Week 4 제8강
Exercise 1 해양 산성화와 해양 생태계 위기
The current trend of increasing global atmospheric temperatures and increasing seawater acidity reduces the overall capacity of ____ to absorb more CO₂.
If allowed to continue unstopped, this could potentially change pH in the deep-sea ____ and hinder the critical processes associated with carbon particulate burial.
Similarly, complex relationships between water temperatures and ocean acidity in marine systems erode ____ rates in shell-bearing organisms and threaten the survival of coral reefs.
____ reefs cover less than 1 percent of the Earth's surface but are home to 25 percent of all marine biodiversity.
By the end of the century, current levels of carbon dioxide emissions could result in the ____ acidic levels of ocean pH in 20 million years, which would have severe adverse effects on ocean water chemistry (both coastal and deep sea), the marine life and food webs, and the function of oceans as a carbon reservoir.
Exercise 2 대규모 언어 모델
Large Language Models (LLMs) are extremely strong artificial ____ (AI) systems that use sophisticated algorithms and enormous volumes of data to understand, interpret, and generate human language.
Deep learning techniques, specifically neural networks, are typically used in the construction of LLMs in order to process and ____ from massive volumes of data.
LLMs ____ be fundamentally trained on a large volume of data, typically measured in petabytes.
Large strings of numbers, referred to as "weights" or "parameters," combined with code that decodes and applies the numbers ____ up machine learning models.
The data that models learn from is not stored in or contained in the models ____.
Rather, certain numbers within a model ____ slightly in response to new information as it gains knowledge.
Large language models require the successful development of several essential steps, which are ____ in the training process.
Large-scale text data collection and ____ from a variety of sources, including books, articles, websites, and other textual corpora, usually marks the start of the process.
Exercise 3 스마트폰 시대의 빠른 의사소통과 인간성의 상실
Emojis help us to be super-quick and ____ when responding.
Yet, this also raises a question: is this ____ a good thing?
This kind of rapid response is ____ linked to the development of the smartphone.
Our communication is now so ____ influenced by technology that the two cannot be separated.
Technology has increased our ____ and productivity, but it is a double-edged sword.
We may end up less human ____ we ever wanted.
As we adapt to rapidity and hyper-productivity, our conversation may become like fast food, and we may lose the ability to ____ and enjoy slow talk.
Before the arrival of the smartphone, we were able to wait a couple of days for an answer to an email, and for ____ matters, we made a call.
We knew the division between these two forms of ____.
In the ____ era, we cannot and do not wait.
We expect an ____ answer for everything.
Exercise 4 마지막 기회 관광과 과잉 관광 문제
Recognizing changes in the natural world caused in part or entirely due to human activities ― such as climate change, pollution and habitat loss ― tourists are pursuing what is referred to as "last chance" ____.
Last chance tourism is travel motivated by the desire to see threatened or ____ natural attractions, including glaciers, coral reefs and endangered species.
Locations featuring ____ attractions may continue to experience heightened visitation, simultaneously creating opportunities for increased awareness and resource protection as well as increased risk of over-tourism.
Over-tourism is ____ as a major threat to the industry.
Over-tourism describes the tipping point where the costs of tourism outweigh the ____ for local communities due to overcrowding or poor management.
If not managed properly, over-tourism is a ____ to sustainable tourism development.
The growing concern for over-tourism offers opportunities for tourism professionals to implement sustainability best practices and ____ site-specific sustainable destination-level management plans.
Over-tourism is a complex trend in the travel industry and ____ upon destination managers to engage with all sectors and stakeholders involved in tourism towards long-term, fact-based planning to mitigate over-tourism.
Exercise 5 과일 가공 폐기물의 재활용과 처리
Utilizing trash or residues from the fruit processing ____ has recently become a significant challenge for agro-processing businesses and has a negative influence on the environment.
The fruit processing industry ____ a lot of waste dumped in landfills or rivers, threatening the ecosystem.
Therefore, there is a need for ____ techniques that recycle it, provide resources for livestock feed, or extract or create goods with added value.
It is possible to lessen environmental degradation, increase energy security, and cut greenhouse gas emissions by turning wastes ____ from the fruit processing industry into valuable products.
It is believed that using fruit waste from processing can help the food industry recover value-added ____ and make operations commercially viable.
In light of this, it is a promising field of research to use wastes ____ the processing of fruit to create goods with value added.
Exercise 6 직무 수행에 필요한 하드 스킬과 소프트 스킬
Hard skills are defined as the specific procedural skills and ____ expertise that are required to perform a job, or more aptly put, the 'what' needs to be done.
These skills are clearly listed in the job description and are acquired through more ____ specific education and training programs.
Hard skills are the skills we think of when considering a ____ college degree.
Examples include accountants, who must ____ accounting degrees, lawyers, who must have law degrees, and doctors, who must have medical degrees.
But does that mean that these professionals do not ____ soft skills?
We ____ not.
In fact, these soft attributes, or 'how' something is done, are equally critical and allow professionals to thrive in the interpersonal service ____ economy faced daily.
