Week 5 제10강
Exercise 1 조롱하는 유머에 대한 인식
People highly sensitive to the ingroup/loyalty domain should ____ ridiculing humor particularly appealing (provided their group is not the target).
Zillmann and Bryant ____ that ridicule in humor is often used to disparage outgroup members and venerate ingroup members.
As such, those with ____ sensitivity to ingroup/loyalty may be rewarded by this type of humor's validation of the group.
____ of this dynamic can be found in research explaining the widespread appeal of the racially provocative humor in Norman Lear's All in the Family.
____ in part to the satirical nature of the program, high and low prejudice individuals were able to assign different meaning to the content, interpreting it in a manner consistent with their existing views (and social identities).
Specifically, low ____ viewers perceived the content to be satirical whereas high prejudice consumers interpreted the content to be "telling it like it is."
Thus, audience members selectively perceived the object of ridicule as the outgroup member, an outcome facilitated by the ____ satirical approach.
Exercise 2 굶어 죽을 위험을 최소화하는 먹이 찾기
Imagine a small bird nearing the end of a long, cold ____ day.
It has the opportunity to ____ one last foraging site before dark to get the remaining food energy it needs to survive the night.
Suppose it requires four more units of food and ____ a choice of two possible sites.
One yields three units every time it is visited, and is thus of constant quality; the ____ yields five units on half the occasions it is visited, but nothing at all on the other half, and is therefore of variable quality.
For a rate-maximising predator, the constant site would seem to be best, because its average ____ per visit is 3 units compared with only 2.5 at the variable site.
Unfortunately, were our ____ to be tempted by this, it would be dead by morning.
Clearly the only way it is going to see another dawn is to go for the variable site and gamble on getting 5 units ____ of none.
Such a decision would be based on minimising the risk of starvation rather than maximising net rate of ____, and our bird would be said to forage in a risk-sensitive fashion.
Exercise 3 재현 예술의 정의와 목표
The true definition of representative art is not that the artifact resembles an ____, but that the feeling evoked by the artifact resembles the feeling evoked by the original.
When a ____ is said to be like the sitter, what is meant is that the spectator, when he looks at the portrait, 'feels as if he were in the sitter's presence.'
This is what the representative artist as ____ is aiming at.
He ____ how he wants to make his audience feel, and he constructs his artifact in such a way that it will make them feel like that.
Up to a point, this is done by representing the object literally; but beyond that point it is done by ____ departure from literal representation.
The skill in question, like any other form of skill, is a matter of devising means to a given end, and is acquired empirically, by observing how certain artifacts affect certain audiences, and thus through experience becoming able to ____ in one's audience the kind of effect one wants to produce.
____ art seeks to bring out an emotional response associated with an original subject, achieved by using observation and experience to exceed any literal representation at some point.
Exercise 4 목격자 증언의 신뢰도
The research psychologist Elizabeth Loftus has done more ____ anyone else to help juries understand research implications on eyewitness testimony.
In her expert testimony, she explains to juries that eyewitness testimony can be very unreliable, that recalling is not like ____ back a videotape, and that we fill in many of the missing details without knowing it — a process called confabulation.
It is common for prosecuting attorneys to call upon other expert ____ in an attempt to rebut Loftus's testimony.
But such rebuttals don't ____, or present evidence against, the existence of confabulation.
Instead, they usually raise the ____ that the eyewitness testimony is accurate.
Confabulation is one of the best established effects in ____ psychology, so the concept itself is hard to rebut.
It is ____ difficult to assert exceptions to scientific generalizations.
The prosecution expert might report having known someone with uncanny recall, or having ____ occasional research subjects with that ability.
This fact, of course, would in no way compromise the findings on memory, nor would you need an ____ to make the observation.
Exercise 5-6 동물의 수량 계산 능력
Addition is not the only numerical operation in the ____ repertoire.
The ability to compare two numerical quantities is an even more fundamental ability, and indeed it is widespread ____ animals.
Show a chimpanzee two trays on which you have ____ several bits of chocolate.
On the first tray, two piles of chocolate chips are visible, one with four pieces, and the other with ____ pieces.
The second tray contains a pile with five pieces of chocolate and, ____ from it, a single piece.
Leave the animal enough time to watch the situation carefully before letting it choose one ____ and eat its content.
____ tray do you think that it will pick?
Most of the time, without training, the ____ selects the tray with the largest total number of chocolate chips.
Hence, the greedy primate must spontaneously compute the total of the first tray (4 + 3 = 7), then the total of the second tray (5 + 1 = 6), and finally it must reckon that 7 is larger than 6 and that it is ____ advantageous to choose the first tray.
If the chimp could not do the additions but was content with choosing the tray with the largest single pile of chocolates, it should have been wrong in this particular example because, while the pile with five chips on the second tray exceeds each of the piles on the ____ tray, the total amount of chips on the first tray is larger.
Clearly, the two additions and the final comparison ____ are all required for success.
Exercise 7 자기 조절과 인지 자원
Self-regulation can be ____ work.
