2027 수능특강 영독연 10강 빈칸 채우기

People highly sensitive to the ingroup/loyalty domain should find ridiculing humor particularly appealing (provided their ____ is not the target).

Zillmann and Bryant argue that ridicule in humor is often used to ____ outgroup members and venerate ingroup members.

As such, those with greater ____ to ingroup/loyalty may be rewarded by this type of humor's validation of the group.

Evidence ____ this dynamic can be found in research explaining the widespread appeal of the racially provocative humor in Norman Lear's All in the Family.

Owing in part to the satirical nature of the program, high and low prejudice individuals were able to assign different meaning to ____ content, interpreting it in a manner consistent with their existing views (and social identities).

Specifically, low ____ viewers perceived the content to be satirical whereas high prejudice consumers interpreted the content to be "telling it like it is."

Thus, audience members selectively ____ the object of ridicule as the outgroup member, an outcome facilitated by the show's satirical approach.

Imagine a small bird nearing the end of ____ long, cold winter day.

It has the opportunity to visit one last foraging site before dark to get the remaining food energy it needs to survive the ____

Suppose it requires four more units of food and has a choice ____ two possible sites.

One yields three units every time it is visited, and is thus of constant quality; the other yields ____ units on half the occasions it is visited, but nothing at all on the other half, and is therefore of variable quality.

For a rate-maximising predator, the constant site would seem to be best, because its average ____ per visit is 3 units compared with only 2.5 at the variable site.

Unfortunately, were our bird to be tempted ____ this, it would be dead by morning.

Clearly the only way it is going to see another dawn is to go for the variable site and gamble on getting 5 units instead of ____

Such a decision would be based on minimising the risk of starvation rather than maximising net ____ of intake, and our bird would be said to forage in a risk-sensitive fashion.

The true definition of representative art is not that the artifact resembles an original, ____ that the feeling evoked by the artifact resembles the feeling evoked by the original.

When a portrait is said to be ____ the sitter, what is meant is that the spectator, when he looks at the portrait, 'feels as if he were in the sitter's presence.'

This is what the representative artist as ____ is aiming at.

He knows ____ he wants to make his audience feel, and he constructs his artifact in such a way that it will make them feel like that.

Up to a point, this is done by representing the object ____ but beyond that point it is done by skilful departure from literal representation.

The skill in question, like any other form of skill, is a matter of devising means to a given end, and is acquired empirically, by observing how certain artifacts affect certain audiences, ____ thus through experience becoming able to produce in one's audience the kind of effect one wants to produce.

Representative art seeks to bring out an emotional response associated with ____ original subject, achieved by using observation and experience to exceed any literal representation at some point.

The research psychologist ____ Loftus has done more than anyone else to help juries understand research implications on eyewitness testimony.

In her expert testimony, she explains to juries that eyewitness testimony can be very unreliable, that recalling is not like playing ____ a videotape, and that we fill in many of the missing details without knowing it — a process called confabulation.

It is common for prosecuting attorneys ____ call upon other expert witnesses in an attempt to rebut Loftus's testimony.

But such rebuttals don't deny, or present ____ against, the existence of confabulation.

Instead, they usually raise ____ possibility that the eyewitness testimony is accurate.

Confabulation is one of the best established effects in cognitive psychology, so the concept itself ____ hard to rebut.

It is ____ difficult to assert exceptions to scientific generalizations.

The prosecution expert might report having known someone with uncanny recall, or ____ had occasional research subjects with that ability.

This fact, of course, would in no way compromise the findings on memory, nor would you need an expert ____ make the observation.

Addition ____ not the only numerical operation in the animal repertoire.

The ability to compare two numerical quantities is an even more fundamental ability, and indeed it ____ widespread among animals.

Show a chimpanzee two trays on which you have placed several bits ____ chocolate.

On the first tray, two piles of chocolate chips are visible, one with four ____ and the other with three pieces.

The second tray contains a ____ with five pieces of chocolate and, separate from it, a single piece.

Leave the animal enough time to watch the situation ____ before letting it choose one tray and eat its content.

Which tray ____ you think that it will pick?

Most of the time, without training, the chimpanzee selects the tray with ____ largest total number of chocolate chips.

Hence, the greedy primate must spontaneously compute the total of the first tray (4 + 3 = 7), then the total ____ the second tray (5 + 1 = 6), and finally it must reckon that 7 is larger than 6 and that it is therefore advantageous to choose the first tray.

If the chimp could not do the additions but was content with choosing the ____ with the largest single pile of chocolates, it should have been wrong in this particular example because, while the pile with five chips on the second tray exceeds each of the piles on the first tray, the total amount of chips on the first tray is larger.

Clearly, the two additions and the ____ comparison operation are all required for success.

____ can be hard work.

In fact, Roy Baumeister and his colleagues liken ____ to exercising a muscle.

