Week 4 제8강
Exercise 1 해양 산성화와 해양 생태계 위기
The current trend of increasing global atmospheric temperatures and increasing seawater acidity ____ the overall capacity of oceans to absorb more CO₂.
If allowed to continue unstopped, this could ____ change pH in the deep-sea regions and hinder the critical processes associated with carbon particulate burial.
Similarly, complex relationships ____ water temperatures and ocean acidity in marine systems erode calcification rates in shell-bearing organisms and threaten the survival of coral reefs.
Coral reefs cover less than 1 percent of the Earth's surface but are home to 25 percent of ____ marine biodiversity.
By the end of the century, current levels of carbon dioxide emissions could result in the most acidic levels of ocean pH in 20 million years, which would have severe adverse effects on ocean water chemistry (both coastal and deep ____ the marine life and food webs, and the function of oceans as a carbon reservoir.
Exercise 2 대규모 언어 모델
Large Language ____ (LLMs) are extremely strong artificial intelligence (AI) systems that use sophisticated algorithms and enormous volumes of data to understand, interpret, and generate human language.
Deep learning techniques, specifically neural networks, are typically used in ____ construction of LLMs in order to process and learn from massive volumes of data.
LLMs must be fundamentally ____ on a large volume of data, typically measured in petabytes.
Large strings of numbers, ____ to as "weights" or "parameters," combined with code that decodes and applies the numbers make up machine learning models.
The data that models learn from is ____ stored in or contained in the models themselves.
Rather, certain numbers within a model adjust slightly in response ____ new information as it gains knowledge.
Large language models require the successful development of several essential ____ which are involved in the training process.
Large-scale text data collection and preprocessing ____ a variety of sources, including books, articles, websites, and other textual corpora, usually marks the start of the process.
Exercise 3 스마트폰 시대의 빠른 의사소통과 인간성의 상실
Emojis ____ us to be super-quick and efficient when responding.
Yet, this also raises a question: is this ____ a good thing?
This ____ of rapid response is closely linked to the development of the smartphone.
____ communication is now so directly influenced by technology that the two cannot be separated.
Technology has increased our efficiency and productivity, but it is a ____ sword.
We may end up less human than ____ ever wanted.
As we adapt to rapidity and hyper-productivity, our conversation may become like fast food, and we ____ lose the ability to produce and enjoy slow talk.
Before the arrival of the smartphone, we were able to wait a couple of days ____ an answer to an email, and for urgent matters, we made a call.
We knew the division between these two forms ____ communication.
In the smartphone era, we cannot and do not ____
We expect an immediate answer ____ everything.
Exercise 4 마지막 기회 관광과 과잉 관광 문제
Recognizing changes in the natural world caused in part or entirely due to human activities ― such as climate change, pollution and habitat loss ― tourists ____ pursuing what is referred to as "last chance" tourism.
Last chance tourism is travel motivated by the desire to see threatened ____ diminishing natural attractions, including glaciers, coral reefs and endangered species.
Locations featuring these attractions may continue to experience heightened visitation, simultaneously creating opportunities for increased awareness and resource protection as ____ as increased risk of over-tourism.
____ is acknowledged as a major threat to the industry.
Over-tourism describes the ____ point where the costs of tourism outweigh the benefits for local communities due to overcrowding or poor management.
If not managed properly, over-tourism is a threat to sustainable ____ development.
The growing concern for ____ offers opportunities for tourism professionals to implement sustainability best practices and improve site-specific sustainable destination-level management plans.
Over-tourism is a complex trend in the travel industry and calls upon destination managers to engage with all sectors and stakeholders involved in tourism towards long-term, fact-based planning to ____ over-tourism.
Exercise 5 과일 가공 폐기물의 재활용과 처리
Utilizing trash or residues from the fruit processing sector has recently become a significant challenge for agro-processing businesses ____ has a negative influence on the environment.
The fruit processing industry produces ____ lot of waste dumped in landfills or rivers, threatening the ecosystem.
Therefore, there is a need for disposal techniques that recycle it, ____ resources for livestock feed, or extract or create goods with added value.
It is possible to lessen environmental degradation, increase energy security, and cut greenhouse gas emissions by turning ____ collected from the fruit processing industry into valuable products.
It is believed ____ using fruit waste from processing can help the food industry recover value-added products and make operations commercially viable.
In light ____ this, it is a promising field of research to use wastes from the processing of fruit to create goods with value added.
Exercise 6 직무 수행에 필요한 하드 스킬과 소프트 스킬
Hard skills ____ defined as the specific procedural skills and technical expertise that are required to perform a job, or more aptly put, the 'what' needs to be done.
These skills are clearly listed in the job description and ____ acquired through more highly specific education and training programs.
Hard skills are the skills we think of when considering ____ professional college degree.
Examples include accountants, who must have accounting degrees, lawyers, who must have law ____ and doctors, who must have medical degrees.
But does that mean that these ____ do not need soft skills?
____ think not.
In fact, these soft attributes, or 'how' something is done, are equally critical and allow professionals to thrive in the interpersonal service orientated economy ____ daily.
