Week 4 제8강
Exercise 1 해양 산성화와 해양 생태계 위기
The current trend of increasing global atmospheric temperatures and increasing seawater acidity reduces the overall capacity ____ oceans to absorb more CO₂.
If allowed to continue unstopped, this ____ potentially change pH in the deep-sea regions and hinder the critical processes associated with carbon particulate burial.
Similarly, complex relationships between water temperatures and ocean acidity in marine ____ erode calcification rates in shell-bearing organisms and threaten the survival of coral reefs.
Coral reefs cover less than 1 percent of the Earth's surface but are home to 25 percent of all marine ____
By the end of the century, current levels of carbon dioxide emissions could result in the most acidic levels of ocean pH in 20 million years, which ____ have severe adverse effects on ocean water chemistry (both coastal and deep sea), the marine life and food webs, and the function of oceans as a carbon reservoir.
Exercise 2 대규모 언어 모델
Large Language Models (LLMs) are extremely strong artificial intelligence (AI) systems that use sophisticated algorithms and enormous volumes of data ____ understand, interpret, and generate human language.
Deep learning techniques, specifically neural networks, are typically used in the construction of LLMs in order to process and learn from massive ____ of data.
LLMs must be fundamentally trained on a large volume of ____ typically measured in petabytes.
Large strings of numbers, referred to as "weights" or "parameters," combined ____ code that decodes and applies the numbers make up machine learning models.
The data ____ models learn from is not stored in or contained in the models themselves.
____ certain numbers within a model adjust slightly in response to new information as it gains knowledge.
Large language models ____ the successful development of several essential steps, which are involved in the training process.
Large-scale text data collection and preprocessing from a variety of sources, ____ books, articles, websites, and other textual corpora, usually marks the start of the process.
Exercise 3 스마트폰 시대의 빠른 의사소통과 인간성의 상실
____ help us to be super-quick and efficient when responding.
____ this also raises a question: is this actually a good thing?
This kind of rapid response is ____ linked to the development of the smartphone.
Our communication is ____ so directly influenced by technology that the two cannot be separated.
Technology has increased our efficiency and productivity, but it ____ a double-edged sword.
We may end up less human than we ____ wanted.
As we ____ to rapidity and hyper-productivity, our conversation may become like fast food, and we may lose the ability to produce and enjoy slow talk.
Before the arrival of the smartphone, we were able to wait a couple of days for an answer to ____ email, and for urgent matters, we made a call.
We knew the division ____ these two forms of communication.
In the smartphone era, ____ cannot and do not wait.
We ____ an immediate answer for everything.
Exercise 4 마지막 기회 관광과 과잉 관광 문제
Recognizing changes in the natural world caused in part or entirely due to human ____ ― such as climate change, pollution and habitat loss ― tourists are pursuing what is referred to as "last chance" tourism.
Last chance tourism is travel motivated by the desire to see ____ or diminishing natural attractions, including glaciers, coral reefs and endangered species.
Locations featuring these attractions may continue to experience heightened visitation, simultaneously creating opportunities for ____ awareness and resource protection as well as increased risk of over-tourism.
Over-tourism is acknowledged ____ a major threat to the industry.
Over-tourism ____ the tipping point where the costs of tourism outweigh the benefits for local communities due to overcrowding or poor management.
If not managed properly, over-tourism is a threat to ____ tourism development.
The growing concern for over-tourism offers opportunities for tourism ____ to implement sustainability best practices and improve site-specific sustainable destination-level management plans.
Over-tourism is a complex trend in the travel industry ____ calls upon destination managers to engage with all sectors and stakeholders involved in tourism towards long-term, fact-based planning to mitigate over-tourism.
Exercise 5 과일 가공 폐기물의 재활용과 처리
Utilizing trash or residues from the fruit processing sector has recently become a significant challenge ____ agro-processing businesses and has a negative influence on the environment.
The ____ processing industry produces a lot of waste dumped in landfills or rivers, threatening the ecosystem.
Therefore, there is a need for disposal techniques that recycle it, provide resources for livestock feed, or extract or create ____ with added value.
It ____ possible to lessen environmental degradation, increase energy security, and cut greenhouse gas emissions by turning wastes collected from the fruit processing industry into valuable products.
It is believed that ____ fruit waste from processing can help the food industry recover value-added products and make operations commercially viable.
In light of this, it is a promising field ____ research to use wastes from the processing of fruit to create goods with value added.
Exercise 6 직무 수행에 필요한 하드 스킬과 소프트 스킬
Hard skills are defined as the specific procedural skills and ____ expertise that are required to perform a job, or more aptly put, the 'what' needs to be done.
These skills are clearly listed in the job description and are acquired ____ more highly specific education and training programs.
Hard skills are the ____ we think of when considering a professional college degree.
Examples include accountants, ____ must have accounting degrees, lawyers, who must have law degrees, and doctors, who must have medical degrees.
But does that mean ____ these professionals do not need soft skills?
We think ____
In fact, these ____ attributes, or 'how' something is done, are equally critical and allow professionals to thrive in the interpersonal service orientated economy faced daily.
