2026 수특 영독연 12강 변형문제 (7-12번)

Electric scooters are ____ latest vogue in urban transportation.

They wait in clusters on the pavement, ready for hire by anyone with a smartphone and a credit card. ____ are faster than walking, easier than cycling, and simpler than cars.

They turn the urban ____ into a playground. Riding them is a carefree experience — but it is more restrained than it might seem.

Every journey is tracked from start to finish. No matter how hard the throttle is ____ the scooters will not go above a particular speed.

They refuse to leave ____ urban areas.

And there is no haggling over the fare: an app charges a precise sum ____ on the length of the journey.

None of this is inherently objectionable. But scooters do offer a helpful example of the paradox of digital technologies: they offer freedom, but only in ____ for some surrender of control.

____ is not a paradox that will ever be fully resolved.

The question will always be whether ____ balance between freedom and control is struck in the right place.

It is possible, ____ principle, that language suddenly appeared fully formed during human evolution without any gradual or intermediate forms.

That notion, a linguistic Big Bang, has been championed by linguists such as Noam ____

But it is extremely ____ biologically speaking, that such a complex characteristic as our capacity for speech just popped up out of nowhere.

It is more likely that language evolved in several stages in the same way, for instance, as our large brains ____ or our tool-making ability.

This may have been a ____ similar to the one children go through, or the process may have been entirely different and involved intermediate forms.

But some form of evolution must ____ occurred on the journey from non-speaking ape to speaking humans.

____ some point there must have been linguistic precursors, simpler forms of language.

There must also have been a protolanguage, the first one that ____ be called a language.

____ prior ages to the Digital Age, the power to create information remained primarily in the hands of designated authorities, be they the King or the New York Times.

Today however, advances in information technology — specifically, computers and telecommunicators — have resulted in a ____ where information can be created by anyone and can flow from anyone to everyone else.

____ for example these astounding statistics: at the time of writing this paper, the number of websites currently online is over 1.5 billion, the number of active users on some of the biggest social media platforms is over two billion, and the number of Internet users is over four billion.

More specific to consumer-created content, 400 hours ____ videos are uploaded every minute and searches of “how to” videos are growing 70% year over year on popular video sites.

These numbers ____ likely increase by the time this manuscript goes to print.

People today are not simply innocent consumers of information, but also providers of information through their own content creation, which is ____ material people contribute to the online world.”

Today, the production and distribution of information is a market in which nearly ____ can, and does, participate.

In the Digital Age, advances in information technology have shifted the power to create and share content from designated authorities to individuals, resulting in a participatory information ____ where nearly everyone contributes.

Scientific research ____ typically based on a cycle involving several distinct stages.

The cycle typically starts with a collection of incidental observations and the formulation of a possible explanation ____ these observations.

This explanation is known as a theory. Based on this theory, we can then make ____ about conditions that we have not yet observed.

In other words, we can formulate ____ hypotheses.

Now, we can design an ____ that aims to disprove our theory: when the results of our experiment are consistent with the theory, we have no reason to suspect that anything is wrong with it.

____ the results are inconsistent, however, we will either have to adjust our theory, or to reject it altogether.

It is ____ to ‘prove’ a theory: as long as we find no conflicting evidence, the theory remains plausible.

This ____ not exclude the possibility, however, that there might be future results that will conflict.

Although a theory becomes more plausible, the more results we find that are consistent with it, it remains the case that (at least in principle) a single experiment yielding conflicting results would ____ sufficient to overthrow it.

One of the truths about writing in science is that it substantially limits the amount of insincere blather that can emanate from the mind of a student when ____ has absolutely no idea about a correct response.

A student who does not have a basic understanding of scientific theories will have immense difficulty ____ applying them.

In responding to an authentic scientific problem ____ an essay, there is no way to “luck out” on a guess at the correct answer, there is no place to hide.

In general, ____ that require students to invoke relevant scientific principles and theories and to explore potential applications are more genuine assessments of student knowledge than objective tests of short questions paired with possible answers already furnished.

Another advantage of writing essays is that the teacher can get a sense of where student comprehension is strong ____ where understanding begins to break down.

After ____ writing is a form of concretized thought.

Thus, when a student’s grasp of a concept begins to get off-track, it is only through those moments when thought ____ made visible that a teacher is able to identify the problem and provide help.

Writing provides the opportunity for the kind of intervention that can prevent conceptual misunderstandings that can haunt a student for ____ entire academic career.

Indeed, Heddy & Sinatra (2013) and Francek (2013) have found that one of the most difficult areas of teaching is trying to get students to unlearn a ____