Week 4 제8강
Exercise 1 해양 산성화와 해양 생태계 위기
The current trend of increasing global atmospheric temperatures and increasing seawater acidity reduces the overall capacity of oceans to ____ more CO₂.
If allowed to continue unstopped, this could potentially change pH in the deep-sea regions and hinder the ____ processes associated with carbon particulate burial.
Similarly, complex relationships between water temperatures and ____ acidity in marine systems erode calcification rates in shell-bearing organisms and threaten the survival of coral reefs.
Coral reefs cover less ____ 1 percent of the Earth's surface but are home to 25 percent of all marine biodiversity.
By the end of the century, current levels of ____ dioxide emissions could result in the most acidic levels of ocean pH in 20 million years, which would have severe adverse effects on ocean water chemistry (both coastal and deep sea), the marine life and food webs, and the function of oceans as a carbon reservoir.
Exercise 2 대규모 언어 모델
Large Language Models (LLMs) are extremely strong artificial intelligence (AI) systems that ____ sophisticated algorithms and enormous volumes of data to understand, interpret, and generate human language.
Deep learning techniques, specifically neural networks, are typically used in the construction of ____ in order to process and learn from massive volumes of data.
LLMs must be fundamentally trained on a large volume of ____, typically measured in petabytes.
Large strings of numbers, referred to as "weights" or "parameters," combined with ____ that decodes and applies the numbers make up machine learning models.
The data that models learn from is not stored in or contained in the ____ themselves.
Rather, ____ numbers within a model adjust slightly in response to new information as it gains knowledge.
Large language models require the successful development of several essential steps, which are involved in the ____ process.
Large-scale text data collection and preprocessing ____ a variety of sources, including books, articles, websites, and other textual corpora, usually marks the start of the process.
Exercise 3 스마트폰 시대의 빠른 의사소통과 인간성의 상실
Emojis help us to be super-quick and efficient ____ responding.
Yet, this also raises a ____: is this actually a good thing?
This kind of rapid response is closely ____ to the development of the smartphone.
Our communication is now so directly influenced by ____ that the two cannot be separated.
Technology has increased our ____ and productivity, but it is a double-edged sword.
We may end up less human ____ we ever wanted.
As we adapt to rapidity and hyper-productivity, our conversation may become like fast food, and we may lose the ability to produce and enjoy ____ talk.
Before the arrival of the smartphone, we were able to wait a ____ of days for an answer to an email, and for urgent matters, we made a call.
We knew the division between ____ two forms of communication.
In the smartphone ____, we cannot and do not wait.
We ____ an immediate answer for everything.
Exercise 4 마지막 기회 관광과 과잉 관광 문제
Recognizing changes in the natural world caused in part or entirely due to human activities ― such as climate change, pollution and habitat loss ― tourists are pursuing ____ is referred to as "last chance" tourism.
Last chance tourism is travel motivated by the desire to see threatened or diminishing natural attractions, including glaciers, ____ reefs and endangered species.
Locations featuring these attractions may continue to experience heightened visitation, simultaneously creating opportunities for increased awareness and resource protection as well as increased ____ of over-tourism.
Over-tourism is acknowledged as a major threat to the ____.
Over-tourism describes the tipping point where the costs of ____ outweigh the benefits for local communities due to overcrowding or poor management.
If ____ managed properly, over-tourism is a threat to sustainable tourism development.
The growing concern for over-tourism offers opportunities for tourism professionals to implement ____ best practices and improve site-specific sustainable destination-level management plans.
Over-tourism is a complex trend in the ____ industry and calls upon destination managers to engage with all sectors and stakeholders involved in tourism towards long-term, fact-based planning to mitigate over-tourism.
Exercise 5 과일 가공 폐기물의 재활용과 처리
____ trash or residues from the fruit processing sector has recently become a significant challenge for agro-processing businesses and has a negative influence on the environment.
The fruit processing industry produces a lot of waste dumped in landfills or rivers, ____ the ecosystem.
Therefore, there is a need for disposal techniques that recycle it, provide ____ for livestock feed, or extract or create goods with added value.
It is possible to lessen environmental degradation, increase energy ____, and cut greenhouse gas emissions by turning wastes collected from the fruit processing industry into valuable products.
It is believed that using fruit waste from processing ____ help the food industry recover value-added products and make operations commercially viable.
In light of this, it is a promising field of research to use wastes from the processing of fruit to create ____ with value added.
Exercise 6 직무 수행에 필요한 하드 스킬과 소프트 스킬
Hard skills are defined as the specific procedural skills and technical ____ that are required to perform a job, or more aptly put, the 'what' needs to be done.
These skills are clearly listed in the job description and are ____ through more highly specific education and training programs.
Hard skills are the skills we ____ of when considering a professional college degree.
Examples include accountants, who must have accounting degrees, lawyers, who ____ have law degrees, and doctors, who must have medical degrees.
But does that mean that these ____ do not need soft skills?
We ____ not.
In fact, these soft attributes, or 'how' something is done, are ____ critical and allow professionals to thrive in the interpersonal service orientated economy faced daily.
