Week 4 제8강
Exercise 1 해양 산성화와 해양 생태계 위기
The current trend of increasing global atmospheric temperatures and increasing seawater acidity ____ the overall capacity of oceans to absorb more CO₂.
If allowed to continue unstopped, this could potentially change pH in the deep-sea regions and hinder the critical processes associated with carbon ____ burial.
Similarly, complex relationships between water ____ and ocean acidity in marine systems erode calcification rates in shell-bearing organisms and threaten the survival of coral reefs.
Coral ____ cover less than 1 percent of the Earth's surface but are home to 25 percent of all marine biodiversity.
By the end of the century, current levels of carbon dioxide emissions could result in the most acidic levels of ocean pH in 20 million years, which would have severe adverse effects on ocean ____ chemistry (both coastal and deep sea), the marine life and food webs, and the function of oceans as a carbon reservoir.
Exercise 2 대규모 언어 모델
Large Language ____ (LLMs) are extremely strong artificial intelligence (AI) systems that use sophisticated algorithms and enormous volumes of data to understand, interpret, and generate human language.
Deep ____ techniques, specifically neural networks, are typically used in the construction of LLMs in order to process and learn from massive volumes of data.
LLMs ____ be fundamentally trained on a large volume of data, typically measured in petabytes.
Large strings of numbers, referred to as "weights" or "parameters," ____ with code that decodes and applies the numbers make up machine learning models.
The data that models learn from is ____ stored in or contained in the models themselves.
Rather, certain numbers within a ____ adjust slightly in response to new information as it gains knowledge.
Large language models require the successful development of several essential steps, which are involved in the ____ process.
Large-scale text ____ collection and preprocessing from a variety of sources, including books, articles, websites, and other textual corpora, usually marks the start of the process.
Exercise 3 스마트폰 시대의 빠른 의사소통과 인간성의 상실
Emojis help us to be super-quick and efficient when ____.
Yet, this also raises a question: is this ____ a good thing?
This kind of rapid response is closely ____ to the development of the smartphone.
Our ____ is now so directly influenced by technology that the two cannot be separated.
Technology has increased our efficiency and productivity, but it is a ____ sword.
We may ____ up less human than we ever wanted.
As we adapt to rapidity and ____, our conversation may become like fast food, and we may lose the ability to produce and enjoy slow talk.
Before the arrival of the smartphone, we were able to wait a couple of days for an ____ to an email, and for urgent matters, we made a call.
We knew the division between these two forms of ____.
In the smartphone era, we cannot and do not ____.
We expect an immediate ____ for everything.
Exercise 4 마지막 기회 관광과 과잉 관광 문제
Recognizing changes in the natural world caused in part or entirely due to human activities ― such as climate change, ____ and habitat loss ― tourists are pursuing what is referred to as "last chance" tourism.
Last chance tourism is travel motivated by the desire to see threatened or ____ natural attractions, including glaciers, coral reefs and endangered species.
Locations featuring these attractions may continue to experience heightened visitation, simultaneously creating opportunities for ____ awareness and resource protection as well as increased risk of over-tourism.
Over-tourism is acknowledged as a ____ threat to the industry.
Over-tourism describes the tipping point where the costs of tourism ____ the benefits for local communities due to overcrowding or poor management.
If ____ managed properly, over-tourism is a threat to sustainable tourism development.
The growing concern for over-tourism offers opportunities for tourism ____ to implement sustainability best practices and improve site-specific sustainable destination-level management plans.
Over-tourism is a complex trend in the travel industry and calls upon destination managers to engage with all ____ and stakeholders involved in tourism towards long-term, fact-based planning to mitigate over-tourism.
Exercise 5 과일 가공 폐기물의 재활용과 처리
Utilizing trash or residues from the fruit processing sector has recently become a significant ____ for agro-processing businesses and has a negative influence on the environment.
The fruit processing industry produces a lot of waste dumped in ____ or rivers, threatening the ecosystem.
Therefore, there is a need for disposal techniques that recycle it, provide resources for livestock feed, or extract or create ____ with added value.
It is possible to lessen environmental degradation, increase energy security, and cut ____ gas emissions by turning wastes collected from the fruit processing industry into valuable products.
It is believed that using fruit waste from processing can help the food industry recover value-added products and ____ operations commercially viable.
In ____ of this, it is a promising field of research to use wastes from the processing of fruit to create goods with value added.
Exercise 6 직무 수행에 필요한 하드 스킬과 소프트 스킬
Hard skills are ____ as the specific procedural skills and technical expertise that are required to perform a job, or more aptly put, the 'what' needs to be done.
These skills are clearly listed in the job description and are acquired through more highly specific education and training ____.
____ skills are the skills we think of when considering a professional college degree.
Examples include accountants, who must have accounting degrees, lawyers, who must have law degrees, and doctors, who must have ____ degrees.
But does that mean that ____ professionals do not need soft skills?
We think ____.
In fact, these soft attributes, or 'how' ____ is done, are equally critical and allow professionals to thrive in the interpersonal service orientated economy faced daily.
