wrong with it.

When the results are inconsistent, however, ____ will either have to adjust our theory, or to reject it altogether.

It is ____ to ‘prove’ a theory: as long as we find no conflicting evidence, the theory remains plausible.

This does not exclude the ____ however, that there might be future results that will conflict.

Although a theory becomes more plausible, the ____ results we find that are consistent with it, it remains the case that (at least in principle) a single experiment yielding conflicting results would be sufficient to overthrow it.

One of the truths about writing in science is that it substantially limits the amount of insincere blather that can emanate from ____ mind of a student when he/she has absolutely no idea about a correct response.

A student who does not have ____ basic understanding of scientific theories will have immense difficulty in applying them.

In responding to an authentic scientific problem through an essay, there ____ no way to “luck out” on a guess at the correct answer, there is no place to hide.

In general, essays that require students to invoke relevant scientific principles and theories and to explore potential applications are more genuine assessments of student knowledge than objective tests of ____ questions paired with possible answers already furnished.

Another advantage of writing essays is that the teacher can ____ a sense of where student comprehension is strong and where understanding begins to break down.

After all, writing ____ a form of concretized thought.

Thus, when a student’s grasp of a concept begins to get off-track, it ____ only through those moments when thought is made visible that a teacher is able to identify the problem and provide help.

Writing provides the opportunity for the kind of intervention that can prevent conceptual misunderstandings that can ____ a student for his entire academic career.

Indeed, Heddy & Sinatra (2013) and Francek (2013) have ____ that one of the most difficult areas of teaching is trying to get students to unlearn a misconception.