This is why modern businesses are looking for graduates with a ____ mix of hard and soft skills as they enter the workforce.
Exercise 7 무역의 발전과 문명 형성
Trade is an inevitable ____ of human existence.
In all periods, people have engaged ____ transactions that involve the exchange of goods, services, and ideas.
Not only has trade ____ societies adapt their responses to risk and uncertainty but it has also played a central role in intergroup relations be they cordial or predatory.
Long before the invention of money ____ private exchange, elements of trade formed part of the earliest human interactions.
Among prehistoric people, goods, ____ and ideas were exchanged as gifts, tributes, or as part of a barter economy.
Beyond early ____ communities which strove to maintain self-sufficiency, long-distance trade could be found.
Indeed, since its beginnings in the Palaeolithic and Neolithic periods, the impulse to trade has developed, eventually fueling ____ civilisations and empires.
It was the development of maritime trade connecting the Mediterranean, Indian Ocean, and South China Sea, along with the ____ of the Silk Road, that established what we recognise today as the foundations of the world's modern commercial and trading systems.
Exercise 8 직원의 이직 및 창업 결정 요인
Employees tend to leave companies to become founders when their employers' growth rates begin to fall, ____ the attractiveness of staying there and the opportunity costs of becoming founders.
The likelihood of an employee leaving to become a founder has also been ____ to the employee's own performance.
Employees whose performance was in the middle of the distribution were the least likely to leave; the most likely were the poor-performing employees (the "slugs" whose pay wasn't high and who had the least to lose by leaving ____ found a startup) and the high-performing employees (the "stars" who had the potential to earn high wages by becoming self-employed).
Although high-paid employees may be less likely than lower-paid employees to ____ away from their salaries, if they have saved a high percentage of their earnings over the years, that nest egg may make them more likely to make the leap than if they hadn't saved.
Exercise 9 체온에 따른 상대적 시간 지각
There is some ____ that cooler body temperatures can cause people's internal clocks to click at a slower rate.
One experiment found that divers immersed in 39-degree sea water estimated a 60-second interval to pass more than 10 percent faster than they did before ____ the water.
Other studies have found that people with high fevers perceive the clock to move more slowly than it actually does (they overestimate intervals ____ time).
These findings raise the possibility that people in warmer places are operating on ____ internal clocks.
This would, in turn, cause the speed of events to seem faster to them, perhaps explaining why their actual temporal ____ are kept slower.
In other words, in terms of their internal metronomes, there may be little or ____ difference in the subjective tempo experienced by people in hotter and colder climates.
The tempo in both ____ may seem just right.
Exercise 10 세대 의식의 형성 요인
By the 1950s, social theorists ____ thinking and writing about age, aging, generations, and the life course.
Their work remains ____ today.
The first serious attempt to look at the social importance of age ____ was made by the German sociologist Karl Mannheim in an essay titled "The Problem of Generations," which was first published in 1927.
Mannheim defined generation as a category of people born within a specific historical era or ____ period.
For Mannheim, a generation was also characterized by common world views that distinguished it from other ____
Mannheim was ____ aware that accident of birth timing did not automatically create these common understandings and worldviews; he observed that social and social psychological processes led some members of a generation to develop an identity and consciousness with their age peers.
Mannheim suggested that ____ consciousness arose not from merely being born at the same time but from being exposed to the same kinds of experiences and historical events in a common social and political environment.
According to Mannheim, belonging to a generation ____ a combination of a state of mind and an age grouping.
Exercise 11 인간 의식 규명을 통한 동물 의식 이해
A promising starting point for seeing how well we currently understand consciousness is to look at ____ one species that we know for certain does have conscious experiences ― our own.
With human ____ we at least know what it is from our own personal experience and we also have the advantage of being able to use language to ask other people what their conscious experiences are like.
If we could identify the characteristic 'signature' of consciousness in our own brains, then it might be possible to look for similar signatures in the brains of animals that ____ tell us in words what they are feeling.
Even a theory of consciousness that did not explain how conscious experiences arise from brain tissue might at ____ indicate what brain structures or types of brain activity were correlated with consciousness.
We could then see whether similar brain structures or ____ are also found in other species.
Insights from human consciousness could therefore become our way of coming ____ grips with animal consciousness.
Exercise 12 유기 화학의 실생활 속 중요성
Organic chemistry occupies a central role in the world ____ us, as we are surrounded by organic compounds.
The food that ____ eat and the clothes that we wear are comprised of organic compounds.
Our ability to smell odors or see ____ results from the behavior of organic compounds.
____ pesticides, paints, adhesives, and plastics are all made from organic compounds.
In fact, our bodies are constructed mostly from organic compounds (DNA, RNA, proteins, etc.) whose behavior and function are determined by principles such as molecular structure, bonding, and reactivity ____ all central to organic chemistry.
The responses of our bodies to pharmaceuticals are the results of reactions guided by the ____ of organic chemistry.
A ____ understanding of those principles enables the design of new drugs that fight disease and improve the overall quality of life and longevity.
Accordingly, it is not surprising that organic chemistry is required knowledge for ____ entering the health professions.