This is why modern businesses are looking for graduates with a good ____ of hard and soft skills as they enter the workforce.
Exercise 7 무역의 발전과 문명 형성
Trade is an ____ activity of human existence.
In ____ periods, people have engaged in transactions that involve the exchange of goods, services, and ideas.
Not only has trade helped ____ adapt their responses to risk and uncertainty but it has also played a central role in intergroup relations be they cordial or predatory.
Long before the invention of money for private ____, elements of trade formed part of the earliest human interactions.
Among prehistoric people, goods, services, and ideas were ____ as gifts, tributes, or as part of a barter economy.
Beyond early hunter-gatherer communities which strove to maintain self-sufficiency, ____ trade could be found.
Indeed, since its beginnings in the Palaeolithic and Neolithic periods, the impulse to trade has developed, eventually fueling immense civilisations and ____.
It was the development of maritime trade connecting the Mediterranean, Indian ____, and South China Sea, along with the creation of the Silk Road, that established what we recognise today as the foundations of the world's modern commercial and trading systems.
Exercise 8 직원의 이직 및 창업 결정 요인
Employees tend to leave companies to become founders when their ____' growth rates begin to fall, reducing the attractiveness of staying there and the opportunity costs of becoming founders.
The likelihood of an employee leaving to become a founder has also been linked to the employee's ____ performance.
Employees ____ performance was in the middle of the distribution were the least likely to leave; the most likely were the poor-performing employees (the "slugs" whose pay wasn't high and who had the least to lose by leaving to found a startup) and the high-performing employees (the "stars" who had the potential to earn high wages by becoming self-employed).
Although high-paid employees may be less likely than lower-paid employees to walk away from their salaries, if they have saved a high percentage of their earnings ____ the years, that nest egg may make them more likely to make the leap than if they hadn't saved.
Exercise 9 체온에 따른 상대적 시간 지각
There is some evidence that cooler body temperatures can ____ people's internal clocks to click at a slower rate.
One experiment found that divers immersed in ____ sea water estimated a 60-second interval to pass more than 10 percent faster than they did before entering the water.
Other studies have found that people with high ____ perceive the clock to move more slowly than it actually does (they overestimate intervals of time).
These findings raise the possibility that people in warmer places are operating on slower internal ____.
This would, in turn, cause the speed of events to seem ____ to them, perhaps explaining why their actual temporal norms are kept slower.
In other words, in ____ of their internal metronomes, there may be little or no difference in the subjective tempo experienced by people in hotter and colder climates.
The tempo in ____ cases may seem just right.
Exercise 10 세대 의식의 형성 요인
By the ____, social theorists began thinking and writing about age, aging, generations, and the life course.
Their work ____ relevant today.
The first serious attempt to look at the social importance of ____ groups was made by the German sociologist Karl Mannheim in an essay titled "The Problem of Generations," which was first published in 1927.
Mannheim defined generation as a ____ of people born within a specific historical era or time period.
For Mannheim, a generation was also characterized by common world views that distinguished it from ____ generations.
Mannheim was keenly aware that accident of birth timing did not automatically create these common understandings and worldviews; he observed that social and social psychological processes ____ some members of a generation to develop an identity and consciousness with their age peers.
Mannheim suggested that generational consciousness arose not from merely being born at the same time but from being exposed to the same kinds of ____ and historical events in a common social and political environment.
____ to Mannheim, belonging to a generation is a combination of a state of mind and an age grouping.
Exercise 11 인간 의식 규명을 통한 동물 의식 이해
A promising starting point for seeing ____ well we currently understand consciousness is to look at the one species that we know for certain does have conscious experiences ― our own.
With human consciousness we at least know what it is from our own personal experience and we also have the ____ of being able to use language to ask other people what their conscious experiences are like.
If we could identify the characteristic 'signature' of consciousness in our own brains, then it might be possible to look for similar signatures in the brains of ____ that cannot tell us in words what they are feeling.
Even a theory of consciousness that did ____ explain how conscious experiences arise from brain tissue might at least indicate what brain structures or types of brain activity were correlated with consciousness.
We could then see ____ similar brain structures or activities are also found in other species.
____ from human consciousness could therefore become our way of coming to grips with animal consciousness.
Exercise 12 유기 화학의 실생활 속 중요성
Organic chemistry ____ a central role in the world around us, as we are surrounded by organic compounds.
The food that we eat and the clothes that we ____ are comprised of organic compounds.
Our ability to ____ odors or see colors results from the behavior of organic compounds.
Pharmaceuticals, ____, paints, adhesives, and plastics are all made from organic compounds.
In fact, our bodies are constructed mostly from organic compounds (DNA, RNA, proteins, etc.) whose behavior and function are ____ by principles such as molecular structure, bonding, and reactivity ― all central to organic chemistry.
The responses of our bodies to pharmaceuticals are the ____ of reactions guided by the principles of organic chemistry.
A deep understanding of those principles enables the design of new drugs that fight disease and improve the ____ quality of life and longevity.
Accordingly, it is not surprising that organic chemistry is ____ knowledge for anyone entering the health professions.