This is why modern businesses are looking for graduates with a ____ mix of hard and soft skills as they enter the workforce.
Exercise 7 무역의 발전과 문명 형성
Trade is an inevitable activity of human ____.
In all ____, people have engaged in transactions that involve the exchange of goods, services, and ideas.
Not only has trade helped societies adapt their responses to risk and uncertainty but it has ____ played a central role in intergroup relations be they cordial or predatory.
Long before the invention of money for private exchange, elements of trade formed part of the ____ human interactions.
Among prehistoric people, goods, services, and ideas were exchanged as gifts, tributes, or as part of a ____ economy.
Beyond early ____ communities which strove to maintain self-sufficiency, long-distance trade could be found.
Indeed, since its beginnings in the Palaeolithic and Neolithic periods, the impulse to ____ has developed, eventually fueling immense civilisations and empires.
It was the development of ____ trade connecting the Mediterranean, Indian Ocean, and South China Sea, along with the creation of the Silk Road, that established what we recognise today as the foundations of the world's modern commercial and trading systems.
Exercise 8 직원의 이직 및 창업 결정 요인
Employees tend to leave companies to ____ founders when their employers' growth rates begin to fall, reducing the attractiveness of staying there and the opportunity costs of becoming founders.
The likelihood of an employee leaving to become a founder has also been linked to the employee's ____ performance.
Employees ____ performance was in the middle of the distribution were the least likely to leave; the most likely were the poor-performing employees (the "slugs" whose pay wasn't high and who had the least to lose by leaving to found a startup) and the high-performing employees (the "stars" who had the potential to earn high wages by becoming self-employed).
Although high-paid employees may be less likely than lower-paid employees to walk away from their salaries, if they have saved a high percentage of their earnings over the years, that nest egg may make them more likely to make the leap ____ if they hadn't saved.
Exercise 9 체온에 따른 상대적 시간 지각
There is some evidence that cooler body temperatures can cause people's internal clocks to click at a ____ rate.
One experiment found that divers immersed in 39-degree sea water estimated a 60-second interval to pass more than 10 percent faster ____ they did before entering the water.
Other studies have found that people with high fevers perceive the clock to move more slowly than it actually ____ (they overestimate intervals of time).
These findings raise the possibility that people in warmer places are operating on slower ____ clocks.
This would, in turn, cause the speed of events to seem faster to them, perhaps explaining why their actual ____ norms are kept slower.
In other words, in terms of their internal metronomes, there may be little or no difference in the subjective tempo experienced by people in hotter and ____ climates.
The tempo in both cases ____ seem just right.
Exercise 10 세대 의식의 형성 요인
By the 1950s, social ____ began thinking and writing about age, aging, generations, and the life course.
Their work remains relevant ____.
The ____ serious attempt to look at the social importance of age groups was made by the German sociologist Karl Mannheim in an essay titled "The Problem of Generations," which was first published in 1927.
Mannheim defined generation as a ____ of people born within a specific historical era or time period.
For Mannheim, a generation was also characterized by common world views that distinguished it from ____ generations.
Mannheim was keenly aware that accident of birth timing did not automatically create these common understandings and worldviews; he observed that social and social psychological processes led some ____ of a generation to develop an identity and consciousness with their age peers.
Mannheim ____ that generational consciousness arose not from merely being born at the same time but from being exposed to the same kinds of experiences and historical events in a common social and political environment.
According to Mannheim, belonging to a generation is a ____ of a state of mind and an age grouping.
Exercise 11 인간 의식 규명을 통한 동물 의식 이해
A ____ starting point for seeing how well we currently understand consciousness is to look at the one species that we know for certain does have conscious experiences ― our own.
With human consciousness we at least know what it is from our own personal ____ and we also have the advantage of being able to use language to ask other people what their conscious experiences are like.
If we could identify the characteristic '____' of consciousness in our own brains, then it might be possible to look for similar signatures in the brains of animals that cannot tell us in words what they are feeling.
Even a theory of consciousness that did not explain how conscious experiences arise from brain tissue might at least indicate what brain structures or types of ____ activity were correlated with consciousness.
We could then ____ whether similar brain structures or activities are also found in other species.
____ from human consciousness could therefore become our way of coming to grips with animal consciousness.
Exercise 12 유기 화학의 실생활 속 중요성
Organic chemistry occupies a central role in the world around us, as we are surrounded by organic ____.
The food that we ____ and the clothes that we wear are comprised of organic compounds.
Our ability to smell odors or ____ colors results from the behavior of organic compounds.
Pharmaceuticals, pesticides, paints, adhesives, and plastics are all made from ____ compounds.
In fact, our bodies are constructed mostly from organic compounds (DNA, RNA, proteins, etc.) whose behavior and function are determined by principles such as molecular structure, bonding, and reactivity ― all central to organic ____.
The responses of our bodies to pharmaceuticals are the results of reactions guided by the principles of organic ____.
A deep understanding of those principles enables the design of new ____ that fight disease and improve the overall quality of life and longevity.
Accordingly, it is ____ surprising that organic chemistry is required knowledge for anyone entering the health professions.