2027 수능특강 영독연 10강 빈칸 채우기

People highly sensitive to the ingroup/loyalty domain should find ridiculing humor particularly appealing (provided their group is ____ the target).

Zillmann and Bryant argue that ridicule in humor is often used ____ disparage outgroup members and venerate ingroup members.

As such, those with greater sensitivity to ingroup/loyalty may be ____ by this type of humor's validation of the group.

Evidence ____ this dynamic can be found in research explaining the widespread appeal of the racially provocative humor in Norman Lear's All in the Family.

Owing in part to the satirical nature of the program, high and low prejudice individuals were able to assign different meaning to the content, interpreting it in a ____ consistent with their existing views (and social identities).

Specifically, low prejudice viewers perceived the content to be satirical whereas high prejudice ____ interpreted the content to be "telling it like it is."

Thus, audience members selectively ____ the object of ridicule as the outgroup member, an outcome facilitated by the show's satirical approach.

Imagine a ____ bird nearing the end of a long, cold winter day.

It has the opportunity ____ visit one last foraging site before dark to get the remaining food energy it needs to survive the night.

Suppose it requires four more units of food and has a ____ of two possible sites.

One yields three units every time it is visited, and is thus of constant quality; the other yields five units on half the occasions it is visited, but nothing at all on the other half, and is ____ of variable quality.

For a rate-maximising ____ the constant site would seem to be best, because its average yield per visit is 3 units compared with only 2.5 at the variable site.

Unfortunately, were our bird to be tempted ____ this, it would be dead by morning.

Clearly the only way it is ____ to see another dawn is to go for the variable site and gamble on getting 5 units instead of none.

Such a decision would be based on minimising the risk of starvation rather than maximising ____ rate of intake, and our bird would be said to forage in a risk-sensitive fashion.

The ____ definition of representative art is not that the artifact resembles an original, but that the feeling evoked by the artifact resembles the feeling evoked by the original.

When a portrait is said to be like the sitter, what is meant is that the spectator, when he looks at the portrait, 'feels as if he ____ in the sitter's presence.'

This is what the representative artist as such is aiming ____

He knows how he wants to make his ____ feel, and he constructs his artifact in such a way that it will make them feel like that.

Up to a point, this is done by representing the object literally; but beyond that point it is done by skilful departure ____ literal representation.

The skill in question, like any other form of skill, ____ a matter of devising means to a given end, and is acquired empirically, by observing how certain artifacts affect certain audiences, and thus through experience becoming able to produce in one's audience the kind of effect one wants to produce.

Representative art seeks to bring out an emotional response associated with an original subject, achieved by using observation and experience to exceed any literal representation at ____ point.

The research psychologist Elizabeth Loftus has done more than anyone else ____ help juries understand research implications on eyewitness testimony.

In her expert testimony, she explains to juries that eyewitness testimony can be very unreliable, that recalling is not like playing back a videotape, and that we fill in many of the missing details without knowing it — a process ____ confabulation.

It is common for prosecuting attorneys to call ____ other expert witnesses in an attempt to rebut Loftus's testimony.

But such rebuttals don't deny, ____ present evidence against, the existence of confabulation.

Instead, they usually raise the possibility that the ____ testimony is accurate.

Confabulation is one of the best ____ effects in cognitive psychology, so the concept itself is hard to rebut.

It ____ less difficult to assert exceptions to scientific generalizations.

The prosecution expert might report ____ known someone with uncanny recall, or having had occasional research subjects with that ability.

This fact, of course, would in no way compromise the findings on memory, nor would you need ____ expert to make the observation.

____ is not the only numerical operation in the animal repertoire.

The ability to compare two numerical quantities is an even more ____ ability, and indeed it is widespread among animals.

Show ____ chimpanzee two trays on which you have placed several bits of chocolate.

On the first tray, two piles of chocolate chips are visible, one with four pieces, and the other ____ three pieces.

The second tray contains a pile ____ five pieces of chocolate and, separate from it, a single piece.

Leave the animal ____ time to watch the situation carefully before letting it choose one tray and eat its content.

Which tray do you think ____ it will pick?

Most of the ____ without training, the chimpanzee selects the tray with the largest total number of chocolate chips.

Hence, the greedy primate must spontaneously compute the total of the first tray (4 + 3 = 7), then the total of the second tray (5 + 1 = 6), and finally it must reckon that 7 is larger than 6 and that it is therefore advantageous to choose the ____ tray.

If the chimp could not do the additions but was content with choosing the tray with the largest single pile of chocolates, it should have been wrong in this particular example because, while the pile with five chips on the second tray exceeds each of the piles on ____ first tray, the total amount of chips on the first tray is larger.

Clearly, the two ____ and the final comparison operation are all required for success.