At ____ the exercise may be easy, but with repetitions it becomes harder and harder.

And after the muscle is ____ it may be difficult to use it for some time until it recovers.

Similarly, exerting self-control in one task (such as trying to suppress thoughts about a particular object) weakens people's ability to exercise control in a completely different task, ____ as persisting in a difficult figure-drawing or anagram-solving task.

The fact that self-regulation depletes some inner resource in this way may even account for the observation that people who are fatigued, under stress, or are low in regulatory resources for other reasons often turn ____ tempting behaviors that are damaging in the long run.

These outcomes are not inevitable, however; recent studies suggest that at times, a cognitive load may reduce attention to, and feelings of temptation by, ____ stimuli such as calorie-rich treat foods.

The reason appears to be that some ____ resources are required to recognize the tempting nature of such stimuli, so at times a demanding cognitive task may actually facilitate self-regulation.

Most metaphors of memory over the centuries have described the memory system as a storehouse, or palace ____ many rooms in which memories may be placed.

A more up-to-date version of this ____ metaphor is a large library.

In such a system, new books are stored in precise locations according to ____ specified characteristics as the general topic, date of publication, and author's name.

____ with such knowledge, a borrower can retrieve the sought-for volume successfully at a later time.

Even a huge library like the Library of Congress works effectively on this system, but when we consider human memory ____ when metaphors meet the brain, as it were — the analogy is less persuasive.

There ____ little evidence, for instance, that our millions of specific memories are each stored in just one specific location in the brain; in contrast, most neuroscientists now believe that memories are represented by neural networks distributed widely throughout the cerebral cortex.

Additionally, the library metaphor suggests that memories of events and pieces of knowledge are fixed objects, like books on shelves, whereas a stronger case can be made for memories as ____ activities of the brain rather than as static entities.

Because environments are ____ and ever-changing, carrying capacity can vary.

If a fire destroys a forest, for example, the carrying capacities for most forest animals will decline, whereas carrying capacities for species that benefit from fire (such as fire-adapted grasses or trees with specially adapted ____ will increase.

Our own species has proven capable of ____ altering our environment to raise our carrying capacity.

____ our ancestors began to build shelters and use fire for heating and cooking, they eased the limiting factors of cold climates and were able to expand into new territory.

As human civilization developed, we overcame limiting factors through the development of new ____ and cultural institutions.

People have managed so far to increase the planet's carrying capacity for our species, but we have done ____ by appropriating immense proportions of the planet's natural resources.

In the ____ we have reduced carrying capacities for countless other organisms that rely on those same resources.

With carrying capacity for individual species being fluid due to the nature of environments, humans have successfully increased ____ own by reshaping their living environments, but this has come at the expense of the carrying capacity for other species.

A groundbreaking study of morality and time by Eugene Caruso began ____ pointing out that moral rules are generally assumed to remain constant.

An ____ that was morally wrong yesterday will be morally wrong tomorrow, and to the same degree, assuming the circumstances have not changed.

Yet, his work found that people condemned identical misdeeds more when set in the ____ than in the past.

In general, people ____ to "moralize" the future.

That is, they apply stricter moral rules to the future than the ____ or present and show greater moral concern.

In various studies, thinking about the future made people condemn misdeeds by others more intensely, ____ opposed to thinking about the present.

They even called for more severe punishment for themselves for future misdeeds than in ____ past.

So it is not simply a matter of selfishly wanting ____ else to obey the rules and exempting oneself.

People will make greater sacrifices for their reputation when focused on ____ future than the present.

People are even more virtuous and generous in their own actions, ____ at least they say they would be, when they are thinking about the future and the present.

That's because thinking about the future makes them worry about having a ____ reputation.

Though thousands of books have been written about learning, the concept of ____ potential remains insufficiently elaborated.

One of the possible reasons for such a state of affairs is ____ tendency to view learning only through its products.

When a math or history exam is given to students, ____ is assumed that the results of the exam will reveal the efficiency of students' previous learning.

In other words, what we can see in ____ an exam is only the result rather than the process of learning.

Moreover, such ____ exam provides us with relatively little information about each student's potential for learning something new.

For example, one student can achieve good exam results by investing much more time in learning than ____ student who achieved the same result.

The efficiency of the first one is thus lower than that of the second student, but this factor is "hidden" in ____ typical exam.

The situation is even ____ complicated in the case of so-called intelligence tests.

Some psychologists insist that properly designed intelligence tests tap into ____ individual's innate abilities that are unrelated to his or her learning experiences.

Others, however, define intelligence itself as a ____ learning ability" and claim that intelligence tests provide us with a pretty accurate estimate of not only personal knowledge but also the person's learning ability.

Irrespective of the definition, however, ____ results of intelligence tests provide information only about people's current knowledge and problem-solving skills but say little about their learning potential.