Week 5 제9강
Exercise 1 아이디어 실현 과정
Imagination gives life to ideas by drawing from the well of received education ____ on the basis of experience to date.
In the absence of deliberate actions, ideas end up as dead letters and, ____ Steve Jobs said, result in regrets.
Turned into actions with a useful ____ ideas leave the realm of fantasy.
This process of ideation (ideas in action) can be started and completed in isolation ― the 'one-man show', the solo agent surrounded by firewalls ― or by opening ourselves to external contexts and realities, an approach that allows ____ superior results by combining in different ways our own ideas with those of others.
An open culture of conversing enables a way of thinking that allows participants to have their say on equal terms, in a non-confrontational, ____ friendly manner.
All participants set their own agenda ____ on their passion.
Thus, ____ knowledge is created from questions that arise during these conversations ― a process that invariably leads to surprising learning and outcomes.
It is here that open ____ comes into play, as a culture so effective that it reduces transaction costs caused in the ideation process.
Exercise 2 돌고래의 새끼 돌봄 행동의 특징
One of the ____ of dolphin society is a high degree of variability.
This variability both enriches the social fabric and complicates the researcher's desire for simple, absolute ____
Not all females can be clearly identified as ____ to a band on the basis of our current criteria.
Females employ a variety of approaches to calf rearing, ranging from those who attempt to rear them alone to those who rear them with band members in nursery groups of various ____ changeable sizes.
Overall, females rearing calves in larger, more stable ____ enjoy significantly greater reproductive success than do others.
Thus, female reproductive success seems to be enhanced by group living, likely through improved protection of calves from predation ____ other threats and calf exposure to other individuals for socialization, learning, and possibly allomaternal care.
Likewise, reproductive ____ increases with mother's age and maternal experience.
In an examination of the behavioral differences between primiparous and experienced mothers, it was shown that experienced mothers tended to maintain greater synchrony with and closer distances to their calves, ____ providing increased control over their calves' environment.
Experienced ____ also tended to include other mothers with calves as close associates.
Exercise 3 아기들의 심리적 실험과 탐색 행동
Children learn from the patterns they see, ____ they also perform psychological experiments to explore the inner as well as the outer world.
For example, Ed Tronick got nine-month-olds to watch their mothers suddenly adopt a perfectly still pose — a kind of impassive, iron ____
As you might expect, the babies were perturbed ____ this, and often even started crying.
But they would also produce ____ large number of unusual and expressive gestures, as if they were trying somehow to test what was wrong.
In another study, instead ____ having a baby imitate an adult, the adult imitated the baby, mimicking everything that the baby did.
Faced ____ this extremely peculiar behavior, one-year-olds performed a different kind of experiment.
They produced odd exaggerated gestures as if they were testing whether the ____ really would imitate those actions too.
They would wiggle a ____ in some particularly strange way to see if the adult would do the same.
The babies were as intrigued by the mimicry as they were by the stone face and, in each case, they tried to get a reaction from the adult that would help them figure out what ____ going on.
Babies actively conduct psychological experiments to understand what is happening by reacting to unusual adult behaviors with expressive ____ exaggerated gestures to test the adult’s response.
Exercise 4 비경쟁적 자원의 특징
All scarce ____ are rival, meaning that use by one person leaves less of the resource (in quality or quantity) for others to use.
Many resources, however, are non-rival, which means that use by one person does not leave less for others to ____
When this is true, there is no competition for use and the resource ____ not scarce in an economic sense, even if total supply is inadequate.
Examples include streetlights, many different ecosystem ____ and information.
Price rationing in this case reduces use and hence value to society without affecting ____ which is inefficient.
For example, if someone develops a cheap, clean solar energy technology and then patents it (which makes ____ excludable), it can be sold at a price.
A positive price will reduce use, leading to less substitution away from competing energy sources, ____ as coal, and society as a whole suffers.
Markets will only provide non-rival resources if they are made excludable and can be sold at a price, but this ____ artificial scarcity.
Paradoxically, the value ____ non-rival resources to society is maximized at a price of zero, but at that price, markets will not provide it.
Exercise 5-6 회복 탄력성이 과거와 현재의 생존에 미치는 영향
Resilience is when the unexpected happens but we keep ____ nerve and handle whatever challenge is resting in our lap.
Resilience is necessary for our physical survival, for our mental and physical well-being, for our ability to realise our potential, ____ for the successful achievement of our life goals.
At a basic, primitive level, our primary goal as humans is physical ____ the avoidance of death for as long as possible despite its inevitability.
Resilience is vital for our survival, both as ____ human beings and as a species.
In ancient times, resilience would have been required ____ fend off much more overt dangers like being mauled to death by an animal whilst out hunting for food.
Imagine if, in those times when survival was the order of the day, a man stood frozen with fear upon seeing a predator appear in front ____ him.
Regardless of whether that man was expecting to encounter such a threat during that hunting ____ he would need to keep his nerve and either fight the animal or flee from it.
Those would be ____ only survival options available to him.
Without a can-do attitude and quick problem-solving ____ by quick action, that man would be dead.
In the modern day we are still fighting for our survival but now our needs are more complicated, even ____ they still ultimately serve to keep us alive.
Modern survival ____ having enough money for fuel, clothing and shelter; thoughtfully looking after our bodies well enough to prevent life-threatening illness; fulfilling our potential in order to easily maintain emotional well-being which, in addition to making life worth living, directly and indirectly affects our ability to achieve our basic survival needs for fuel, clothing and shelter; and creating a family or social network to keep us feeling valued and, as research suggests, enabling a longer lifespan.
