2027 수능특강 영독연 10강 빈칸 채우기

People highly sensitive to the ingroup/loyalty domain should find ridiculing humor particularly ____ (provided their group is not the target).

Zillmann and ____ argue that ridicule in humor is often used to disparage outgroup members and venerate ingroup members.

As such, those with greater sensitivity to ingroup/loyalty may be rewarded by this type of ____ validation of the group.

Evidence of this dynamic can be found ____ research explaining the widespread appeal of the racially provocative humor in Norman Lear's All in the Family.

Owing in ____ to the satirical nature of the program, high and low prejudice individuals were able to assign different meaning to the content, interpreting it in a manner consistent with their existing views (and social identities).

Specifically, low prejudice viewers perceived the content to be satirical whereas high prejudice consumers interpreted the ____ to be "telling it like it is."

Thus, audience members selectively perceived the object of ridicule as the outgroup member, an outcome facilitated by ____ show's satirical approach.

Imagine a ____ bird nearing the end of a long, cold winter day.

It has the opportunity to visit one last foraging site ____ dark to get the remaining food energy it needs to survive the night.

Suppose it requires four more units of food and has ____ choice of two possible sites.

One ____ three units every time it is visited, and is thus of constant quality; the other yields five units on half the occasions it is visited, but nothing at all on the other half, and is therefore of variable quality.

For a rate-maximising predator, the constant site would seem to be best, because its average yield per ____ is 3 units compared with only 2.5 at the variable site.

Unfortunately, were our bird to be tempted by this, it would ____ dead by morning.

Clearly the only way it is going to see another dawn is to go for ____ variable site and gamble on getting 5 units instead of none.

Such a decision would be based on minimising the risk of starvation rather than maximising net rate of intake, and our bird would be said to forage in ____ risk-sensitive fashion.

The true definition of representative art is not that the ____ resembles an original, but that the feeling evoked by the artifact resembles the feeling evoked by the original.

When a portrait is said ____ be like the sitter, what is meant is that the spectator, when he looks at the portrait, 'feels as if he were in the sitter's presence.'

This is what the representative artist as such is aiming ____

He ____ how he wants to make his audience feel, and he constructs his artifact in such a way that it will make them feel like that.

Up ____ a point, this is done by representing the object literally; but beyond that point it is done by skilful departure from literal representation.

The skill ____ question, like any other form of skill, is a matter of devising means to a given end, and is acquired empirically, by observing how certain artifacts affect certain audiences, and thus through experience becoming able to produce in one's audience the kind of effect one wants to produce.

Representative art seeks to bring out an emotional response associated with an original subject, achieved by using observation and experience ____ exceed any literal representation at some point.

The research ____ Elizabeth Loftus has done more than anyone else to help juries understand research implications on eyewitness testimony.

In her expert testimony, she explains to juries that eyewitness testimony can be very unreliable, that recalling ____ not like playing back a videotape, and that we fill in many of the missing details without knowing it — a process called confabulation.

It is common for prosecuting ____ to call upon other expert witnesses in an attempt to rebut Loftus's testimony.

But such rebuttals don't deny, ____ present evidence against, the existence of confabulation.

Instead, they usually raise the possibility that the eyewitness ____ is accurate.

Confabulation is one of the best established effects in cognitive psychology, so the concept ____ is hard to rebut.

It is less difficult ____ assert exceptions to scientific generalizations.

The prosecution expert ____ report having known someone with uncanny recall, or having had occasional research subjects with that ability.

This fact, of course, would in no way compromise the findings on memory, nor would you ____ an expert to make the observation.

____ is not the only numerical operation in the animal repertoire.

The ability to compare two numerical quantities is an even more fundamental ____ and indeed it is widespread among animals.

____ a chimpanzee two trays on which you have placed several bits of chocolate.

On the first tray, two piles of chocolate ____ are visible, one with four pieces, and the other with three pieces.

The second tray contains a pile with five pieces of chocolate and, ____ from it, a single piece.

Leave ____ animal enough time to watch the situation carefully before letting it choose one tray and eat its content.

Which tray do you think that it ____ pick?

Most of the ____ without training, the chimpanzee selects the tray with the largest total number of chocolate chips.

Hence, the greedy primate must spontaneously compute the total of the first tray (4 + 3 = 7), then the total of the second tray (5 + 1 = 6), and finally it must reckon that 7 is larger than 6 and that it is therefore advantageous ____ choose the first tray.

If the chimp could not do the additions but was content with choosing the tray with the largest single pile of chocolates, it should have been wrong ____ this particular example because, while the pile with five chips on the second tray exceeds each of the piles on the first tray, the total amount of chips on the first tray is larger.

Clearly, the two ____ and the final comparison operation are all required for success.

Self-regulation ____ be hard work.

In fact, ____ Baumeister and his colleagues liken self-regulation to exercising a muscle.

