Week 5 제9강
Exercise 1 아이디어 실현 과정
Imagination gives life to ideas by drawing from the ____ of received education and on the basis of experience to date.
In the absence of deliberate actions, ideas end up as dead letters and, as Steve Jobs said, result ____ regrets.
Turned into actions with a useful purpose, ideas leave the ____ of fantasy.
This process of ideation (ideas in action) can be started and completed in isolation ― the 'one-man show', the solo agent surrounded by firewalls ― or by opening ourselves to external contexts and realities, an approach that allows for superior results by combining in different ways our own ideas with ____ of others.
An open culture of conversing enables a way of thinking that allows participants to have their say on equal terms, ____ a non-confrontational, non-status, friendly manner.
All participants set their own ____ based on their passion.
Thus, new knowledge is created from questions that arise during these conversations ― a ____ that invariably leads to surprising learning and outcomes.
It is here that open innovation comes into play, as a culture ____ effective that it reduces transaction costs caused in the ideation process.
Exercise 2 돌고래의 새끼 돌봄 행동의 특징
One of the hallmarks of dolphin society is a high ____ of variability.
This ____ both enriches the social fabric and complicates the researcher's desire for simple, absolute descriptions.
Not all females can be clearly identified as ____ to a band on the basis of our current criteria.
Females employ a variety of approaches to calf ____ ranging from those who attempt to rear them alone to those who rear them with band members in nursery groups of various and changeable sizes.
Overall, females rearing calves in larger, more stable groups enjoy significantly greater reproductive success ____ do others.
Thus, female reproductive success seems to be enhanced by group living, likely through improved protection of calves from predation and other threats and ____ exposure to other individuals for socialization, learning, and possibly allomaternal care.
Likewise, reproductive success ____ with mother's age and maternal experience.
In an examination of the behavioral ____ between primiparous and experienced mothers, it was shown that experienced mothers tended to maintain greater synchrony with and closer distances to their calves, thereby providing increased control over their calves' environment.
Experienced mothers also tended to include other mothers ____ calves as close associates.
Exercise 3 아기들의 심리적 실험과 탐색 행동
Children learn from the patterns they see, but they also perform psychological experiments ____ explore the inner as well as the outer world.
For example, Ed Tronick got nine-month-olds to watch their mothers suddenly adopt a perfectly still pose — a kind ____ impassive, iron face.
As you might expect, the babies were perturbed by this, and ____ even started crying.
But they would also produce a large number of unusual and expressive ____ as if they were trying somehow to test what was wrong.
In another study, instead of having a baby imitate an adult, the adult imitated the baby, mimicking ____ that the baby did.
Faced with this extremely ____ behavior, one-year-olds performed a different kind of experiment.
They produced odd ____ gestures as if they were testing whether the experimenter really would imitate those actions too.
They would wiggle a hand in some particularly strange way to see if the adult would do ____ same.
The babies were as intrigued by the mimicry as they were by the stone face and, in each case, they tried to get a reaction from the adult that would help them figure out what ____ going on.
Babies ____ conduct psychological experiments to understand what is happening by reacting to unusual adult behaviors with expressive or exaggerated gestures to test the adult’s response.
Exercise 4 비경쟁적 자원의 특징
All scarce resources ____ rival, meaning that use by one person leaves less of the resource (in quality or quantity) for others to use.
Many resources, however, are non-rival, which means that ____ by one person does not leave less for others to use.
When this is true, there is ____ competition for use and the resource is not scarce in an economic sense, even if total supply is inadequate.
Examples include streetlights, many different ecosystem ____ and information.
Price rationing in this case reduces use and hence ____ to society without affecting quantity, which is inefficient.
For example, if someone develops a cheap, clean solar energy technology ____ then patents it (which makes it excludable), it can be sold at a price.
A positive price will reduce use, leading to less substitution away from competing energy sources, such as coal, ____ society as a whole suffers.
____ will only provide non-rival resources if they are made excludable and can be sold at a price, but this creates artificial scarcity.
Paradoxically, the value of non-rival resources to society is maximized at a price of zero, ____ at that price, markets will not provide it.
Exercise 5-6 회복 탄력성이 과거와 현재의 생존에 미치는 영향
Resilience is when the unexpected happens but we keep our nerve and ____ whatever challenge is resting in our lap.
Resilience is necessary for our physical survival, for ____ mental and physical well-being, for our ability to realise our potential, and for the successful achievement of our life goals.
At a basic, primitive level, our primary goal as humans is physical survival; the avoidance of ____ for as long as possible despite its inevitability.
Resilience is vital for our survival, both as individual human beings and as ____ species.
In ancient times, resilience ____ have been required to fend off much more overt dangers like being mauled to death by an animal whilst out hunting for food.
Imagine if, ____ those times when survival was the order of the day, a man stood frozen with fear upon seeing a predator appear in front of him.
Regardless of whether that man was expecting to encounter such a threat ____ that hunting trip, he would need to keep his nerve and either fight the animal or flee from it.
Those would be the only survival options available ____ him.
Without ____ can-do attitude and quick problem-solving followed by quick action, that man would be dead.
In the modern day we are still fighting for our survival but now our needs are ____ complicated, even though they still ultimately serve to keep us alive.
Modern survival means having enough money for fuel, clothing and shelter; thoughtfully looking after our bodies well enough to prevent life-threatening illness; fulfilling our potential in order to easily maintain emotional well-being which, in addition to making life worth living, directly and indirectly affects our ability to achieve our basic survival needs for fuel, clothing and shelter; and creating a family or social network ____ keep us feeling valued and, as research suggests, enabling a longer lifespan.