Exercise 7 보이지 않는 기후 변화
Despite overwhelming scientific evidence, climate change still has a detection ____
That ____ it is a phenomenon that some people perceive on the planet, in the news, or in their own lives, while others do not.
The environmental philosopher Timothy Morton has labeled climate change a hyperobject, a term he coined to describe ____ that are massive, nonlocal, and "sticky" in that they reveal themselves only through phenomena created by the interaction of other objects, a condition known as "interobjectivity."
As ____ climate change defies humans' understanding of an object that can be easily seen, touched, or described and has a singular pinpoint location.
Like the main character in the 1933 film The Invisible Man, climate change cannot be detected except ____ measuring something associated with it, such as temperature or sea-level rise.
These are the phenomena of climate change, and, like the bandages and clothing worn by the invisible man, they reveal the ____ of the object.
Without his suit, bandages, gloves, ____ sunglasses, the invisible man would indeed be invisible on screen.
Similarly, climate change lacks a form, shape, or even location; it is revealed only through its phenomena, and ____ creates the detection problem.
Some people can see climate change, while ____ cannot see it.
Exercise 8 과학의 해방적 역할
Science can be considered as ____ good and an evil master.
This is because science is knowledge and knowledge is power, and with power comes wisdom and ____
But at the same time, science can also breed arrogance ____ tyranny.
Science does have the potential to be ____ or harmful, emancipative or oppressive.
The answer to this ____ may lie in a consensual approach to various issues threatening mankind and his own survival today.
This may be possible ____ through the proper exchange of information, transparency, and tolerance for multiple viewpoints.
In the twentieth century, there were several examples which spoke about the ____ role of science.
Now the ____ is how we can ensure that science plays an emancipative role in the world.
In ____ progressive society, science may play a liberating role by helping people overcome their poverty, ignorance, and superstition.
However, in a democratic political framework, the people themselves can prevent the misuse of science, and this would help them to grow and develop themselves ____ a proper and planned manner.
Exercise 9 동물 복지에 대한 대중의 태도 변화
A greater sensitivity and concern towards the ____ and wellbeing of the natural environment and ecological systems are contributing to shifts in people's feelings about other animals.
Images of animals are used by activist organizations ____ provoke strong affective responses as part of initiatives to fight animal cruelty.
____ wild animals, koalas are often to be found in 'cute animal' digital portrayals and are strategically used as charismatic flagship species in conservation awareness and fundraising efforts.
While cute affects play some role in these affective connections, broader ethical principles concerning animal rights and the awe-inspiring power and beauty of nature are central to these ____
A notable move towards attunement to issues such as animal ____ in farming, the horse racing industry and the fur industry, together with heightened awareness of the environmental impacts of factory farming, is evident in countries comprising the Global North.
Many people have adopted an ____ stance on the treatment and use of animals and are changing their consumption habits accordingly.
Practices such as the adoption ____ organic, vegetarian and vegan diets are also expanding rapidly in response to concern about animal welfare and environmental sustainability.
Growing environmental and ethical concerns, heightened ____ emotionally impactful campaigns featuring ‘cute animals’, are reshaping public attitudes toward animals and highlighting issues in industries like factory farming, horse racing, and fur, prompting many to embrace ethical consumption habits.
Exercise 10 소비주의의 대중화 과정
Writers such as Braudel and Mukerji make an important point, namely, that conspicuous or luxury consumption did not start ____ the emergence of capitalism.
Yet even though the fundamental elements of a consumer culture ― the use of goods for both social positioning and as a symbolic means of self-expression ― were both in place by the nineteenth century, it is only with the rise of ____ capitalism that a full-blown consumerism appeared.
After the eighteenth century, activities that were once restricted to ____ elite were now practiced by the masses as well.
A flood of common industrial ____ swept over the market that itself expanded through new opportunities for buying.
____ such as the department store made shopping a regular and attractive activity.
Fashion became a social force ____ led to the cyclical abandonment and adoption of different styles whether goods were still useful or not.
Status or standing was marked by consumption differences extending to the veritable limits of social groupings in ____
The appearance ____ mass advertising aimed at ordinary citizens through newspapers, radio, popular magazines, and later television stimulated purchasing and innovated an entire language of media-assisted consumption.
Exercise 11-12 명시적 설명의 한계와 스스로 알아내기의 효과
The assumption ____ just being more explicit will make for better instruction assumes that language is simply a delivery system for information, a literal packaging of knowledge.
____ is not.
Each utterance in a ____ interaction does much more work.
____ example, there are hidden costs in telling people things.
If a student ____ figure something out for him or herself, explicitly providing the information preempts the student's opportunity to build a sense of agency and independence, which, in turn, affects the relationship between teacher and student.
____ about it.
When you figure something ____ for yourself, there is a certain thrill in the figuring.
After a few successful experiences, ____ might start to think that figuring things out is something that you can actually do.
Maybe you are even a figuring-out kind of person, ____ an agentive dimension to identity.
When you are told what to do, particularly ____ asking, it feels different.
Being told explicitly what to do and how to do it ― over and over again ― provides the foundation for a different set of feelings and a different story about what you ____ and can't do, and who you are.
The interpretation ____ be that you are the kind of person who cannot figure things out for yourself.
This is doubtless one reason why recent research has shown that most accomplished teachers do not spend a ____ of time in telling mode.