2026 수능특강 영어독해연습 9강
7 정서와 감정의 차이
Sentiment is very ____ to emotion in meaning, but when social psychologists use the term sentiment, they emphasize the social aspect of emotion.
Early social psychologists used sentiment to ____ to the components of human responses that separate them from analogous responses that animals would have.
For example, Cooley contrasts love and lust. Although lust is instinctive, we learn what ____ is through social interaction.
In other words, sentiment relies not just on the responses of the individual to the stimulus but also on how other human beings ____ that stimulus.
In later years, as social psychologists ____ come to increasingly accept that social elements are a key piece of emotions, the idea of sentiment has become less distinguishable from that of emotion.
In contemporary work, social psychologists often use the term sentiment to distinguish immediate emotional responses from longer-term emotional states such as ____, grief, and jealousy.
These sentiments can endure for days, weeks, and even ____ after the initial event that triggered them.
8 화석이 되기 위한 조건
To become a ____ is a long and involved process, and is an unlikely outcome for the vast majority of individuals.
The ____ obvious requirement for an organism to end up as a fossil is that it must become entombed within rock, usually by burial.
There are many chances that can ____ this happening.
If a mollusc with ____ shells has the misfortune to be killed by a predator, then the soft parts will be eaten.
The predator will probably have to break at ____ one of the shells to gain access to the flesh, so it is unlikely that both shells will survive intact.
Even if they do, the two shells may ____ separated.
On the other hand, if the organism dies a natural death, although the ____ parts of the body will almost certainly rot away, neither shell is likely to be damaged.
The shells are held together at the hinge by fibrous tissues, which are among the last to rot, so there is a reasonable chance that the two ____ will remain held together until they become buried.
9 사회적 보상과 신경 경로
Sometimes, a monkey ____ another monkey and gets nothing in return.
Sometimes an ape ____ a mate and gets completely ignored.
Cortisol prompts a mammal to try something different, but after a few disappointments it ____ be hard for the mammal to predict where to invest its energy.
This is ____ we often fall back on the neural superhighways we myelinated in youth.
Your electricity flows effortlessly down the pathways built by behaviors that were reliably rewarded in your ____.
Maybe it was scoring a touchdown, or joining friends to watch your favorite ____ score.
Of course, carrying a ball across a line ____ not meet real survival needs, but dopamine surges when you expect a social reward.
Each brain predicts social rewards ____ its own life experience.
Maybe you lived in a ____ where social rewards went to someone who cooked a big meal or solved a big equation or found a bar open after hours.
There are limitless ways to get social rewards, but the ____ we observe and enjoy in youth build expectations that last.
Just as repeated social disappointments can lead ____ to return to familiar behaviors reinforced in their youth, the brain relies on past experiences and neural pathways to predict and seek out rewarding experiences.
10 거짓말 탐지와 직관의 한계
To determine whether a person is lying, we tend to rely heavily on ____.
Unless we catch a lie on factual grounds, the only indicators of a person’s dishonesty are tone of voice, body language, and facial expressions — signs that may be too ____ for us to consciously recognize but that can still evoke a strong gut feeling.
The problem is that while we can practice our skills at evaluating others’ truthfulness in social interactions, without clear feedback on whether our judgments are correct we don’t know if we’re erring on the side of gullibility or of ____.
This ____ we’re unable to improve over time.
Though many people believe they’re quite good at distinguishing truths from lies, almost no one in the general population performs with ____ than chance accuracy.
On average, even police officers, ____, judges, psychiatrists, and members of other groups that encounter more frequent and serious lies than ordinary people perform no better.
11~12 연민의 개념과 변화
In ancient times, not each and every ____ of suffering warranted pity.
No one was ____ to feel pity for captured, tortured, and killed enemies.
Neither slaves nor Christian martyrs ____ pity.
Later on, religious communities that preached the gospel of brotherly love and love of ____ found no difficulty in denying it to those who did not belong and believe.
This attitude only started to change during the 18th ____.
Playwrights reviving the Aristotelian concept of catharsis discovered pity as the most natural and most moral human faculty that should be cultivated by theater, ____, and music.
Philosophers who sought a moral ____ for modern civil society praised pity and sympathy as counter-forces of self-love and egoism.
Novelists were eager to devise plots and ____ that would elicit the readers’ pity, inspiring them to become sensitive and sensible citizens.
At the same time, hundreds of thousands of European and North American men and women ____ for the ending of slavery and the liberation of slaves.
Fueled by an “imagined empathy” and using a language of love for those “brothers” and “sisters” whose freedom and human dignity were violated, they engaged in an ____ — and ultimately successful — struggle against the slave trade and the institution of slavery.