This is why ____ businesses are looking for graduates with a good mix of hard and soft skills as they enter the workforce.
Exercise 7 무역의 발전과 문명 형성
Trade is an ____ activity of human existence.
In all periods, people have ____ in transactions that involve the exchange of goods, services, and ideas.
____ only has trade helped societies adapt their responses to risk and uncertainty but it has also played a central role in intergroup relations be they cordial or predatory.
Long before the invention of money for private exchange, elements of ____ formed part of the earliest human interactions.
Among prehistoric people, goods, ____, and ideas were exchanged as gifts, tributes, or as part of a barter economy.
Beyond early hunter-gatherer communities which ____ to maintain self-sufficiency, long-distance trade could be found.
Indeed, since its beginnings in the Palaeolithic and ____ periods, the impulse to trade has developed, eventually fueling immense civilisations and empires.
It was the development of maritime trade connecting the Mediterranean, Indian Ocean, and South China Sea, along with the creation of the Silk Road, that established what we recognise today as the ____ of the world's modern commercial and trading systems.
Exercise 8 직원의 이직 및 창업 결정 요인
Employees tend to leave companies to become founders when their ____' growth rates begin to fall, reducing the attractiveness of staying there and the opportunity costs of becoming founders.
The likelihood of an employee ____ to become a founder has also been linked to the employee's own performance.
Employees whose performance was in the middle of the distribution were the least likely to leave; the most likely were the ____ employees (the "slugs" whose pay wasn't high and who had the least to lose by leaving to found a startup) and the high-performing employees (the "stars" who had the potential to earn high wages by becoming self-employed).
Although high-paid employees may be less likely than lower-paid employees to walk away from their salaries, if they have saved a high percentage of their earnings over the years, that nest egg may make them more ____ to make the leap than if they hadn't saved.
Exercise 9 체온에 따른 상대적 시간 지각
There is some evidence that cooler body temperatures can cause people's internal clocks to ____ at a slower rate.
One experiment found that divers immersed in 39-degree ____ water estimated a 60-second interval to pass more than 10 percent faster than they did before entering the water.
Other studies ____ found that people with high fevers perceive the clock to move more slowly than it actually does (they overestimate intervals of time).
These findings raise the possibility that people in warmer places are operating on slower internal ____.
This would, in turn, cause the speed of events to seem ____ to them, perhaps explaining why their actual temporal norms are kept slower.
In other words, in terms of their internal metronomes, there may be little or no difference in the subjective tempo experienced by ____ in hotter and colder climates.
The tempo in both cases may ____ just right.
Exercise 10 세대 의식의 형성 요인
By the 1950s, social theorists began ____ and writing about age, aging, generations, and the life course.
Their work ____ relevant today.
The first serious attempt to look at the social importance of age groups was made by the German sociologist Karl Mannheim in an essay titled "The Problem of Generations," ____ was first published in 1927.
Mannheim defined generation as a category of ____ born within a specific historical era or time period.
For Mannheim, a generation was also characterized by common world views that distinguished it ____ other generations.
Mannheim was keenly aware that accident of birth timing did not automatically create ____ common understandings and worldviews; he observed that social and social psychological processes led some members of a generation to develop an identity and consciousness with their age peers.
____ suggested that generational consciousness arose not from merely being born at the same time but from being exposed to the same kinds of experiences and historical events in a common social and political environment.
According to Mannheim, belonging to a generation is a combination of a state of mind and an ____ grouping.
Exercise 11 인간 의식 규명을 통한 동물 의식 이해
A promising starting point for seeing how well we currently understand consciousness is to ____ at the one species that we know for certain does have conscious experiences ― our own.
With human consciousness we at least know what it is from our own ____ experience and we also have the advantage of being able to use language to ask other people what their conscious experiences are like.
If we could identify the characteristic 'signature' of consciousness in our own brains, then it might be possible to look for similar signatures in the brains of animals that cannot tell us in words ____ they are feeling.
Even a theory of consciousness that did not explain how conscious experiences arise from brain tissue might at least indicate what brain structures or types of brain activity were correlated with ____.
We could then see whether ____ brain structures or activities are also found in other species.
____ from human consciousness could therefore become our way of coming to grips with animal consciousness.
Exercise 12 유기 화학의 실생활 속 중요성
Organic chemistry occupies a central role in the world around us, as we are surrounded by ____ compounds.
The food that we eat and the clothes that we ____ are comprised of organic compounds.
Our ability to smell ____ or see colors results from the behavior of organic compounds.
Pharmaceuticals, pesticides, paints, adhesives, and plastics are all made from organic ____.
In fact, our bodies are constructed mostly from organic compounds (DNA, RNA, proteins, etc.) whose behavior and function are determined by principles such as molecular structure, bonding, and reactivity ― all central to ____ chemistry.
The responses of our bodies to ____ are the results of reactions guided by the principles of organic chemistry.
A deep understanding of those principles enables the design of ____ drugs that fight disease and improve the overall quality of life and longevity.
Accordingly, it is not surprising that ____ chemistry is required knowledge for anyone entering the health professions.