Week 4 제8강
Exercise 1 해양 산성화와 해양 생태계 위기
The current trend of increasing global atmospheric temperatures and increasing seawater acidity reduces the overall capacity of oceans ____ absorb more CO₂.
____ allowed to continue unstopped, this could potentially change pH in the deep-sea regions and hinder the critical processes associated with carbon particulate burial.
Similarly, complex relationships between water temperatures and ocean acidity in marine systems erode calcification rates ____ shell-bearing organisms and threaten the survival of coral reefs.
Coral reefs cover less than 1 percent of the ____ surface but are home to 25 percent of all marine biodiversity.
By the end of the century, current levels of carbon dioxide emissions could result in ____ most acidic levels of ocean pH in 20 million years, which would have severe adverse effects on ocean water chemistry (both coastal and deep sea), the marine life and food webs, and the function of oceans as a carbon reservoir.
Exercise 2 대규모 언어 모델
Large Language Models (LLMs) are extremely strong artificial intelligence (AI) systems ____ use sophisticated algorithms and enormous volumes of data to understand, interpret, and generate human language.
Deep learning techniques, specifically neural networks, are typically used in the construction of LLMs in order to process and learn from massive volumes ____ data.
LLMs must ____ fundamentally trained on a large volume of data, typically measured in petabytes.
Large strings of numbers, referred to as "weights" or "parameters," combined with code that decodes and applies the numbers make up ____ learning models.
The ____ that models learn from is not stored in or contained in the models themselves.
Rather, certain numbers within a model adjust slightly in response to new information as it ____ knowledge.
Large language models require ____ successful development of several essential steps, which are involved in the training process.
Large-scale text ____ collection and preprocessing from a variety of sources, including books, articles, websites, and other textual corpora, usually marks the start of the process.
Exercise 3 스마트폰 시대의 빠른 의사소통과 인간성의 상실
Emojis help us to be ____ and efficient when responding.
Yet, this also raises a question: ____ this actually a good thing?
This kind of rapid response is closely linked to ____ development of the smartphone.
Our communication is now so directly influenced by ____ that the two cannot be separated.
Technology has increased our efficiency and productivity, but it is ____ double-edged sword.
We may end ____ less human than we ever wanted.
As we adapt to ____ and hyper-productivity, our conversation may become like fast food, and we may lose the ability to produce and enjoy slow talk.
Before the arrival of the smartphone, we were able to wait a couple of days for an ____ to an email, and for urgent matters, we made a call.
We knew the ____ between these two forms of communication.
In the smartphone era, we cannot and ____ not wait.
We expect an immediate ____ for everything.
Exercise 4 마지막 기회 관광과 과잉 관광 문제
Recognizing changes in the natural world caused in part ____ entirely due to human activities ― such as climate change, pollution and habitat loss ― tourists are pursuing what is referred to as "last chance" tourism.
Last chance tourism is travel motivated by the desire to ____ threatened or diminishing natural attractions, including glaciers, coral reefs and endangered species.
Locations featuring these attractions may continue to experience heightened visitation, simultaneously creating opportunities for increased awareness and resource protection as well ____ increased risk of over-tourism.
Over-tourism is acknowledged as a major ____ to the industry.
Over-tourism describes the tipping point where the costs of tourism outweigh the benefits for local ____ due to overcrowding or poor management.
If not managed properly, over-tourism is a threat to ____ tourism development.
____ growing concern for over-tourism offers opportunities for tourism professionals to implement sustainability best practices and improve site-specific sustainable destination-level management plans.
Over-tourism is a complex trend in the travel industry and calls upon destination ____ to engage with all sectors and stakeholders involved in tourism towards long-term, fact-based planning to mitigate over-tourism.
Exercise 5 과일 가공 폐기물의 재활용과 처리
Utilizing trash or residues from the fruit processing sector has recently become a significant challenge for agro-processing businesses and has a negative influence on ____ environment.
The fruit processing industry produces a lot of ____ dumped in landfills or rivers, threatening the ecosystem.
Therefore, there is a need for disposal techniques that recycle it, provide resources for livestock feed, ____ extract or create goods with added value.
It is possible to lessen environmental degradation, ____ energy security, and cut greenhouse gas emissions by turning wastes collected from the fruit processing industry into valuable products.
It is believed that using fruit ____ from processing can help the food industry recover value-added products and make operations commercially viable.
In light of this, it is a promising field of research to use ____ from the processing of fruit to create goods with value added.
Exercise 6 직무 수행에 필요한 하드 스킬과 소프트 스킬
Hard skills are defined ____ the specific procedural skills and technical expertise that are required to perform a job, or more aptly put, the 'what' needs to be done.
These ____ are clearly listed in the job description and are acquired through more highly specific education and training programs.
Hard skills are the skills we think of when ____ a professional college degree.
Examples include accountants, who must have accounting degrees, lawyers, who must have law degrees, and doctors, ____ must have medical degrees.
But does that mean that these professionals do not need soft ____
We think ____
In fact, these soft attributes, ____ 'how' something is done, are equally critical and allow professionals to thrive in the interpersonal service orientated economy faced daily.
