2026 수특 영독연 8강 변형문제 (7~12번)

Designers use diagrams, pictures, and simple illustrations to explain their work, whether it is how to turn the power on or off in a machine or how to ____ a DNA synthesizer or even a washing machine.

Designers understand the need to test their efforts on ____ people for whom they are intended.

Invariably, the tests reveal problems, places where people do not understand, are confused, or, worse, could make serious errors in their ____ of the device under consideration:

perhaps losing all of their work and, in the case of machinery or medical devices, ____ leading to accidents or serious injuries.

The reason for this early testing is to find design ____ before the product is released, allowing the design to be corrected.

In design, especially the set of procedures that goes under the general label human-centered design, multiple iterations of the ____ are constructed and tested.

Each new iteration — that is, each modification of the design — is guided by the results ____ tests.

It is interesting to note that all inquiries were ____ a part of philosophy, that great mother of the sciences (mater scientiarum), and philosophy embraced them all in an undifferentiated and amorphous fashion.

However, as Western civilisation developed, various sciences began to pursue separate and ____ courses.

Astronomy and physics were among the first ____ break away, and were followed thereafter by chemistry, biology and geology.

In the ____ century, two new sciences appeared: psychology (the science of human behaviour) and sociology (the science of human society).

Thus, what had once been natural philosophy became the science of physics; what had been mental philosophy, or the philosophy of mind, became the science of psychology; and ____ had once been social philosophy, or the philosophy of history, became the science of sociology.

To the ancient mother, ____ still belong several important kinds of enquiries — notably metaphysics, logic, ethics and aesthetics — but the sciences themselves are no longer studied as subdivisions of philosophy.

Suppose that ____ aspirations rise as they get more money.

When you live in a student dorm, you may aspire to have your own apartment, even ____ small.

When you live in a small apartment, you may aspire ____ live in a bigger one.

When you live in a bigger apartment, you may aspire to live in ____ own property.

And so on: the more you have, the more you expect ____ and maybe the more you think you deserve.

If so, the beneficial happiness effect of getting more money will be offset (at least partially) ____ the harmful effect on happiness of rising aspirations.

Behavioural ____ call this phenomenon the aspiration treadmill.

The basic idea ____ ancient.

The ____ philosopher Seneca diagnosed the problem some 2,000 years ago.

He wrote: ‘Excessive prosperity does indeed create greed in men, and never are desires so well controlled ____ they vanish once satisfied.’

Humanity has entered a new era. We are now living in a world that is increasingly wired by billions of predictive algorithms, a world ____ which almost everything can be predicted and risk and uncertainty appear to be diminishing in almost all areas of life.

____ are living longer, thanks to advances in health care and precision medicine.

We have a greater mastery of the physical world that allows us to dream of, ____ build, new technologies that allow us to explore other planets and visualize billions of galaxies.

We can model markets, disease, and traffic with increasingly greater precision, and we’re getting ____ close to handing over the keys to the car so it can drive itself.

Even more striking, our tools may be revealing the genesis of some elusive and stubborn complexities of human behavior, and algorithms are even being used to ____ people’s behavior.

Predictive algorithms have ____ the world, and all the worlds to come, and there is no going back.

It is worth noting that the progress in man’s understanding ____ the physical aspects of his environment occurred much earlier in comparison to the social aspects.

The main reason for this discrepancy in the development of man’s understanding of the two distinct environments — the ____ and the social — probably lies in the greater observability and control of physical phenomena, as well as in the impersonal approach that they afford.

Physical phenomena are usually ____ concrete than social phenomena and hence are more observable.

Samuel Koenig states that in his attempt to observe ____ phenomena man was able quite early to develop a measure of detachment, but he found it very difficult to do so regarding social phenomena.

____ the latter case he found himself too close to the object of investigation, too involved in it, to achieve the objectivity which is indispensable to all science.

When computers process in time, ____ typically want them to also work in real time.

For example, if you set up a microphone with a reverb effect for a performance, you would like it ____ work both in time and in real time.

However, if you just want to add reverb to a prerecorded song, it does not matter when ____ how fast it happens.

You may probably prefer ____ the computer does the processing “faster than real time.”

If the computer can process a three-minute sound file in ____ seconds, it is unnecessary to wait three minutes to finish its processing.

You may also happen to have ____ computationally heavy reverb model that runs “slower than real time.”

For a producer working ____ a studio, it is not crucial whether a process runs in real time.

For a performer on stage, however, ____ is no other option than running in real-time mode.

The concert is happening in the “now,” hence the tools used need to run both in ____ and in real time.