Exercise 7 보이지 않는 기후 변화
Despite overwhelming ____ evidence, climate change still has a detection problem.
That is, it ____ a phenomenon that some people perceive on the planet, in the news, or in their own lives, while others do not.
The environmental philosopher Timothy Morton has labeled climate change a hyperobject, a term he coined to describe realities that are massive, nonlocal, and "sticky" in that they reveal themselves only through phenomena created by the interaction of other objects, a condition known ____ "interobjectivity."
As such, climate change defies humans' understanding ____ an object that can be easily seen, touched, or described and has a singular pinpoint location.
Like the main character in the 1933 film The Invisible Man, climate change cannot be detected except by measuring something associated with it, such as temperature or ____ rise.
These are the phenomena of climate change, and, like the bandages and ____ worn by the invisible man, they reveal the shape of the object.
Without his suit, bandages, gloves, and sunglasses, the invisible man would ____ be invisible on screen.
Similarly, climate change ____ a form, shape, or even location; it is revealed only through its phenomena, and this creates the detection problem.
Some people can see climate ____ while others cannot see it.
Exercise 8 과학의 해방적 역할
Science can be considered as ____ good and an evil master.
This is because science is knowledge and knowledge is power, and with ____ comes wisdom and liberation.
But at the same time, science can also breed arrogance ____ tyranny.
Science does ____ the potential to be beneficial or harmful, emancipative or oppressive.
The answer to this question may lie in a consensual approach to various issues threatening mankind and his own survival ____
This may be possible only ____ the proper exchange of information, transparency, and tolerance for multiple viewpoints.
In the twentieth century, there were several examples which spoke about the dual role of ____
Now the question is how we can ____ that science plays an emancipative role in the world.
In a progressive ____ science may play a liberating role by helping people overcome their poverty, ignorance, and superstition.
However, in a democratic ____ framework, the people themselves can prevent the misuse of science, and this would help them to grow and develop themselves in a proper and planned manner.
Exercise 9 동물 복지에 대한 대중의 태도 변화
A greater sensitivity and concern ____ the welfare and wellbeing of the natural environment and ecological systems are contributing to shifts in people's feelings about other animals.
Images of animals are used by activist organizations to provoke strong ____ responses as part of initiatives to fight animal cruelty.
Among wild animals, koalas are often ____ be found in 'cute animal' digital portrayals and are strategically used as charismatic flagship species in conservation awareness and fundraising efforts.
While cute affects play some role in these affective connections, broader ethical principles concerning animal ____ and the awe-inspiring power and beauty of nature are central to these transformations.
A notable move towards attunement to issues such as animal welfare in farming, the horse racing industry and the fur industry, together with heightened awareness of the environmental impacts of factory farming, is evident in ____ comprising the Global North.
Many people have adopted an ethical stance on the treatment and use of animals and are changing their consumption ____ accordingly.
Practices such as the adoption of organic, vegetarian ____ vegan diets are also expanding rapidly in response to concern about animal welfare and environmental sustainability.
Growing environmental and ethical concerns, heightened by emotionally impactful campaigns featuring ‘cute animals’, ____ reshaping public attitudes toward animals and highlighting issues in industries like factory farming, horse racing, and fur, prompting many to embrace ethical consumption habits.
Exercise 10 소비주의의 대중화 과정
Writers such as Braudel and Mukerji make an important point, namely, ____ conspicuous or luxury consumption did not start with the emergence of capitalism.
Yet even though the fundamental elements of a consumer culture ― the use of goods for both social positioning and as a symbolic means of self-expression ― were both in place by the nineteenth century, it is only with the rise of industrial capitalism that ____ full-blown consumerism appeared.
After the eighteenth century, activities that were once restricted to the elite were now practiced by ____ masses as well.
A flood of common ____ goods swept over the market that itself expanded through new opportunities for buying.
Innovations such as the department store made shopping a regular ____ attractive activity.
Fashion ____ a social force and led to the cyclical abandonment and adoption of different styles whether goods were still useful or not.
Status or standing was marked by consumption differences extending to the veritable limits ____ social groupings in society.
The appearance of mass advertising aimed at ordinary citizens ____ newspapers, radio, popular magazines, and later television stimulated purchasing and innovated an entire language of media-assisted consumption.
Exercise 11-12 명시적 설명의 한계와 스스로 알아내기의 효과
The assumption that just being more ____ will make for better instruction assumes that language is simply a delivery system for information, a literal packaging of knowledge.
____ is not.
Each utterance in a social interaction does much ____ work.
For example, ____ are hidden costs in telling people things.
If a student can figure ____ out for him or herself, explicitly providing the information preempts the student's opportunity to build a sense of agency and independence, which, in turn, affects the relationship between teacher and student.
Think about ____
When you figure something out for ____ there is a certain thrill in the figuring.
After a few ____ experiences, you might start to think that figuring things out is something that you can actually do.
Maybe you are even a figuring-out ____ of person, encouraging an agentive dimension to identity.
When you are told what to ____ particularly without asking, it feels different.
Being told explicitly what to do and how to do it ― over and over again ― provides the foundation for a different set of feelings and a different story ____ what you can and can't do, and who you are.
The interpretation might be that you ____ the kind of person who cannot figure things out for yourself.
This ____ doubtless one reason why recent research has shown that most accomplished teachers do not spend a lot of time in telling mode.