Week 5 제9강
Exercise 1 아이디어 실현 과정
Imagination gives life ____ ideas by drawing from the well of received education and on the basis of experience to date.
In the absence of deliberate actions, ideas end up as ____ letters and, as Steve Jobs said, result in regrets.
Turned into actions with a useful purpose, ____ leave the realm of fantasy.
This process of ideation (ideas in action) can be started and completed in isolation ― the 'one-man show', the solo agent surrounded by firewalls ― or by opening ourselves to external contexts and realities, an approach that allows for superior results by combining in different ways our own ideas with those of ____
An open culture of conversing enables a way of thinking that allows participants to ____ their say on equal terms, in a non-confrontational, non-status, friendly manner.
All participants ____ their own agenda based on their passion.
Thus, new knowledge ____ created from questions that arise during these conversations ― a process that invariably leads to surprising learning and outcomes.
It is here that open innovation comes into ____ as a culture so effective that it reduces transaction costs caused in the ideation process.
Exercise 2 돌고래의 새끼 돌봄 행동의 특징
One of the hallmarks ____ dolphin society is a high degree of variability.
This variability both enriches the social fabric and ____ the researcher's desire for simple, absolute descriptions.
Not all females can be ____ identified as belonging to a band on the basis of our current criteria.
Females employ a variety of approaches to calf rearing, ranging from those who attempt to ____ them alone to those who rear them with band members in nursery groups of various and changeable sizes.
Overall, females rearing calves in larger, more ____ groups enjoy significantly greater reproductive success than do others.
Thus, female reproductive success seems to be enhanced by group living, likely through improved protection of calves from predation ____ other threats and calf exposure to other individuals for socialization, learning, and possibly allomaternal care.
Likewise, reproductive ____ increases with mother's age and maternal experience.
In an examination of the behavioral differences between primiparous and experienced mothers, it was shown that experienced mothers tended to maintain greater synchrony with and closer distances ____ their calves, thereby providing increased control over their calves' environment.
Experienced ____ also tended to include other mothers with calves as close associates.
Exercise 3 아기들의 심리적 실험과 탐색 행동
Children learn from the ____ they see, but they also perform psychological experiments to explore the inner as well as the outer world.
For example, Ed Tronick ____ nine-month-olds to watch their mothers suddenly adopt a perfectly still pose — a kind of impassive, iron face.
As ____ might expect, the babies were perturbed by this, and often even started crying.
____ they would also produce a large number of unusual and expressive gestures, as if they were trying somehow to test what was wrong.
In another study, instead of having a baby imitate ____ adult, the adult imitated the baby, mimicking everything that the baby did.
Faced with this extremely peculiar behavior, ____ performed a different kind of experiment.
They produced odd ____ gestures as if they were testing whether the experimenter really would imitate those actions too.
They would wiggle a hand in some particularly strange way to ____ if the adult would do the same.
The babies were as intrigued by the mimicry as they were by the stone face and, in each case, they tried to get a reaction from the adult that would help them figure out what was ____ on.
Babies actively conduct psychological experiments to understand what ____ happening by reacting to unusual adult behaviors with expressive or exaggerated gestures to test the adult’s response.
Exercise 4 비경쟁적 자원의 특징
All ____ resources are rival, meaning that use by one person leaves less of the resource (in quality or quantity) for others to use.
____ resources, however, are non-rival, which means that use by one person does not leave less for others to use.
When this is ____ there is no competition for use and the resource is not scarce in an economic sense, even if total supply is inadequate.
____ include streetlights, many different ecosystem services, and information.
Price rationing in this case reduces use and hence value to society without affecting quantity, which is ____
For example, if someone develops a cheap, clean solar energy technology and then patents it (which makes it ____ it can be sold at a price.
____ positive price will reduce use, leading to less substitution away from competing energy sources, such as coal, and society as a whole suffers.
Markets will only provide non-rival resources if they ____ made excludable and can be sold at a price, but this creates artificial scarcity.
Paradoxically, the value of ____ resources to society is maximized at a price of zero, but at that price, markets will not provide it.
Exercise 5-6 회복 탄력성이 과거와 현재의 생존에 미치는 영향
Resilience is when the unexpected happens but we keep our nerve and handle whatever challenge is resting ____ our lap.
Resilience is necessary for our physical survival, for our mental and physical well-being, for our ability to realise our potential, and for the successful ____ of our life goals.
At a basic, primitive level, ____ primary goal as humans is physical survival; the avoidance of death for as long as possible despite its inevitability.
Resilience is vital for our survival, both as individual human beings and as ____ species.
In ancient times, resilience would have been required to fend off much more overt dangers like being mauled to death by ____ animal whilst out hunting for food.
Imagine if, ____ those times when survival was the order of the day, a man stood frozen with fear upon seeing a predator appear in front of him.
Regardless of whether that man was expecting to encounter such a threat during that hunting trip, he would need to keep his nerve and ____ fight the animal or flee from it.
Those ____ be the only survival options available to him.
Without a can-do ____ and quick problem-solving followed by quick action, that man would be dead.
In the modern day we are still fighting for our survival but now our needs are more complicated, even though they still ____ serve to keep us alive.
Modern survival means having enough money for fuel, clothing and shelter; thoughtfully looking after our bodies ____ enough to prevent life-threatening illness; fulfilling our potential in order to easily maintain emotional well-being which, in addition to making life worth living, directly and indirectly affects our ability to achieve our basic survival needs for fuel, clothing and shelter; and creating a family or social network to keep us feeling valued and, as research suggests, enabling a longer lifespan.
