Week 5 제9강
Exercise 1 아이디어 실현 과정
Imagination gives life to ideas by drawing from the well of received education and on the ____ of experience to date.
In the absence of deliberate actions, ideas end up as dead letters and, as Steve Jobs said, result in ____
____ into actions with a useful purpose, ideas leave the realm of fantasy.
This process of ideation (ideas in action) can be started and completed in isolation ― the 'one-man show', the ____ agent surrounded by firewalls ― or by opening ourselves to external contexts and realities, an approach that allows for superior results by combining in different ways our own ideas with those of others.
An open culture of conversing enables ____ way of thinking that allows participants to have their say on equal terms, in a non-confrontational, non-status, friendly manner.
All participants set their own agenda ____ on their passion.
Thus, new knowledge is created from questions that arise during ____ conversations ― a process that invariably leads to surprising learning and outcomes.
It is here that open innovation ____ into play, as a culture so effective that it reduces transaction costs caused in the ideation process.
Exercise 2 돌고래의 새끼 돌봄 행동의 특징
One of the ____ of dolphin society is a high degree of variability.
This variability both enriches the ____ fabric and complicates the researcher's desire for simple, absolute descriptions.
Not all females ____ be clearly identified as belonging to a band on the basis of our current criteria.
Females employ a variety of approaches ____ calf rearing, ranging from those who attempt to rear them alone to those who rear them with band members in nursery groups of various and changeable sizes.
Overall, females rearing calves in larger, more stable groups enjoy significantly greater reproductive ____ than do others.
Thus, female reproductive success seems ____ be enhanced by group living, likely through improved protection of calves from predation and other threats and calf exposure to other individuals for socialization, learning, and possibly allomaternal care.
Likewise, reproductive success increases with mother's age and ____ experience.
In an examination of the behavioral differences between primiparous and experienced mothers, ____ was shown that experienced mothers tended to maintain greater synchrony with and closer distances to their calves, thereby providing increased control over their calves' environment.
Experienced mothers also tended to include other mothers with ____ as close associates.
Exercise 3 아기들의 심리적 실험과 탐색 행동
Children learn ____ the patterns they see, but they also perform psychological experiments to explore the inner as well as the outer world.
____ example, Ed Tronick got nine-month-olds to watch their mothers suddenly adopt a perfectly still pose — a kind of impassive, iron face.
As ____ might expect, the babies were perturbed by this, and often even started crying.
But they would ____ produce a large number of unusual and expressive gestures, as if they were trying somehow to test what was wrong.
In another ____ instead of having a baby imitate an adult, the adult imitated the baby, mimicking everything that the baby did.
Faced with this extremely peculiar behavior, one-year-olds performed a different ____ of experiment.
They produced odd exaggerated gestures as if they were testing whether the experimenter really would ____ those actions too.
They would wiggle a hand in some particularly strange way to see if the adult would ____ the same.
The babies were as intrigued by the mimicry as they were by the stone face and, in each case, they tried to get ____ reaction from the adult that would help them figure out what was going on.
Babies actively conduct psychological experiments to understand what is happening by reacting to unusual adult behaviors with expressive or exaggerated gestures to test the ____ response.
Exercise 4 비경쟁적 자원의 특징
All scarce resources are rival, meaning that use by ____ person leaves less of the resource (in quality or quantity) for others to use.
Many resources, however, are non-rival, which ____ that use by one person does not leave less for others to use.
When this is true, there is no competition for use and the resource is ____ scarce in an economic sense, even if total supply is inadequate.
Examples include streetlights, ____ different ecosystem services, and information.
Price rationing in this case reduces use and hence value to society without affecting quantity, ____ is inefficient.
For example, if someone develops a cheap, clean solar energy technology and then patents it (which makes it excludable), it can ____ sold at a price.
A positive price will reduce use, leading ____ less substitution away from competing energy sources, such as coal, and society as a whole suffers.
Markets will only provide non-rival resources if they are made excludable and can be sold at ____ price, but this creates artificial scarcity.
Paradoxically, the value of non-rival resources to society is maximized at a price of zero, but ____ that price, markets will not provide it.
Exercise 5-6 회복 탄력성이 과거와 현재의 생존에 미치는 영향
Resilience ____ when the unexpected happens but we keep our nerve and handle whatever challenge is resting in our lap.
Resilience is necessary for our physical survival, for our mental and physical well-being, for our ability to realise our potential, and for the successful achievement of our life ____
At a basic, primitive level, our primary ____ as humans is physical survival; the avoidance of death for as long as possible despite its inevitability.
Resilience is vital for ____ survival, both as individual human beings and as a species.
____ ancient times, resilience would have been required to fend off much more overt dangers like being mauled to death by an animal whilst out hunting for food.
Imagine if, in those times when survival was the order of ____ day, a man stood frozen with fear upon seeing a predator appear in front of him.
Regardless of whether that man was expecting to encounter ____ a threat during that hunting trip, he would need to keep his nerve and either fight the animal or flee from it.
Those would be ____ only survival options available to him.
Without ____ can-do attitude and quick problem-solving followed by quick action, that man would be dead.
In the modern day we are still fighting for our survival but now our needs are ____ complicated, even though they still ultimately serve to keep us alive.
Modern survival means having enough money for fuel, clothing and shelter; thoughtfully looking after our bodies well enough to prevent life-threatening ____ fulfilling our potential in order to easily maintain emotional well-being which, in addition to making life worth living, directly and indirectly affects our ability to achieve our basic survival needs for fuel, clothing and shelter; and creating a family or social network to keep us feeling valued and, as research suggests, enabling a longer lifespan.
