2027 수능특강 영독연 10강 빈칸 채우기

People highly sensitive to the ingroup/loyalty domain should find ridiculing humor particularly appealing (provided their group is not the ____).

Zillmann and Bryant argue that ridicule in humor is often used to disparage outgroup members and ____ ingroup members.

As such, those with greater sensitivity to ____ may be rewarded by this type of humor's validation of the group.

Evidence of this dynamic can be found in research explaining the widespread appeal of the racially provocative humor in Norman Lear's All in the ____.

Owing in part to the satirical nature of the program, high and low prejudice individuals were able to ____ different meaning to the content, interpreting it in a manner consistent with their existing views (and social identities).

Specifically, low prejudice viewers perceived the content to be satirical whereas high prejudice consumers interpreted the content to be "____ it like it is."

Thus, audience members selectively perceived the object of ridicule as the outgroup ____, an outcome facilitated by the show's satirical approach.

Imagine a small bird nearing the end of a long, ____ winter day.

It has the opportunity to visit one last foraging site before dark to get the ____ food energy it needs to survive the night.

Suppose it ____ four more units of food and has a choice of two possible sites.

One yields three units every ____ it is visited, and is thus of constant quality; the other yields five units on half the occasions it is visited, but nothing at all on the other half, and is therefore of variable quality.

For a rate-maximising predator, the constant site would seem to be best, because its ____ yield per visit is 3 units compared with only 2.5 at the variable site.

Unfortunately, were our bird to be tempted by this, it would be dead by ____.

Clearly the only way it is going to see another dawn is to go for the variable site and ____ on getting 5 units instead of none.

Such a decision would be based on minimising the risk of starvation rather than maximising net ____ of intake, and our bird would be said to forage in a risk-sensitive fashion.

The true definition of representative ____ is not that the artifact resembles an original, but that the feeling evoked by the artifact resembles the feeling evoked by the original.

When a ____ is said to be like the sitter, what is meant is that the spectator, when he looks at the portrait, 'feels as if he were in the sitter's presence.'

This is what the representative artist as ____ is aiming at.

He knows how he ____ to make his audience feel, and he constructs his artifact in such a way that it will make them feel like that.

Up to a point, this is done by representing the object ____; but beyond that point it is done by skilful departure from literal representation.

The skill in question, like any other form of skill, is a matter of devising means to a given end, and is acquired empirically, by observing how certain artifacts affect certain audiences, and thus ____ experience becoming able to produce in one's audience the kind of effect one wants to produce.

Representative art seeks to bring out an emotional response associated with an original subject, achieved by using observation and experience to exceed any literal representation at ____ point.

The research psychologist Elizabeth Loftus has done more than anyone ____ to help juries understand research implications on eyewitness testimony.

In her expert testimony, she explains to juries that eyewitness testimony can be very unreliable, that recalling is not like playing back a videotape, and that we fill in many of the ____ details without knowing it — a process called confabulation.

It is common for prosecuting attorneys to call upon other expert witnesses in an ____ to rebut Loftus's testimony.

But such ____ don't deny, or present evidence against, the existence of confabulation.

Instead, they ____ raise the possibility that the eyewitness testimony is accurate.

____ is one of the best established effects in cognitive psychology, so the concept itself is hard to rebut.

It is less difficult to assert exceptions to scientific ____.

The prosecution expert ____ report having known someone with uncanny recall, or having had occasional research subjects with that ability.

This fact, of ____, would in no way compromise the findings on memory, nor would you need an expert to make the observation.

Addition is not the only numerical operation in the ____ repertoire.

The ability to compare two ____ quantities is an even more fundamental ability, and indeed it is widespread among animals.

Show a chimpanzee two trays on which you have placed several bits of ____.

On the first ____, two piles of chocolate chips are visible, one with four pieces, and the other with three pieces.

The ____ tray contains a pile with five pieces of chocolate and, separate from it, a single piece.

Leave the animal enough time to watch the situation carefully before letting it ____ one tray and eat its content.

Which ____ do you think that it will pick?

Most of the time, without ____, the chimpanzee selects the tray with the largest total number of chocolate chips.

Hence, the greedy primate must spontaneously compute the total of the first tray (4 + 3 = 7), then the total of the second tray (5 + 1 = 6), and finally it must reckon that 7 is larger than 6 and that it is therefore ____ to choose the first tray.

If the chimp could not do the additions but was content with choosing the tray with the largest single pile of chocolates, it should have been wrong in this ____ example because, while the pile with five chips on the second tray exceeds each of the piles on the first tray, the total amount of chips on the first tray is larger.

Clearly, the two additions and the final comparison operation are ____ required for success.

Self-regulation ____ be hard work.

In fact, Roy Baumeister and his colleagues ____ self-regulation to exercising a muscle.

