2026 수특 영독연 12강 변형문제 (7-12번)

Electric ____ are the latest vogue in urban transportation.

They wait in clusters on the pavement, ready for hire by anyone with a smartphone and a credit card. Scooters are faster than ____, easier than cycling, and simpler than cars.

They turn the ____ landscape into a playground. Riding them is a carefree experience — but it is more restrained than it might seem.

Every journey is tracked from start to finish. No matter how hard the ____ is pressed, the scooters will not go above a particular speed.

They refuse to leave designated ____ areas.

And there is no haggling over the ____: an app charges a precise sum depending on the length of the journey.

None of this is inherently objectionable. But scooters do offer a helpful ____ of the paradox of digital technologies: they offer freedom, but only in exchange for some surrender of control.

This is not a paradox that ____ ever be fully resolved.

The question will always be whether the balance between freedom and control is struck in the right ____.

It is possible, in principle, that language suddenly appeared fully formed during ____ evolution without any gradual or intermediate forms.

That notion, a linguistic ____ Bang, has been championed by linguists such as Noam Chomsky.

But it is extremely improbable, biologically speaking, that such a complex ____ as our capacity for speech just popped up out of nowhere.

It is more ____ that language evolved in several stages in the same way, for instance, as our large brains did or our tool-making ability.

This may have been a process similar to the one children go through, or the process may have been entirely different and involved ____ forms.

But some form of evolution must have occurred on the ____ from non-speaking ape to speaking humans.

At some point there must have ____ linguistic precursors, simpler forms of language.

There must ____ have been a protolanguage, the first one that could be called a language.

In prior ages to the Digital Age, the power to ____ information remained primarily in the hands of designated authorities, be they the King or the New York Times.

Today however, advances in information technology — specifically, computers and telecommunicators — have resulted in a situation where information can be created by anyone and can flow from anyone to everyone ____.

Take for example these astounding ____: at the time of writing this paper, the number of websites currently online is over 1.5 billion, the number of active users on some of the biggest social media platforms is over two billion, and the number of Internet users is over four billion.

More specific to consumer-created content, 400 ____ of videos are uploaded every minute and searches of “how to” videos are growing 70% year over year on popular video sites.

____ numbers will likely increase by the time this manuscript goes to print.

____ today are not simply innocent consumers of information, but also providers of information through their own content creation, which is “the material people contribute to the online world.”

Today, the ____ and distribution of information is a market in which nearly everyone can, and does, participate.

In the Digital ____, advances in information technology have shifted the power to create and share content from designated authorities to individuals, resulting in a participatory information market where nearly everyone contributes.

Scientific research is typically based on a cycle involving several ____ stages.

The ____ typically starts with a collection of incidental observations and the formulation of a possible explanation for these observations.

This explanation is known as a theory. Based on this theory, we can then ____ predictions about conditions that we have not yet observed.

In ____ words, we can formulate specific hypotheses.

Now, we can ____ an experiment that aims to disprove our theory: when the results of our experiment are consistent with the theory, we have no reason to suspect that anything is wrong with it.

When the ____ are inconsistent, however, we will either have to adjust our theory, or to reject it altogether.

It is impossible to ‘____’ a theory: as long as we find no conflicting evidence, the theory remains plausible.

This does not exclude the possibility, ____, that there might be future results that will conflict.

Although a theory becomes more plausible, the more results we find that are consistent with it, it remains the case that (at ____ in principle) a single experiment yielding conflicting results would be sufficient to overthrow it.

One of the ____ about writing in science is that it substantially limits the amount of insincere blather that can emanate from the mind of a student when he/she has absolutely no idea about a correct response.

A ____ who does not have a basic understanding of scientific theories will have immense difficulty in applying them.

In responding to an authentic scientific problem through an ____, there is no way to “luck out” on a guess at the correct answer, there is no place to hide.

In general, essays that require students to invoke relevant scientific principles and theories and to explore potential applications are more genuine ____ of student knowledge than objective tests of short questions paired with possible answers already furnished.

Another advantage of writing essays is that the teacher can get a sense of ____ student comprehension is strong and where understanding begins to break down.

After all, writing is a form of ____ thought.

Thus, when a student’s grasp of a concept begins to get off-track, it is only through those moments when thought is made visible that a ____ is able to identify the problem and provide help.

Writing provides the opportunity for the kind of intervention that can prevent conceptual misunderstandings that can ____ a student for his entire academic career.

Indeed, Heddy & Sinatra (____) and Francek (2013) have found that one of the most difficult areas of teaching is trying to get students to unlearn a misconception.