2026 수능특강 영어독해연습 9강
7 정서와 감정의 차이
____ is very close to emotion in meaning, but when social psychologists use the term sentiment, they emphasize the social aspect of emotion.
Early social psychologists used sentiment to refer to the components of human responses that separate them from analogous responses that animals would ____.
For example, Cooley ____ love and lust. Although lust is instinctive, we learn what love is through social interaction.
In other words, sentiment relies not just on the responses of the individual to the stimulus but also on ____ other human beings understand that stimulus.
In later years, as ____ psychologists have come to increasingly accept that social elements are a key piece of emotions, the idea of sentiment has become less distinguishable from that of emotion.
In contemporary work, social psychologists often use the term sentiment to distinguish immediate emotional responses from ____ emotional states such as love, grief, and jealousy.
These sentiments can endure for days, weeks, and even years after the ____ event that triggered them.
8 화석이 되기 위한 조건
To become a fossil is a ____ and involved process, and is an unlikely outcome for the vast majority of individuals.
The most obvious requirement for an organism to end up as a fossil is that it must become entombed ____ rock, usually by burial.
There are many chances that ____ prevent this happening.
If a mollusc with two shells has the ____ to be killed by a predator, then the soft parts will be eaten.
The predator will probably have to break at ____ one of the shells to gain access to the flesh, so it is unlikely that both shells will survive intact.
Even if they do, the two ____ may become separated.
On the other hand, if the organism dies a natural ____, although the soft parts of the body will almost certainly rot away, neither shell is likely to be damaged.
The shells are held together at the hinge by fibrous tissues, which are among the last to rot, so there is a reasonable chance that the two shells will remain held ____ until they become buried.
9 사회적 보상과 신경 경로
Sometimes, a monkey grooms ____ monkey and gets nothing in return.
Sometimes an ape courts a mate and ____ completely ignored.
Cortisol prompts a mammal to try something different, but after a few disappointments it ____ be hard for the mammal to predict where to invest its energy.
This is why we often fall back on the neural ____ we myelinated in youth.
Your electricity flows effortlessly down the pathways ____ by behaviors that were reliably rewarded in your past.
Maybe it was ____ a touchdown, or joining friends to watch your favorite quarterback score.
Of course, carrying a ball across a ____ does not meet real survival needs, but dopamine surges when you expect a social reward.
____ brain predicts social rewards from its own life experience.
Maybe you lived in a ____ where social rewards went to someone who cooked a big meal or solved a big equation or found a bar open after hours.
There are limitless ways to get social rewards, but the ones we observe and enjoy in ____ build expectations that last.
Just as repeated ____ disappointments can lead individuals to return to familiar behaviors reinforced in their youth, the brain relies on past experiences and neural pathways to predict and seek out rewarding experiences.
10 거짓말 탐지와 직관의 한계
To determine whether a person is lying, we tend to ____ heavily on intuition.
Unless we catch a lie on factual grounds, the only indicators of a person’s dishonesty are tone of voice, body language, and facial expressions — signs that may be too subtle for us to consciously recognize but that can still ____ a strong gut feeling.
The problem is that while we can practice our skills at evaluating ____’ truthfulness in social interactions, without clear feedback on whether our judgments are correct we don’t know if we’re erring on the side of gullibility or of distrustfulness.
This ____ we’re unable to improve over time.
Though many people believe they’re quite good at distinguishing truths from lies, ____ no one in the general population performs with higher than chance accuracy.
On average, even police officers, lawyers, judges, psychiatrists, and members of other groups that encounter more frequent and serious lies than ____ people perform no better.
11~12 연민의 개념과 변화
In ancient times, not ____ and every kind of suffering warranted pity.
No ____ was supposed to feel pity for captured, tortured, and killed enemies.
Neither slaves nor ____ martyrs deserved pity.
Later on, religious communities that preached the gospel of brotherly love and love of neighbor found no difficulty in denying it to those who ____ not belong and believe.
This attitude only started to change during the 18th ____.
Playwrights reviving the Aristotelian concept of catharsis discovered pity as the most natural and most moral human faculty that should be cultivated by ____, literature, and music.
Philosophers who sought a moral ____ for modern civil society praised pity and sympathy as counter-forces of self-love and egoism.
Novelists were eager to devise plots and stories that would ____ the readers’ pity, inspiring them to become sensitive and sensible citizens.
At the same time, hundreds of thousands of European and North American men and ____ campaigned for the ending of slavery and the liberation of slaves.
____ by an “imagined empathy” and using a language of love for those “brothers” and “sisters” whose freedom and human dignity were violated, they engaged in an unprecedented — and ultimately successful — struggle against the slave trade and the institution of slavery.