At first, the exercise may be easy, but with repetitions it becomes ____ and harder.

And after the ____ is fatigued, it may be difficult to use it for some time until it recovers.

Similarly, exerting self-control in one task (such as trying to suppress thoughts about a particular object) weakens people's ability to exercise control in a completely ____ task, such as persisting in a difficult figure-drawing or anagram-solving task.

The fact that self-regulation depletes some inner resource in this way may even account for the observation that people who are fatigued, under stress, or are low in regulatory resources for other ____ often turn to tempting behaviors that are damaging in the long run.

These outcomes are not inevitable, however; recent studies suggest that at times, a cognitive load may reduce attention to, and feelings of ____ by, attractive stimuli such as calorie-rich treat foods.

The reason appears to be that some cognitive resources are required to recognize the tempting nature of such stimuli, so at times a demanding cognitive ____ may actually facilitate self-regulation.

Most metaphors of memory over the centuries have described the memory system as a storehouse, or palace with many rooms in which memories may be ____.

A more up-to-date version of this storehouse metaphor is a ____ library.

In such a system, new ____ are stored in precise locations according to such specified characteristics as the general topic, date of publication, and author's name.

Armed with such knowledge, a borrower can retrieve the ____ volume successfully at a later time.

Even a huge library like the Library of Congress works effectively on this system, but when we consider human ____ — when metaphors meet the brain, as it were — the analogy is less persuasive.

There is little evidence, for instance, that our millions of ____ memories are each stored in just one specific location in the brain; in contrast, most neuroscientists now believe that memories are represented by neural networks distributed widely throughout the cerebral cortex.

Additionally, the library metaphor suggests that memories of events and pieces of knowledge are fixed objects, like books on shelves, whereas a stronger case can be made for memories as dynamic ____ of the brain rather than as static entities.

Because environments are complex and ____, carrying capacity can vary.

If a fire destroys a forest, for example, the carrying capacities for most forest animals ____ decline, whereas carrying capacities for species that benefit from fire (such as fire-adapted grasses or trees with specially adapted seeds) will increase.

Our own species has ____ capable of intentionally altering our environment to raise our carrying capacity.

When our ancestors began to build shelters and use fire for heating and cooking, they eased the limiting factors of cold climates and were able to expand into ____ territory.

As human civilization developed, we overcame ____ factors through the development of new technologies and cultural institutions.

People have managed so far to increase the planet's carrying ____ for our species, but we have done so by appropriating immense proportions of the planet's natural resources.

In the process, we have reduced carrying capacities for countless other organisms that ____ on those same resources.

With carrying capacity for individual species being fluid due to the nature of environments, humans have successfully increased their own by reshaping their living environments, but this has come at the expense of the ____ capacity for other species.

A ____ study of morality and time by Eugene Caruso began by pointing out that moral rules are generally assumed to remain constant.

An act that was morally wrong yesterday will be morally wrong tomorrow, and to the same ____, assuming the circumstances have not changed.

____, his work found that people condemned identical misdeeds more when set in the future than in the past.

In general, people seem to "moralize" the ____.

That is, they apply stricter moral rules to the future than the past or present and show ____ moral concern.

In various studies, ____ about the future made people condemn misdeeds by others more intensely, as opposed to thinking about the present.

They ____ called for more severe punishment for themselves for future misdeeds than in the past.

So it is not simply a matter of selfishly wanting everyone else to obey the ____ and exempting oneself.

People will make greater sacrifices for their reputation when focused on the future than the ____.

People are even more virtuous and generous in their ____ actions, or at least they say they would be, when they are thinking about the future and the present.

That's because thinking about the future makes them worry ____ having a good reputation.

Though thousands of books have been written about learning, the concept of learning potential remains insufficiently ____.

One of the possible ____ for such a state of affairs is the tendency to view learning only through its products.

When a math or history exam is given to students, it is assumed that the results of the exam will reveal the efficiency of students' previous ____.

In other words, what we can see in such an exam is ____ the result rather than the process of learning.

Moreover, such an exam provides us with relatively ____ information about each student's potential for learning something new.

For example, one student can achieve good exam results by investing much more time in ____ than another student who achieved the same result.

The efficiency of the first one is thus lower ____ that of the second student, but this factor is "hidden" in a typical exam.

The situation is even more complicated in the case of ____ intelligence tests.

Some psychologists insist that properly designed intelligence tests tap ____ the individual's innate abilities that are unrelated to his or her learning experiences.

Others, however, define intelligence itself as a "general learning ability" and claim that intelligence tests provide us with a pretty accurate estimate of ____ only personal knowledge but also the person's learning ability.

Irrespective of the definition, however, the ____ of intelligence tests provide information only about people's current knowledge and problem-solving skills but say little about their learning potential.