____ is why modern businesses are looking for graduates with a good mix of hard and soft skills as they enter the workforce.
Exercise 7 무역의 발전과 문명 형성
Trade ____ an inevitable activity of human existence.
In all periods, people have engaged in ____ that involve the exchange of goods, services, and ideas.
Not only has trade helped societies adapt their responses to risk and uncertainty but it has also played a central role ____ intergroup relations be they cordial or predatory.
Long before the invention of money for private exchange, elements of ____ formed part of the earliest human interactions.
Among ____ people, goods, services, and ideas were exchanged as gifts, tributes, or as part of a barter economy.
Beyond early hunter-gatherer communities which strove to maintain self-sufficiency, long-distance ____ could be found.
Indeed, since its beginnings in the Palaeolithic and Neolithic periods, the impulse to trade has developed, eventually ____ immense civilisations and empires.
It was the development of maritime trade connecting the Mediterranean, Indian Ocean, and South China Sea, along with the creation of the Silk Road, that established what we recognise today as the foundations of the world's ____ commercial and trading systems.
Exercise 8 직원의 이직 및 창업 결정 요인
Employees tend to leave companies to become founders when ____ employers' growth rates begin to fall, reducing the attractiveness of staying there and the opportunity costs of becoming founders.
The likelihood of an employee leaving to become a founder has also been ____ to the employee's own performance.
Employees whose performance was in the middle of the distribution were the least likely ____ leave; the most likely were the poor-performing employees (the "slugs" whose pay wasn't high and who had the least to lose by leaving to found a startup) and the high-performing employees (the "stars" who had the potential to earn high wages by becoming self-employed).
Although high-paid employees may be less likely than lower-paid employees to walk away from their salaries, if they have saved a high percentage of their ____ over the years, that nest egg may make them more likely to make the leap than if they hadn't saved.
Exercise 9 체온에 따른 상대적 시간 지각
There is some ____ that cooler body temperatures can cause people's internal clocks to click at a slower rate.
One experiment found that ____ immersed in 39-degree sea water estimated a 60-second interval to pass more than 10 percent faster than they did before entering the water.
Other studies have found that people with high fevers perceive the clock to move more slowly than it actually does (they ____ intervals of time).
These findings raise the possibility that people in warmer ____ are operating on slower internal clocks.
This would, in turn, cause the speed of events to seem faster to them, ____ explaining why their actual temporal norms are kept slower.
In other words, in terms of their internal metronomes, ____ may be little or no difference in the subjective tempo experienced by people in hotter and colder climates.
The tempo in ____ cases may seem just right.
Exercise 10 세대 의식의 형성 요인
____ the 1950s, social theorists began thinking and writing about age, aging, generations, and the life course.
____ work remains relevant today.
The first serious attempt to look at the social importance of age ____ was made by the German sociologist Karl Mannheim in an essay titled "The Problem of Generations," which was first published in 1927.
Mannheim ____ generation as a category of people born within a specific historical era or time period.
For Mannheim, a generation was also characterized by common world views that distinguished it from ____ generations.
Mannheim was ____ aware that accident of birth timing did not automatically create these common understandings and worldviews; he observed that social and social psychological processes led some members of a generation to develop an identity and consciousness with their age peers.
Mannheim suggested that generational consciousness arose not from ____ being born at the same time but from being exposed to the same kinds of experiences and historical events in a common social and political environment.
According to Mannheim, belonging to a generation is a combination of a state of mind and an age ____
Exercise 11 인간 의식 규명을 통한 동물 의식 이해
A promising starting point for seeing how well we currently understand consciousness is to look at the one species that we know for certain does have conscious ____ ― our own.
With human consciousness we ____ least know what it is from our own personal experience and we also have the advantage of being able to use language to ask other people what their conscious experiences are like.
If we ____ identify the characteristic 'signature' of consciousness in our own brains, then it might be possible to look for similar signatures in the brains of animals that cannot tell us in words what they are feeling.
Even a theory of consciousness that did not explain how conscious experiences arise from brain tissue might at least indicate what brain structures or ____ of brain activity were correlated with consciousness.
We could then see whether similar brain structures or ____ are also found in other species.
____ from human consciousness could therefore become our way of coming to grips with animal consciousness.
Exercise 12 유기 화학의 실생활 속 중요성
Organic chemistry occupies a central role in the world around us, as we are surrounded by organic ____
The food that we eat and ____ clothes that we wear are comprised of organic compounds.
Our ability to smell odors or see colors results from the ____ of organic compounds.
Pharmaceuticals, pesticides, paints, adhesives, and plastics ____ all made from organic compounds.
In fact, our bodies are constructed mostly from organic compounds (DNA, RNA, proteins, etc.) whose behavior and ____ are determined by principles such as molecular structure, bonding, and reactivity ― all central to organic chemistry.
The responses of our bodies to pharmaceuticals are the results of reactions guided by the principles of ____ chemistry.
A deep understanding of those principles enables the design of new drugs that fight disease and improve the overall ____ of life and longevity.
Accordingly, it is not surprising ____ organic chemistry is required knowledge for anyone entering the health professions.