2026 수특 영독연 8강 변형문제 (7~12번)

Designers use diagrams, pictures, and simple illustrations to explain their work, whether it is how to turn the power on or off in a machine or how to use a DNA synthesizer or ____ a washing machine.

Designers understand the need to test their efforts on the ____ for whom they are intended.

Invariably, the tests reveal problems, places where ____ do not understand, are confused, or, worse, could make serious errors in their use of the device under consideration:

perhaps losing all of their work and, in the case of machinery ____ medical devices, perhaps leading to accidents or serious injuries.

The reason for this early testing ____ to find design flaws before the product is released, allowing the design to be corrected.

In design, especially the set of procedures that goes under the general label human-centered design, ____ iterations of the design are constructed and tested.

Each new iteration — that is, each modification of the design — is guided by the ____ of tests.

It is interesting to note that all inquiries were once a part of philosophy, that great mother of the sciences (mater scientiarum), and philosophy embraced them all in an undifferentiated ____ amorphous fashion.

However, as Western civilisation developed, various sciences began to pursue separate and independent ____

Astronomy and physics were among the first to ____ away, and were followed thereafter by chemistry, biology and geology.

In the nineteenth century, two new sciences appeared: psychology (the science of human behaviour) and sociology (the science ____ human society).

____ what had once been natural philosophy became the science of physics; what had been mental philosophy, or the philosophy of mind, became the science of psychology; and what had once been social philosophy, or the philosophy of history, became the science of sociology.

To the ____ mother, philosophy, still belong several important kinds of enquiries — notably metaphysics, logic, ethics and aesthetics — but the sciences themselves are no longer studied as subdivisions of philosophy.

Suppose that people’s ____ rise as they get more money.

When you live in a student dorm, you may ____ to have your own apartment, even if small.

When you live in a ____ apartment, you may aspire to live in a bigger one.

When you live in a bigger apartment, you may aspire to live in your ____ property.

And so on: ____ more you have, the more you expect — and maybe the more you think you deserve.

If so, the ____ happiness effect of getting more money will be offset (at least partially) by the harmful effect on happiness of rising aspirations.

Behavioural economists call ____ phenomenon the aspiration treadmill.

The basic idea ____ ancient.

The Stoic philosopher Seneca diagnosed the problem some 2,000 ____ ago.

He wrote: ‘Excessive prosperity does indeed create greed in men, and never ____ desires so well controlled that they vanish once satisfied.’

Humanity has entered a new era. We ____ now living in a world that is increasingly wired by billions of predictive algorithms, a world in which almost everything can be predicted and risk and uncertainty appear to be diminishing in almost all areas of life.

We are living ____ thanks to advances in health care and precision medicine.

We have a greater mastery of the physical world that allows us to dream of, and build, new technologies that allow ____ to explore other planets and visualize billions of galaxies.

We can model markets, disease, and traffic with increasingly greater precision, and we’re getting very close to handing over the keys to the car so it can drive ____

Even more striking, our tools may be revealing the genesis of some elusive and stubborn complexities of human behavior, and ____ are even being used to alter people’s behavior.

Predictive algorithms have changed the world, and all the ____ to come, and there is no going back.

It is worth noting that the progress in ____ understanding about the physical aspects of his environment occurred much earlier in comparison to the social aspects.

The main reason for this discrepancy in the development of man’s understanding of the two distinct environments — the physical and the social — probably lies ____ the greater observability and control of physical phenomena, as well as in the impersonal approach that they afford.

Physical phenomena are usually more concrete than social phenomena and hence are ____ observable.

Samuel Koenig states that in his attempt to observe physical phenomena man was able quite early to develop a measure of detachment, ____ he found it very difficult to do so regarding social phenomena.

In the latter case he found himself too close to the ____ of investigation, too involved in it, to achieve the objectivity which is indispensable to all science.

When computers process in time, we typically want them to also work ____ real time.

For example, if you set up a microphone with ____ reverb effect for a performance, you would like it to work both in time and in real time.

However, if you just ____ to add reverb to a prerecorded song, it does not matter when or how fast it happens.

You may probably prefer that the computer does the processing “faster ____ real time.”

If the computer can process a three-minute sound file in seven ____ it is unnecessary to wait three minutes to finish its processing.

You may ____ happen to have a computationally heavy reverb model that runs “slower than real time.”

For ____ producer working in a studio, it is not crucial whether a process runs in real time.

For a performer on stage, however, there ____ no other option than running in real-time mode.

The concert is happening in the “now,” hence the tools used need to run both in time and ____ real time.