Week 4 제8강
Exercise 1 해양 산성화와 해양 생태계 위기
The ____ trend of increasing global atmospheric temperatures and increasing seawater acidity reduces the overall capacity of oceans to absorb more CO₂.
If allowed to continue unstopped, this could potentially change pH in the deep-sea regions and hinder the critical processes associated with carbon particulate ____
____ complex relationships between water temperatures and ocean acidity in marine systems erode calcification rates in shell-bearing organisms and threaten the survival of coral reefs.
Coral ____ cover less than 1 percent of the Earth's surface but are home to 25 percent of all marine biodiversity.
By the end of the century, current ____ of carbon dioxide emissions could result in the most acidic levels of ocean pH in 20 million years, which would have severe adverse effects on ocean water chemistry (both coastal and deep sea), the marine life and food webs, and the function of oceans as a carbon reservoir.
Exercise 2 대규모 언어 모델
Large Language Models (LLMs) are extremely strong artificial intelligence (AI) systems that use sophisticated algorithms and enormous volumes of data to understand, ____ and generate human language.
____ learning techniques, specifically neural networks, are typically used in the construction of LLMs in order to process and learn from massive volumes of data.
LLMs must be fundamentally trained on a large ____ of data, typically measured in petabytes.
Large ____ of numbers, referred to as "weights" or "parameters," combined with code that decodes and applies the numbers make up machine learning models.
The data that models ____ from is not stored in or contained in the models themselves.
Rather, certain numbers within a model adjust slightly in response to new information as it gains ____
Large language models require ____ successful development of several essential steps, which are involved in the training process.
Large-scale text data collection and preprocessing from a variety of sources, including books, articles, websites, and other textual corpora, usually marks the start ____ the process.
Exercise 3 스마트폰 시대의 빠른 의사소통과 인간성의 상실
Emojis help ____ to be super-quick and efficient when responding.
Yet, this ____ raises a question: is this actually a good thing?
This kind of rapid response is closely linked to the ____ of the smartphone.
Our communication is now so directly influenced by technology ____ the two cannot be separated.
Technology has increased our efficiency and productivity, but it is a double-edged ____
We may end up less human than ____ ever wanted.
As we ____ to rapidity and hyper-productivity, our conversation may become like fast food, and we may lose the ability to produce and enjoy slow talk.
Before the arrival of the smartphone, we were able to wait a couple of days for an answer to ____ email, and for urgent matters, we made a call.
We knew ____ division between these two forms of communication.
____ the smartphone era, we cannot and do not wait.
We expect an immediate ____ for everything.
Exercise 4 마지막 기회 관광과 과잉 관광 문제
Recognizing changes in the natural world caused in part or entirely due to human activities ― such as climate change, pollution and habitat loss ― tourists are pursuing what is referred ____ as "last chance" tourism.
Last chance tourism is travel motivated by the desire to see threatened or diminishing natural attractions, including glaciers, ____ reefs and endangered species.
Locations featuring these attractions may continue to experience heightened ____ simultaneously creating opportunities for increased awareness and resource protection as well as increased risk of over-tourism.
Over-tourism is ____ as a major threat to the industry.
Over-tourism describes the tipping point where the costs of tourism outweigh the benefits for local communities due to ____ or poor management.
If not managed properly, over-tourism is a threat to sustainable ____ development.
The growing concern for over-tourism offers opportunities for tourism professionals to implement sustainability best practices and improve site-specific sustainable destination-level ____ plans.
Over-tourism is a complex ____ in the travel industry and calls upon destination managers to engage with all sectors and stakeholders involved in tourism towards long-term, fact-based planning to mitigate over-tourism.
Exercise 5 과일 가공 폐기물의 재활용과 처리
Utilizing trash or residues from the fruit processing sector has ____ become a significant challenge for agro-processing businesses and has a negative influence on the environment.
The fruit processing industry produces a lot of waste dumped in ____ or rivers, threatening the ecosystem.
Therefore, there is a need ____ disposal techniques that recycle it, provide resources for livestock feed, or extract or create goods with added value.
It is possible to lessen environmental degradation, increase energy security, and cut greenhouse gas emissions by turning wastes collected from the fruit ____ industry into valuable products.
It is believed that using fruit waste from processing can help the food industry recover value-added products and make operations ____ viable.
In light of this, it is a promising field of research to use wastes from the processing of fruit ____ create goods with value added.
Exercise 6 직무 수행에 필요한 하드 스킬과 소프트 스킬
Hard skills are defined as the specific procedural skills and technical expertise that are required to perform a job, or more ____ put, the 'what' needs to be done.
These skills are clearly listed in ____ job description and are acquired through more highly specific education and training programs.
Hard skills are the skills we think of ____ considering a professional college degree.
Examples include accountants, who must have accounting degrees, lawyers, ____ must have law degrees, and doctors, who must have medical degrees.
But does that mean that these professionals do ____ need soft skills?
We think ____
In fact, these soft attributes, or 'how' something is done, are equally critical ____ allow professionals to thrive in the interpersonal service orientated economy faced daily.