Self-regulation can be hard ____

In fact, Roy Baumeister and his colleagues liken self-regulation to exercising a ____

At first, the exercise may be easy, but with repetitions it becomes harder and ____

And after the muscle is ____ it may be difficult to use it for some time until it recovers.

Similarly, exerting self-control in one task (such as trying to suppress thoughts about a particular object) weakens people's ability to exercise control in ____ completely different task, such as persisting in a difficult figure-drawing or anagram-solving task.

The fact that self-regulation depletes some inner resource ____ this way may even account for the observation that people who are fatigued, under stress, or are low in regulatory resources for other reasons often turn to tempting behaviors that are damaging in the long run.

These outcomes are not inevitable, however; recent studies suggest that at times, a cognitive load may reduce attention to, and feelings of temptation by, attractive stimuli ____ as calorie-rich treat foods.

The reason appears to be that some cognitive resources are required to recognize the tempting nature of such stimuli, so at times ____ demanding cognitive task may actually facilitate self-regulation.

Most metaphors of memory over the centuries have described the memory system as a storehouse, or palace with many rooms in ____ memories may be placed.

A more up-to-date version of this storehouse metaphor is a large ____

In ____ a system, new books are stored in precise locations according to such specified characteristics as the general topic, date of publication, and author's name.

Armed with such knowledge, a ____ can retrieve the sought-for volume successfully at a later time.

Even a huge library like the Library of Congress works effectively on this system, but when we consider human memory — when ____ meet the brain, as it were — the analogy is less persuasive.

There is little evidence, for instance, that our millions of specific memories are each stored in just one specific location in ____ brain; in contrast, most neuroscientists now believe that memories are represented by neural networks distributed widely throughout the cerebral cortex.

Additionally, the library metaphor suggests that memories of events and pieces of knowledge are fixed objects, like books on shelves, whereas a stronger case can be made for memories as dynamic activities of ____ brain rather than as static entities.

Because environments are complex and ____ carrying capacity can vary.

If a fire destroys a forest, for example, ____ carrying capacities for most forest animals will decline, whereas carrying capacities for species that benefit from fire (such as fire-adapted grasses or trees with specially adapted seeds) will increase.

Our own species has proven capable of ____ altering our environment to raise our carrying capacity.

When our ancestors began to build shelters and use fire for heating and cooking, they eased the limiting factors of cold climates and were ____ to expand into new territory.

As human civilization developed, we overcame limiting factors ____ the development of new technologies and cultural institutions.

People have managed so far to increase the planet's carrying capacity for our species, but we have done so by appropriating immense proportions of ____ planet's natural resources.

In the process, we have reduced carrying capacities for countless other ____ that rely on those same resources.

With carrying capacity for individual species being fluid due to the nature of environments, humans have successfully increased their own by reshaping their living environments, but this has come at the expense of the carrying capacity for other ____

A groundbreaking study of morality and time by Eugene Caruso began by pointing out that moral rules ____ generally assumed to remain constant.

____ act that was morally wrong yesterday will be morally wrong tomorrow, and to the same degree, assuming the circumstances have not changed.

Yet, his work found that people condemned identical misdeeds more ____ set in the future than in the past.

In general, people seem to "moralize" ____ future.

That is, they apply stricter moral rules to the future than the past or present and show ____ moral concern.

In various studies, thinking about the future made people condemn misdeeds by ____ more intensely, as opposed to thinking about the present.

They even called for more severe punishment for themselves ____ future misdeeds than in the past.

____ it is not simply a matter of selfishly wanting everyone else to obey the rules and exempting oneself.

People will make greater sacrifices for their reputation when focused on the future ____ the present.

People are even more virtuous and ____ in their own actions, or at least they say they would be, when they are thinking about the future and the present.

That's because thinking ____ the future makes them worry about having a good reputation.

Though thousands of books ____ been written about learning, the concept of learning potential remains insufficiently elaborated.

One of the possible ____ for such a state of affairs is the tendency to view learning only through its products.

When a math or history exam is given to students, it is assumed that the results of the ____ will reveal the efficiency of students' previous learning.

In other words, what we can see in such an exam is only the result rather ____ the process of learning.

Moreover, such an exam provides us with relatively little information about each student's ____ for learning something new.

For example, one student can achieve good exam results by investing much more time ____ learning than another student who achieved the same result.

The efficiency of the first one is thus lower than that ____ the second student, but this factor is "hidden" in a typical exam.

The situation is even more ____ in the case of so-called intelligence tests.

Some psychologists insist that properly designed ____ tests tap into the individual's innate abilities that are unrelated to his or her learning experiences.

Others, however, define intelligence itself as a "general learning ability" and claim that intelligence tests provide us with a pretty accurate estimate of not only personal knowledge but also ____ person's learning ability.

____ of the definition, however, the results of intelligence tests provide information only about people's current knowledge and problem-solving skills but say little about their learning potential.