2026 수특 영독연 12강 변형문제 (7-12번)

Electric scooters ____ the latest vogue in urban transportation.

They wait in clusters on the pavement, ready ____ hire by anyone with a smartphone and a credit card. Scooters are faster than walking, easier than cycling, and simpler than cars.

They turn the urban landscape into a playground. Riding them is a ____ experience — but it is more restrained than it might seem.

Every journey is tracked from start to finish. No matter ____ hard the throttle is pressed, the scooters will not go above a particular speed.

They refuse to leave ____ urban areas.

And there is no haggling over the fare: an app charges a precise sum depending on the ____ of the journey.

None of this is inherently ____ But scooters do offer a helpful example of the paradox of digital technologies: they offer freedom, but only in exchange for some surrender of control.

This is not a paradox that will ever ____ fully resolved.

____ question will always be whether the balance between freedom and control is struck in the right place.

It ____ possible, in principle, that language suddenly appeared fully formed during human evolution without any gradual or intermediate forms.

That notion, a ____ Big Bang, has been championed by linguists such as Noam Chomsky.

But it is extremely improbable, biologically speaking, that such a complex characteristic as ____ capacity for speech just popped up out of nowhere.

It is more likely that language evolved in ____ stages in the same way, for instance, as our large brains did or our tool-making ability.

This may have been a process similar to the one children go through, or the ____ may have been entirely different and involved intermediate forms.

But some form of evolution must have occurred on the journey from non-speaking ape ____ speaking humans.

At some point there must ____ been linguistic precursors, simpler forms of language.

There must also have ____ a protolanguage, the first one that could be called a language.

In prior ages to the Digital Age, the power to create ____ remained primarily in the hands of designated authorities, be they the King or the New York Times.

Today however, advances in information technology — specifically, ____ and telecommunicators — have resulted in a situation where information can be created by anyone and can flow from anyone to everyone else.

Take for example these astounding statistics: at the time of writing this paper, the number of ____ currently online is over 1.5 billion, the number of active users on some of the biggest social media platforms is over two billion, and the number of Internet users is over four billion.

More ____ to consumer-created content, 400 hours of videos are uploaded every minute and searches of “how to” videos are growing 70% year over year on popular video sites.

These numbers will likely increase by the time this manuscript goes ____ print.

People today ____ not simply innocent consumers of information, but also providers of information through their own content creation, which is “the material people contribute to the online world.”

Today, the production and distribution ____ information is a market in which nearly everyone can, and does, participate.

In the Digital Age, advances in information technology have shifted the power to create and share content from designated authorities to individuals, resulting in a participatory information ____ where nearly everyone contributes.

____ research is typically based on a cycle involving several distinct stages.

The cycle typically ____ with a collection of incidental observations and the formulation of a possible explanation for these observations.

This explanation is known as a theory. Based on this theory, we can then make predictions about conditions ____ we have not yet observed.

In other words, ____ can formulate specific hypotheses.

Now, we can design an experiment that ____ to disprove our theory: when the results of our experiment are consistent with the theory, we have no reason to suspect that anything is wrong with it.

When the results are inconsistent, however, we will either have to adjust our ____ or to reject it altogether.

It is impossible to ‘prove’ a ____ as long as we find no conflicting evidence, the theory remains plausible.

____ does not exclude the possibility, however, that there might be future results that will conflict.

Although a theory becomes more plausible, the more results we find that are consistent with it, it remains the case that (at least in principle) a single experiment yielding conflicting results would be sufficient ____ overthrow it.

One of the truths about writing in science is that it substantially limits the amount of insincere blather that can emanate from the mind ____ a student when he/she has absolutely no idea about a correct response.

A student who does not have a basic understanding of scientific theories will have immense difficulty ____ applying them.

In responding to ____ authentic scientific problem through an essay, there is no way to “luck out” on a guess at the correct answer, there is no place to hide.

In general, essays that require students to invoke relevant scientific principles and theories and to explore potential applications are more genuine assessments of student knowledge than objective tests of short questions paired with possible answers already ____

Another advantage of writing essays is that the teacher can get a sense of where student comprehension is strong and where understanding begins to break ____

After all, writing is ____ form of concretized thought.

Thus, when a student’s grasp of a concept begins to get off-track, it is only through those ____ when thought is made visible that a teacher is able to identify the problem and provide help.

Writing provides the opportunity ____ the kind of intervention that can prevent conceptual misunderstandings that can haunt a student for his entire academic career.

Indeed, Heddy & ____ (2013) and Francek (2013) have found that one of the most difficult areas of teaching is trying to get students to unlearn a misconception.