This is ____ modern businesses are looking for graduates with a good mix of hard and soft skills as they enter the workforce.
Exercise 7 무역의 발전과 문명 형성
Trade is an inevitable ____ of human existence.
In ____ periods, people have engaged in transactions that involve the exchange of goods, services, and ideas.
Not only has trade helped societies adapt their responses to ____ and uncertainty but it has also played a central role in intergroup relations be they cordial or predatory.
Long before ____ invention of money for private exchange, elements of trade formed part of the earliest human interactions.
Among prehistoric people, goods, services, and ideas ____ exchanged as gifts, tributes, or as part of a barter economy.
Beyond early hunter-gatherer communities which strove to maintain ____ long-distance trade could be found.
Indeed, since its beginnings in the Palaeolithic ____ Neolithic periods, the impulse to trade has developed, eventually fueling immense civilisations and empires.
It was the development of maritime trade connecting the Mediterranean, Indian Ocean, and South China Sea, along with the creation of the Silk Road, that established what we recognise today as the foundations ____ the world's modern commercial and trading systems.
Exercise 8 직원의 이직 및 창업 결정 요인
Employees tend to leave companies to become founders when their employers' growth rates begin ____ fall, reducing the attractiveness of staying there and the opportunity costs of becoming founders.
The likelihood of an employee leaving to become a founder has also been linked to ____ employee's own performance.
Employees whose performance was in the middle of the distribution were the least likely to leave; the most likely were the poor-performing employees (the "slugs" whose pay ____ high and who had the least to lose by leaving to found a startup) and the high-performing employees (the "stars" who had the potential to earn high wages by becoming self-employed).
Although high-paid employees may be less likely than lower-paid employees to walk away from their salaries, if they have ____ a high percentage of their earnings over the years, that nest egg may make them more likely to make the leap than if they hadn't saved.
Exercise 9 체온에 따른 상대적 시간 지각
There is some evidence that cooler body ____ can cause people's internal clocks to click at a slower rate.
One experiment found that divers immersed in 39-degree sea water estimated a ____ interval to pass more than 10 percent faster than they did before entering the water.
Other studies have found that ____ with high fevers perceive the clock to move more slowly than it actually does (they overestimate intervals of time).
These findings raise the possibility that people in warmer places are operating on slower ____ clocks.
This ____ in turn, cause the speed of events to seem faster to them, perhaps explaining why their actual temporal norms are kept slower.
In other words, in terms of their internal metronomes, there may be little or no difference in the subjective tempo experienced by people in hotter and colder ____
The tempo in both cases may seem ____ right.
Exercise 10 세대 의식의 형성 요인
By the 1950s, ____ theorists began thinking and writing about age, aging, generations, and the life course.
Their work ____ relevant today.
The first serious attempt to look at the social importance of age groups ____ made by the German sociologist Karl Mannheim in an essay titled "The Problem of Generations," which was first published in 1927.
Mannheim defined generation as a category of people born ____ a specific historical era or time period.
For Mannheim, a generation was also characterized by common world views that distinguished it from other ____
Mannheim was keenly aware that accident of birth timing did not automatically create these common understandings and worldviews; he observed that social and social psychological processes led some members of a ____ to develop an identity and consciousness with their age peers.
Mannheim suggested that generational consciousness arose not from merely being born at the same time but from being exposed to the same kinds of experiences ____ historical events in a common social and political environment.
According to Mannheim, belonging to a generation is a combination of a state ____ mind and an age grouping.
Exercise 11 인간 의식 규명을 통한 동물 의식 이해
A promising ____ point for seeing how well we currently understand consciousness is to look at the one species that we know for certain does have conscious experiences ― our own.
With human consciousness we ____ least know what it is from our own personal experience and we also have the advantage of being able to use language to ask other people what their conscious experiences are like.
If ____ could identify the characteristic 'signature' of consciousness in our own brains, then it might be possible to look for similar signatures in the brains of animals that cannot tell us in words what they are feeling.
Even a theory of consciousness that did not explain how conscious experiences arise from brain tissue might at least indicate what brain structures or types of brain ____ were correlated with consciousness.
We could then see whether similar brain structures ____ activities are also found in other species.
Insights from human consciousness ____ therefore become our way of coming to grips with animal consciousness.
Exercise 12 유기 화학의 실생활 속 중요성
____ chemistry occupies a central role in the world around us, as we are surrounded by organic compounds.
The food that we ____ and the clothes that we wear are comprised of organic compounds.
Our ability to smell odors or ____ colors results from the behavior of organic compounds.
Pharmaceuticals, pesticides, paints, adhesives, and plastics are all made from ____ compounds.
In fact, our bodies are constructed mostly from organic compounds (DNA, RNA, proteins, etc.) whose behavior and function are determined by principles such as molecular structure, bonding, and reactivity ― all central ____ organic chemistry.
The responses of ____ bodies to pharmaceuticals are the results of reactions guided by the principles of organic chemistry.
A deep understanding of those principles enables ____ design of new drugs that fight disease and improve the overall quality of life and longevity.
Accordingly, it is ____ surprising that organic chemistry is required knowledge for anyone entering the health professions.