In fact, Roy Baumeister and his ____ liken self-regulation to exercising a muscle.
At first, the exercise may be easy, but with repetitions it becomes ____ and harder.
And ____ the muscle is fatigued, it may be difficult to use it for some time until it recovers.
Similarly, exerting self-control in one task (such as trying to suppress ____ about a particular object) weakens people's ability to exercise control in a completely different task, such as persisting in a difficult figure-drawing or anagram-solving task.
The fact that self-regulation depletes some inner ____ in this way may even account for the observation that people who are fatigued, under stress, or are low in regulatory resources for other reasons often turn to tempting behaviors that are damaging in the long run.
These outcomes are not inevitable, however; recent studies suggest that at times, a cognitive load ____ reduce attention to, and feelings of temptation by, attractive stimuli such as calorie-rich treat foods.
The reason appears to be that some cognitive resources are required to recognize the tempting nature of such stimuli, so at ____ a demanding cognitive task may actually facilitate self-regulation.
Exercise 8 기억에 대한 비유
Most metaphors of memory over the centuries have described the memory system as a storehouse, or palace with ____ rooms in which memories may be placed.
A more up-to-date version of this ____ metaphor is a large library.
In such a system, new books are stored in precise locations according to such specified characteristics as the general ____, date of publication, and author's name.
Armed with such knowledge, a borrower can retrieve the sought-for volume ____ at a later time.
Even a huge library like the Library of Congress works effectively on this system, but when we consider human memory — when ____ meet the brain, as it were — the analogy is less persuasive.
There is little evidence, for instance, that our millions of specific ____ are each stored in just one specific location in the brain; in contrast, most neuroscientists now believe that memories are represented by neural networks distributed widely throughout the cerebral cortex.
Additionally, the library metaphor suggests that memories of events and pieces of knowledge are fixed ____, like books on shelves, whereas a stronger case can be made for memories as dynamic activities of the brain rather than as static entities.
Exercise 9 환경의 수용 능력
Because environments are ____ and ever-changing, carrying capacity can vary.
If a fire destroys a forest, for example, the carrying capacities for most forest animals will decline, whereas carrying capacities for species that benefit from fire (such as ____ grasses or trees with specially adapted seeds) will increase.
Our own species has proven capable of ____ altering our environment to raise our carrying capacity.
When our ancestors began to build shelters and use fire for heating and cooking, they eased the limiting factors of cold climates and were able to expand into new ____.
As human civilization developed, we overcame limiting factors through the development of new ____ and cultural institutions.
People have managed so far to ____ the planet's carrying capacity for our species, but we have done so by appropriating immense proportions of the planet's natural resources.
In the process, we have reduced carrying capacities for countless other organisms that rely on ____ same resources.
With carrying capacity for individual species being fluid due to the nature of environments, humans have successfully ____ their own by reshaping their living environments, but this has come at the expense of the carrying capacity for other species.
Exercise 10 시간 인식이 도덕적 판단에 미치는 영향
A groundbreaking ____ of morality and time by Eugene Caruso began by pointing out that moral rules are generally assumed to remain constant.
An ____ that was morally wrong yesterday will be morally wrong tomorrow, and to the same degree, assuming the circumstances have not changed.
Yet, his work ____ that people condemned identical misdeeds more when set in the future than in the past.
In general, people ____ to "moralize" the future.
That is, they apply stricter moral ____ to the future than the past or present and show greater moral concern.
In various studies, thinking about the future made people condemn misdeeds by others more intensely, as opposed to ____ about the present.
They ____ called for more severe punishment for themselves for future misdeeds than in the past.
So it is not simply a matter of selfishly wanting everyone else to obey the rules and ____ oneself.
People will make ____ sacrifices for their reputation when focused on the future than the present.
People are even more virtuous and generous in their own actions, or at least they say they would be, ____ they are thinking about the future and the present.
That's because ____ about the future makes them worry about having a good reputation.
Exercise 11-12 학습 잠재력
____ thousands of books have been written about learning, the concept of learning potential remains insufficiently elaborated.
One of the possible reasons for such a state of affairs is the tendency to ____ learning only through its products.
When a math or history exam is given to students, it is assumed that the results of the ____ will reveal the efficiency of students' previous learning.
In other words, what we can see in such an exam is ____ the result rather than the process of learning.
Moreover, such an exam ____ us with relatively little information about each student's potential for learning something new.
For example, one student can ____ good exam results by investing much more time in learning than another student who achieved the same result.
The efficiency of the first ____ is thus lower than that of the second student, but this factor is "hidden" in a typical exam.
The situation is even more ____ in the case of so-called intelligence tests.
Some psychologists ____ that properly designed intelligence tests tap into the individual's innate abilities that are unrelated to his or her learning experiences.
Others, however, define intelligence itself as a "general learning ability" and ____ that intelligence tests provide us with a pretty accurate estimate of not only personal knowledge but also the person's learning ability.
Irrespective of the definition, however, the results of intelligence tests ____ information only about people's current knowledge and problem-solving skills but say little about their learning potential.