Exercise 7 보이지 않는 기후 변화
Despite overwhelming scientific evidence, climate change still has ____ detection problem.
That is, it is a phenomenon that some people perceive on the planet, in the news, or in their own lives, while others ____ not.
The environmental philosopher Timothy Morton has labeled climate change a hyperobject, a term he coined to describe realities that are massive, nonlocal, and "sticky" in ____ they reveal themselves only through phenomena created by the interaction of other objects, a condition known as "interobjectivity."
As such, climate change defies humans' understanding of an object that ____ be easily seen, touched, or described and has a singular pinpoint location.
Like the main character in the 1933 film The Invisible Man, climate change cannot be detected except by measuring something associated with it, such as temperature or ____ rise.
These are the phenomena of climate change, and, like ____ bandages and clothing worn by the invisible man, they reveal the shape of the object.
Without his suit, bandages, gloves, and sunglasses, the ____ man would indeed be invisible on screen.
Similarly, climate change lacks a form, shape, or even location; it is revealed ____ through its phenomena, and this creates the detection problem.
Some people ____ see climate change, while others cannot see it.
Exercise 8 과학의 해방적 역할
Science can be considered as a good and ____ evil master.
This is because science is knowledge and knowledge is power, and with power comes wisdom ____ liberation.
But ____ the same time, science can also breed arrogance and tyranny.
Science does have the potential to be beneficial ____ harmful, emancipative or oppressive.
The answer to this question may lie in a consensual approach to various issues threatening mankind and ____ own survival today.
This may be possible only through the proper ____ of information, transparency, and tolerance for multiple viewpoints.
In the twentieth century, there ____ several examples which spoke about the dual role of science.
____ the question is how we can ensure that science plays an emancipative role in the world.
In a progressive society, ____ may play a liberating role by helping people overcome their poverty, ignorance, and superstition.
However, in a democratic political framework, the people themselves can prevent the misuse of science, and ____ would help them to grow and develop themselves in a proper and planned manner.
Exercise 9 동물 복지에 대한 대중의 태도 변화
A greater sensitivity and concern towards the welfare and wellbeing of the natural environment ____ ecological systems are contributing to shifts in people's feelings about other animals.
Images of animals are used by activist organizations to provoke strong affective responses as ____ of initiatives to fight animal cruelty.
Among wild animals, koalas are often to be found in 'cute animal' digital portrayals and are ____ used as charismatic flagship species in conservation awareness and fundraising efforts.
____ cute affects play some role in these affective connections, broader ethical principles concerning animal rights and the awe-inspiring power and beauty of nature are central to these transformations.
A notable move towards attunement to issues such as animal welfare in farming, the horse racing industry ____ the fur industry, together with heightened awareness of the environmental impacts of factory farming, is evident in countries comprising the Global North.
Many people have adopted an ethical stance on the treatment and use of animals and are changing their consumption habits ____
Practices such as the adoption of ____ vegetarian and vegan diets are also expanding rapidly in response to concern about animal welfare and environmental sustainability.
Growing environmental and ethical concerns, heightened by emotionally impactful campaigns featuring ‘cute animals’, are reshaping public attitudes toward animals and highlighting issues in industries like factory farming, horse ____ and fur, prompting many to embrace ethical consumption habits.
Exercise 10 소비주의의 대중화 과정
Writers such as Braudel and Mukerji make an important point, namely, that conspicuous or luxury ____ did not start with the emergence of capitalism.
Yet even though the fundamental elements of a consumer culture ― the use of goods for both social positioning and as a ____ means of self-expression ― were both in place by the nineteenth century, it is only with the rise of industrial capitalism that a full-blown consumerism appeared.
After the eighteenth century, activities that were once restricted to the elite were now practiced by the masses as ____
A flood of common industrial goods swept over the market ____ itself expanded through new opportunities for buying.
Innovations such as ____ department store made shopping a regular and attractive activity.
Fashion became a social force and led to the cyclical abandonment and adoption of different styles whether goods were still useful or ____
Status or standing was marked by consumption differences extending to the veritable limits of ____ groupings in society.
The appearance ____ mass advertising aimed at ordinary citizens through newspapers, radio, popular magazines, and later television stimulated purchasing and innovated an entire language of media-assisted consumption.
Exercise 11-12 명시적 설명의 한계와 스스로 알아내기의 효과
The assumption that ____ being more explicit will make for better instruction assumes that language is simply a delivery system for information, a literal packaging of knowledge.
It is ____
Each utterance in a social interaction does ____ more work.
For example, ____ are hidden costs in telling people things.
If a student can figure something out for him or ____ explicitly providing the information preempts the student's opportunity to build a sense of agency and independence, which, in turn, affects the relationship between teacher and student.
Think ____ it.
When you figure something out for yourself, there is a certain thrill in ____ figuring.
After a few successful experiences, you might start to think that figuring things out is something that you can actually ____
Maybe you are even a figuring-out ____ of person, encouraging an agentive dimension to identity.
When you are told what to do, particularly without asking, ____ feels different.
Being told explicitly what to do and how to do it ― over and over again ― provides the foundation for a different set ____ feelings and a different story about what you can and can't do, and who you are.
The interpretation might ____ that you are the kind of person who cannot figure things out for yourself.
This is doubtless one reason why recent research has shown that most ____ teachers do not spend a lot of time in telling mode.