Exercise 7 보이지 않는 기후 변화
Despite overwhelming scientific evidence, ____ change still has a detection problem.
That is, ____ is a phenomenon that some people perceive on the planet, in the news, or in their own lives, while others do not.
The environmental philosopher Timothy Morton has labeled climate change a hyperobject, a term he coined to describe realities that are massive, nonlocal, and "sticky" in that they reveal themselves only through phenomena created by the interaction of other objects, a condition known ____ "interobjectivity."
As such, climate change defies humans' understanding of an object that ____ be easily seen, touched, or described and has a singular pinpoint location.
Like the main character in the 1933 film The Invisible Man, climate change cannot be detected except by measuring something associated with it, such as temperature or sea-level ____
These are the phenomena of climate change, and, like the ____ and clothing worn by the invisible man, they reveal the shape of the object.
Without his suit, bandages, gloves, and sunglasses, the invisible man ____ indeed be invisible on screen.
Similarly, climate change lacks a form, shape, ____ even location; it is revealed only through its phenomena, and this creates the detection problem.
____ people can see climate change, while others cannot see it.
Exercise 8 과학의 해방적 역할
Science can be considered as a good ____ an evil master.
This is because science is knowledge and knowledge is power, and with power comes wisdom ____ liberation.
But ____ the same time, science can also breed arrogance and tyranny.
Science does have the potential ____ be beneficial or harmful, emancipative or oppressive.
The answer to ____ question may lie in a consensual approach to various issues threatening mankind and his own survival today.
This may be possible only through the proper exchange of information, transparency, and ____ for multiple viewpoints.
In ____ twentieth century, there were several examples which spoke about the dual role of science.
____ the question is how we can ensure that science plays an emancipative role in the world.
____ a progressive society, science may play a liberating role by helping people overcome their poverty, ignorance, and superstition.
However, in a democratic political framework, the people themselves can prevent the misuse of science, and this would help them to grow and develop themselves in a ____ and planned manner.
Exercise 9 동물 복지에 대한 대중의 태도 변화
A greater sensitivity and ____ towards the welfare and wellbeing of the natural environment and ecological systems are contributing to shifts in people's feelings about other animals.
Images of animals are used by activist ____ to provoke strong affective responses as part of initiatives to fight animal cruelty.
Among wild animals, koalas are often to be found in 'cute animal' digital portrayals and are strategically used ____ charismatic flagship species in conservation awareness and fundraising efforts.
While cute affects play some role in ____ affective connections, broader ethical principles concerning animal rights and the awe-inspiring power and beauty of nature are central to these transformations.
A notable move towards attunement to issues such as animal welfare in ____ the horse racing industry and the fur industry, together with heightened awareness of the environmental impacts of factory farming, is evident in countries comprising the Global North.
Many people have adopted an ethical stance on the treatment ____ use of animals and are changing their consumption habits accordingly.
Practices such as the adoption of organic, vegetarian and vegan diets are also expanding rapidly in response to concern ____ animal welfare and environmental sustainability.
Growing environmental and ethical concerns, heightened by emotionally impactful campaigns featuring ‘cute animals’, are reshaping public attitudes toward animals and highlighting issues in industries like factory farming, horse racing, and fur, prompting many ____ embrace ethical consumption habits.
Exercise 10 소비주의의 대중화 과정
Writers such as Braudel and Mukerji make an important point, namely, that conspicuous or luxury ____ did not start with the emergence of capitalism.
Yet even though the fundamental elements of a consumer culture ― the use of goods for both social ____ and as a symbolic means of self-expression ― were both in place by the nineteenth century, it is only with the rise of industrial capitalism that a full-blown consumerism appeared.
After the eighteenth century, activities that were ____ restricted to the elite were now practiced by the masses as well.
A flood of common industrial goods swept over the market that itself expanded through ____ opportunities for buying.
____ such as the department store made shopping a regular and attractive activity.
Fashion became a social force and led ____ the cyclical abandonment and adoption of different styles whether goods were still useful or not.
____ or standing was marked by consumption differences extending to the veritable limits of social groupings in society.
The appearance of mass advertising aimed at ordinary citizens through newspapers, radio, popular magazines, and later television stimulated purchasing and innovated an entire language of media-assisted ____
Exercise 11-12 명시적 설명의 한계와 스스로 알아내기의 효과
The assumption that just being more explicit will make for better instruction assumes that ____ is simply a delivery system for information, a literal packaging of knowledge.
____ is not.
Each utterance in a social interaction does much more ____
For ____ there are hidden costs in telling people things.
If a student can figure something out for him or herself, explicitly providing the information preempts the student's opportunity to build a ____ of agency and independence, which, in turn, affects the relationship between teacher and student.
Think about ____
When you figure something out for yourself, there is a certain thrill ____ the figuring.
After a few successful experiences, you might ____ to think that figuring things out is something that you can actually do.
Maybe you are even a figuring-out kind ____ person, encouraging an agentive dimension to identity.
When you are told what to do, particularly without asking, ____ feels different.
Being ____ explicitly what to do and how to do it ― over and over again ― provides the foundation for a different set of feelings and a different story about what you can and can't do, and who you are.
The interpretation ____ be that you are the kind of person who cannot figure things out for yourself.
This is doubtless one reason ____ recent research has shown that most accomplished teachers do not spend a lot of time in telling mode.