Week 1 1강
Exercise 7 흔한 우연의 일치
There are two classic problems that give us mathematically proper ways ____ evaluate coincidences.
One is a counterintuitive poser: the birthday problem, which tells us that in any ____ of twenty-three people the odds are better than even that two people in the group will have the same birthday.
The other is the monkey problem, which asks: if given ____ large enough amount of time, could a monkey, randomly hitting the keys of a computer keyboard, write the first line of a Shakespeare sonnet?
These two problems, along with the law of large numbers, the theory of hidden variables, and the law of ____ large numbers, give us a reasonable understanding of why coincidences happen far more frequently than we expect.
This last law, the law of truly large numbers, is a philosophical ____
In a nutshell, it tells us that if there is any likelihood that something could happen, no matter how small, it's bound ____ happen at some time.
It's not ____ theorem that can be proven.
After all, I used the phrase "bound to happen," which is as ambiguous ____ any phrase can be.
____ it gives a sense of just how common coincidences are.
Exercise 8 시각적 심상 속 거리 인식
The phrase "image scanning" refers to the cognitive processes that operate on visual mental images when a person moves his or ____ attention across imagined objects.
The first image scanning paradigm was designed to ____ the spatial properties of images.
In the original experiment, participants memorized drawings ____ elongated objects (such as a tower).
They were then asked ____ visualize one of the objects and to focus at one of its ends (for example, the bottom of the tower).
Lastly, participants heard the name of a feature on the object (e.g., a flag), and they had to look for ____
Participants were not instructed to scan their image, but were simply told to focus on the original location ____ the probe was delivered, and then to focus on the named part or feature.
They pressed one ____ when they had focused on the named part, and another button if they failed to find it.
The critical finding was that response times increased linearly with increasing distances from the focus point to ____ named part of the object.
This finding was taken as evidence that distance, as traversed by image scanning, is genuinely represented in visual ____ images.
Exercise 9 소셜 미디어의 전자상거래 플랫폼으로의 변모
Social media's transformation into an e-commerce platform is a significant milestone that ____ it to become a platform for organizations.
Social media was initially and mainly used for communication with friends ____ family.
But with the popularity of some platforms, social media has turned into a vital tool ____ businesses seeking to sell their products online.
Social media is now used by businesses to promote their products and offerings as well as provide a direct shopping option for ____
Influencer marketing is another way ____ social media has evolved into a platform for businesses.
Influencers are those users who have a sizable ____ media following and are recognized as authorities or thought leaders in their specialized field.
Influencer marketing allows businesses to reach the users' ____ who are more likely to trust suggestions from people they follow on social media.
Exercise 10 상대방 말을 듣지 않으면 놓치는 것
One way we ____ listening is when we start preparing a response to what the other person has just said, often immediately after they have started speaking.
For example, imagine you are ____ a meeting with your manager, who tells you that a reorganization is coming soon, and you and your team are going to be moved under a lower-level manager.
As soon as you hear that ____ you stop listening, and your mind goes into high gear.
You start ____ of ways to convince your manager not to let that happen.
You think of how much you don't like the manager you are about to be moved under, and you prepare to tell your manager that you are incompatible ____ the new person.
You ____ your career is starting a downward spiral.
Meanwhile, ____ manager has continued talking, laying out the rationale for the decision, and explaining why this is a good move for both you and your team.
Unfortunately, you stopped listening, so ____ missed everything beyond "you are going to be moved to ..."
When you prepare your response as the other person is talking, you ____ missing out on hearing what the other person is sharing with you.
Exercise 11 마케팅과 위험 인식
Many marketers believe that buying should be regarded as a ____ whereby buyers attempt to reduce the risk of a purchase decision rather than maximising their gain.
When a person is faced with competing brands in a new product field, they feel risk — for example, uncertainty about whether the brand will work, ____ they will be wasting money, whether their peer group will disagree with their choice, or whether they will feel comfortable with the purchase, etc.
Successful brand marketing should therefore be concerned with understanding buyers' perceptions of risk, followed by developing and presenting the ____ in such a way that buyers feel minimal risk.
An example of an industry appreciating perceived risk is the pharmaceutical ____
A company marketing a new drug suitable for children needs to ____ the parent's concerns about risk.
One company launching such a product worked with ____ series of pain specialists in pediatric hospitals, providing clinical data and product trials, so that specialist endorsement of the brand would reassure parents and help to minimise their perception of risk.
Exercise 12 벌의 거리 판단
____ the longest time, it was debated how bees computed the distance to their nectar, but we have now figured it out.
The bee is actually approximating distance by measuring the amount of visual stimuli it ____ on the trip.
Imagine this setup. You take a paper towel tube, split it open, and paint a bunch of tiny trees all ____ the inside.
Then you tape it back up and put the tube at the door of the hive so that the ____ must fly through it to exit.
Bug scientists discovered that while the bee only flies ten inches through the tube, from its point of ____ it just flew through an entire forest.
If the scientists put a nectar source right at the end of the tube, the bee would fly ten inches to ____ but go back and report that there is nectar a whole forest away.
This was confirmed by removing the tube, then putting tiny little RFIDs on the backs of the bees that saw the dance of ____ tricked bee and went on to overshoot the location by a mile.
So the bee is really just a simple little robot driven by cunning ____