At first, the exercise ____ be easy, but with repetitions it becomes harder and harder.

And after the muscle is fatigued, it may be difficult to use it for ____ time until it recovers.

Similarly, exerting self-control ____ one task (such as trying to suppress thoughts about a particular object) weakens people's ability to exercise control in a completely different task, such as persisting in a difficult figure-drawing or anagram-solving task.

____ fact that self-regulation depletes some inner resource in this way may even account for the observation that people who are fatigued, under stress, or are low in regulatory resources for other reasons often turn to tempting behaviors that are damaging in the long run.

These outcomes are not inevitable, however; recent studies suggest that at ____ a cognitive load may reduce attention to, and feelings of temptation by, attractive stimuli such as calorie-rich treat foods.

The reason appears to be that some cognitive ____ are required to recognize the tempting nature of such stimuli, so at times a demanding cognitive task may actually facilitate self-regulation.

Most metaphors of memory over the centuries have described the memory ____ as a storehouse, or palace with many rooms in which memories may be placed.

A more up-to-date ____ of this storehouse metaphor is a large library.

In such a system, new books are stored in precise locations according to such specified characteristics as ____ general topic, date of publication, and author's name.

Armed with ____ knowledge, a borrower can retrieve the sought-for volume successfully at a later time.

Even a huge library like the Library of Congress works effectively on this system, but when we consider human memory — when metaphors meet the brain, as ____ were — the analogy is less persuasive.

There is little evidence, for instance, that our millions of specific memories are each stored in ____ one specific location in the brain; in contrast, most neuroscientists now believe that memories are represented by neural networks distributed widely throughout the cerebral cortex.

Additionally, the library metaphor suggests that memories of events and pieces of knowledge are fixed objects, like books on shelves, whereas a stronger case ____ be made for memories as dynamic activities of the brain rather than as static entities.

Because ____ are complex and ever-changing, carrying capacity can vary.

If a fire destroys a forest, for example, the carrying capacities for most forest animals will decline, whereas carrying capacities for species that benefit from fire (such as fire-adapted grasses or trees ____ specially adapted seeds) will increase.

Our own species has proven capable of intentionally altering ____ environment to raise our carrying capacity.

When our ancestors began to build shelters and use fire for heating and cooking, they ____ the limiting factors of cold climates and were able to expand into new territory.

As human civilization developed, we overcame limiting factors through the ____ of new technologies and cultural institutions.

People have ____ so far to increase the planet's carrying capacity for our species, but we have done so by appropriating immense proportions of the planet's natural resources.

In the process, we have reduced carrying capacities for countless other organisms that rely on those same ____

With carrying capacity for individual species being fluid due to the nature of environments, humans have successfully increased their own by reshaping their living environments, but this has come at the expense of the carrying capacity for other ____

A groundbreaking study of morality ____ time by Eugene Caruso began by pointing out that moral rules are generally assumed to remain constant.

An act that was morally wrong yesterday will be morally wrong tomorrow, and to ____ same degree, assuming the circumstances have not changed.

Yet, his work found that people condemned identical ____ more when set in the future than in the past.

In general, people seem to "moralize" the ____

That is, they apply stricter moral rules to ____ future than the past or present and show greater moral concern.

In various studies, thinking about the future made people condemn misdeeds by others more intensely, as opposed to thinking about ____ present.

They even called for more severe punishment for themselves for future misdeeds than in the ____

So it is not simply a matter of selfishly wanting everyone else to obey the rules and ____ oneself.

People will make greater sacrifices for their ____ when focused on the future than the present.

____ are even more virtuous and generous in their own actions, or at least they say they would be, when they are thinking about the future and the present.

That's because ____ about the future makes them worry about having a good reputation.

Though thousands of books have been written about learning, ____ concept of learning potential remains insufficiently elaborated.

One of the possible reasons ____ such a state of affairs is the tendency to view learning only through its products.

When a ____ or history exam is given to students, it is assumed that the results of the exam will reveal the efficiency of students' previous learning.

In other words, what we can see in such an exam is ____ the result rather than the process of learning.

Moreover, such an exam provides us with relatively little information about each ____ potential for learning something new.

For example, one student can achieve good exam results by investing much more time in learning ____ another student who achieved the same result.

The ____ of the first one is thus lower than that of the second student, but this factor is "hidden" in a typical exam.

The situation is even more complicated in the case ____ so-called intelligence tests.

Some psychologists insist that properly designed intelligence tests tap into the individual's innate abilities that are unrelated to his or her learning ____

Others, however, define intelligence itself as a "general learning ability" and claim that intelligence tests provide us with a pretty accurate ____ of not only personal knowledge but also the person's learning ability.

Irrespective of the definition, however, the results of intelligence tests provide information only about people's current knowledge and problem-solving skills but say little about their learning ____