____ is why modern businesses are looking for graduates with a good mix of hard and soft skills as they enter the workforce.
Exercise 7 무역의 발전과 문명 형성
____ is an inevitable activity of human existence.
In all periods, people ____ engaged in transactions that involve the exchange of goods, services, and ideas.
Not only has trade helped societies adapt their responses to risk and uncertainty but it has ____ played a central role in intergroup relations be they cordial or predatory.
Long before the invention of money for private exchange, ____ of trade formed part of the earliest human interactions.
Among prehistoric people, goods, services, and ideas were exchanged as gifts, tributes, or as part of a barter ____
Beyond early hunter-gatherer communities which strove to maintain self-sufficiency, long-distance ____ could be found.
Indeed, since its beginnings in the ____ and Neolithic periods, the impulse to trade has developed, eventually fueling immense civilisations and empires.
It was the development of maritime trade connecting the Mediterranean, Indian Ocean, and South China Sea, along with the creation of the Silk Road, that established what we recognise today as the foundations of the world's ____ commercial and trading systems.
Exercise 8 직원의 이직 및 창업 결정 요인
Employees tend to leave companies to become founders when their employers' growth rates begin to fall, reducing the attractiveness of staying there and the opportunity costs ____ becoming founders.
The ____ of an employee leaving to become a founder has also been linked to the employee's own performance.
Employees whose performance was in the middle of the distribution were the ____ likely to leave; the most likely were the poor-performing employees (the "slugs" whose pay wasn't high and who had the least to lose by leaving to found a startup) and the high-performing employees (the "stars" who had the potential to earn high wages by becoming self-employed).
Although high-paid employees may be less likely than lower-paid employees to walk away from their salaries, if they have saved a ____ percentage of their earnings over the years, that nest egg may make them more likely to make the leap than if they hadn't saved.
Exercise 9 체온에 따른 상대적 시간 지각
There is some evidence ____ cooler body temperatures can cause people's internal clocks to click at a slower rate.
One experiment found that divers immersed in 39-degree sea water estimated a ____ interval to pass more than 10 percent faster than they did before entering the water.
Other studies ____ found that people with high fevers perceive the clock to move more slowly than it actually does (they overestimate intervals of time).
These findings raise the possibility that people in warmer places are ____ on slower internal clocks.
This would, in turn, cause the speed of events to seem faster to them, perhaps explaining why their actual temporal norms are ____ slower.
In other words, in terms of their internal metronomes, there may be little or no difference ____ the subjective tempo experienced by people in hotter and colder climates.
The tempo ____ both cases may seem just right.
Exercise 10 세대 의식의 형성 요인
By the 1950s, social theorists began thinking ____ writing about age, aging, generations, and the life course.
Their work remains relevant ____
The first serious attempt to look at the social importance of age groups was made by the German sociologist Karl Mannheim in an essay titled "The Problem of Generations," which was first published ____ 1927.
____ defined generation as a category of people born within a specific historical era or time period.
For Mannheim, a generation was also characterized by common world views that distinguished it from other ____
Mannheim was keenly aware that accident of ____ timing did not automatically create these common understandings and worldviews; he observed that social and social psychological processes led some members of a generation to develop an identity and consciousness with their age peers.
Mannheim ____ that generational consciousness arose not from merely being born at the same time but from being exposed to the same kinds of experiences and historical events in a common social and political environment.
According to ____ belonging to a generation is a combination of a state of mind and an age grouping.
Exercise 11 인간 의식 규명을 통한 동물 의식 이해
A promising starting point for seeing how well we ____ understand consciousness is to look at the one species that we know for certain does have conscious experiences ― our own.
With human consciousness we at least know what it is from ____ own personal experience and we also have the advantage of being able to use language to ask other people what their conscious experiences are like.
If we could identify the characteristic 'signature' ____ consciousness in our own brains, then it might be possible to look for similar signatures in the brains of animals that cannot tell us in words what they are feeling.
Even a theory of consciousness that did not explain how conscious experiences arise from brain tissue might at least indicate what brain structures or types of brain activity ____ correlated with consciousness.
We could then see whether similar brain structures or ____ are also found in other species.
Insights from human ____ could therefore become our way of coming to grips with animal consciousness.
Exercise 12 유기 화학의 실생활 속 중요성
Organic chemistry occupies a central role in the world around ____ as we are surrounded by organic compounds.
The food that we eat and the clothes that we wear are comprised of organic ____
Our ability to smell odors or see colors results from ____ behavior of organic compounds.
Pharmaceuticals, pesticides, paints, adhesives, and ____ are all made from organic compounds.
In fact, our bodies are constructed mostly from organic compounds (DNA, RNA, proteins, etc.) whose behavior and function are determined by principles such as molecular structure, bonding, and reactivity ― all central to ____ chemistry.
The responses of our bodies to pharmaceuticals are the results of reactions guided by ____ principles of organic chemistry.
A deep understanding of those principles enables the design of new ____ that fight disease and improve the overall quality of life and longevity.
Accordingly, it is ____ surprising that organic chemistry is required knowledge for anyone entering the health professions.