Week 1 1강
Exercise 7 흔한 우연의 일치
There are two classic problems that give ____ mathematically proper ways to evaluate coincidences.
One is a counterintuitive poser: the birthday problem, ____ tells us that in any group of twenty-three people the odds are better than even that two people in the group will have the same birthday.
The other is the monkey problem, which asks: if given a large enough amount of time, could a monkey, randomly hitting the keys of a computer keyboard, ____ the first line of a Shakespeare sonnet?
These two problems, along with the law of large numbers, the theory of hidden variables, and the law of truly large numbers, give us a reasonable understanding of why coincidences happen far ____ frequently than we expect.
This last law, the law ____ truly large numbers, is a philosophical adage.
In a nutshell, it tells us that if there is any likelihood that something could happen, no matter how small, it's bound to ____ at some time.
It's not a theorem that ____ be proven.
After all, I used the phrase "bound to happen," which ____ as ambiguous as any phrase can be.
But it gives a sense of just ____ common coincidences are.
Exercise 8 시각적 심상 속 거리 인식
The phrase "image scanning" ____ to the cognitive processes that operate on visual mental images when a person moves his or her attention across imagined objects.
The first image scanning paradigm was designed to investigate the spatial properties of ____
In the original experiment, participants memorized ____ of elongated objects (such as a tower).
They were then asked to visualize one of the objects and to focus at one of its ends (for ____ the bottom of the tower).
Lastly, participants heard the name of a feature on the object (e.g., a ____ and they had to look for it.
Participants were not instructed to scan their image, but were simply told to focus on the original location until the probe was delivered, and then to focus on the named part ____ feature.
They pressed one button when they had ____ on the named part, and another button if they failed to find it.
The critical finding was that response times increased linearly with increasing distances from the focus point ____ the named part of the object.
This finding was taken as evidence that distance, as traversed by image scanning, is genuinely ____ in visual mental images.
Exercise 9 소셜 미디어의 전자상거래 플랫폼으로의 변모
Social media's transformation into an e-commerce platform is a significant milestone that ____ it to become a platform for organizations.
Social media was initially and mainly used for communication with friends and ____
But with the popularity of some platforms, social media has turned into a vital tool for ____ seeking to sell their products online.
Social media is now used by businesses to promote their products and offerings as well as provide a ____ shopping option for buyers.
Influencer marketing is another way that social media has ____ into a platform for businesses.
Influencers are those users who have a sizable social media following and are recognized as authorities or thought leaders in their ____ field.
Influencer marketing allows businesses to reach the users' followers, who are more likely ____ trust suggestions from people they follow on social media.
Exercise 10 상대방 말을 듣지 않으면 놓치는 것
One way we stop listening is ____ we start preparing a response to what the other person has just said, often immediately after they have started speaking.
For example, imagine you are in a meeting with your manager, who tells you that a reorganization is coming soon, and you and your team are going to be moved under ____ lower-level manager.
As soon as you hear that news, you stop listening, and your ____ goes into high gear.
You start thinking of ways ____ convince your manager not to let that happen.
You think of how much you don't like the manager you are about to be moved under, and you prepare to tell your manager that ____ are incompatible with the new person.
You fear your career ____ starting a downward spiral.
Meanwhile, your manager has continued talking, laying out the rationale for the decision, and explaining why this is a good move for ____ you and your team.
Unfortunately, you stopped listening, so you missed everything ____ "you are going to be moved to ..."
When you prepare your response as the other person ____ talking, you are missing out on hearing what the other person is sharing with you.
Exercise 11 마케팅과 위험 인식
Many marketers believe that buying should be regarded as a process whereby buyers attempt to reduce the risk of a purchase ____ rather than maximising their gain.
When a person is faced with competing brands in a new product field, they feel risk — for example, uncertainty about whether the brand will work, whether they will be wasting money, whether their peer group will disagree with their choice, or whether they will feel comfortable with the purchase, ____
____ brand marketing should therefore be concerned with understanding buyers' perceptions of risk, followed by developing and presenting the brand in such a way that buyers feel minimal risk.
An example of an industry ____ perceived risk is the pharmaceutical industry.
A company marketing a new drug suitable ____ children needs to consider the parent's concerns about risk.
One company launching such a product worked with a series of pain specialists in pediatric hospitals, providing clinical data and product trials, so that specialist endorsement ____ the brand would reassure parents and help to minimise their perception of risk.
Exercise 12 벌의 거리 판단
For the longest time, it was debated how bees computed the distance to their nectar, but we have ____ figured it out.
____ bee is actually approximating distance by measuring the amount of visual stimuli it receives on the trip.
Imagine this setup. You take a paper towel tube, split it open, and paint ____ bunch of tiny trees all along the inside.
Then you ____ it back up and put the tube at the door of the hive so that the bees must fly through it to exit.
Bug scientists discovered that while the bee only flies ten inches through the tube, from its point of view, it ____ flew through an entire forest.
If the scientists put a nectar source right at the end of the tube, the bee ____ fly ten inches to it, but go back and report that there is nectar a whole forest away.
This was confirmed by removing the tube, then putting tiny little ____ on the backs of the bees that saw the dance of the tricked bee and went on to overshoot the location by a mile.
So ____ bee is really just a simple little robot driven by cunning algorithms.