2027 수능특강 영독연 10강 빈칸 채우기

People highly sensitive to the ingroup/loyalty domain should find ____ humor particularly appealing (provided their group is not the target).

Zillmann and ____ argue that ridicule in humor is often used to disparage outgroup members and venerate ingroup members.

As such, those with greater sensitivity to ingroup/loyalty ____ be rewarded by this type of humor's validation of the group.

Evidence of this dynamic can be found in research explaining the widespread appeal of the racially provocative humor in Norman Lear's ____ in the Family.

Owing in part to the satirical nature of the program, high and low prejudice individuals were able to assign different meaning to the content, interpreting it in a manner consistent with their ____ views (and social identities).

Specifically, low prejudice viewers perceived the content to be satirical whereas high prejudice consumers interpreted the content to be "____ it like it is."

Thus, audience members selectively perceived the object of ridicule as the outgroup member, an outcome facilitated by the ____ satirical approach.

Imagine a small bird nearing the end of a long, cold winter ____.

It has the opportunity to visit one last foraging ____ before dark to get the remaining food energy it needs to survive the night.

Suppose it requires four more units of food and has a choice of ____ possible sites.

One yields three units every time it is ____, and is thus of constant quality; the other yields five units on half the occasions it is visited, but nothing at all on the other half, and is therefore of variable quality.

For a rate-maximising predator, the constant site would seem to be best, because its average yield per visit is 3 units ____ with only 2.5 at the variable site.

____, were our bird to be tempted by this, it would be dead by morning.

Clearly the only way it is going to ____ another dawn is to go for the variable site and gamble on getting 5 units instead of none.

Such a decision would be based on minimising the ____ of starvation rather than maximising net rate of intake, and our bird would be said to forage in a risk-sensitive fashion.

The true definition of representative art is not that the artifact resembles an original, but that the ____ evoked by the artifact resembles the feeling evoked by the original.

When a portrait is said to be like the sitter, what is meant is that the spectator, when he looks at the portrait, '____ as if he were in the sitter's presence.'

This is what the representative artist as such is ____ at.

He knows how he ____ to make his audience feel, and he constructs his artifact in such a way that it will make them feel like that.

Up to a point, this is done by ____ the object literally; but beyond that point it is done by skilful departure from literal representation.

The skill in question, like any other form of skill, is a matter of devising means to a given end, and is acquired empirically, by observing how certain artifacts affect certain audiences, and thus through experience becoming able to produce in one's audience the kind of effect one ____ to produce.

Representative art seeks to bring out an emotional response associated with an original subject, achieved by using observation and experience to exceed any literal representation at some ____.

The ____ psychologist Elizabeth Loftus has done more than anyone else to help juries understand research implications on eyewitness testimony.

In her expert testimony, she explains to juries that eyewitness testimony can be very unreliable, that recalling is not like playing back a videotape, and that we fill in ____ of the missing details without knowing it — a process called confabulation.

It is common for prosecuting attorneys to ____ upon other expert witnesses in an attempt to rebut Loftus's testimony.

But such rebuttals don't deny, or present ____ against, the existence of confabulation.

Instead, they usually raise the possibility that the eyewitness ____ is accurate.

Confabulation is one of the best established effects in ____ psychology, so the concept itself is hard to rebut.

It is less difficult to ____ exceptions to scientific generalizations.

The ____ expert might report having known someone with uncanny recall, or having had occasional research subjects with that ability.

This fact, of course, would in no way compromise the findings on memory, nor would you ____ an expert to make the observation.

Addition is not the only numerical ____ in the animal repertoire.

The ability to compare two numerical quantities is an even more fundamental ability, and indeed it is widespread among ____.

Show a chimpanzee two trays on which you have ____ several bits of chocolate.

On the first tray, ____ piles of chocolate chips are visible, one with four pieces, and the other with three pieces.

The second ____ contains a pile with five pieces of chocolate and, separate from it, a single piece.

Leave the animal enough time to watch the situation carefully ____ letting it choose one tray and eat its content.

Which tray do you ____ that it will pick?

Most of the time, without training, the ____ selects the tray with the largest total number of chocolate chips.

Hence, the greedy primate must spontaneously compute the total of the first tray (4 + 3 = 7), then the total of the second tray (5 + 1 = 6), and finally it must reckon that 7 is larger than 6 and that it is therefore advantageous to choose the first ____.

If the chimp could not do the additions but was content with choosing the tray with the largest single pile of chocolates, it should have been wrong in this particular example because, while the pile with ____ chips on the second tray exceeds each of the piles on the first tray, the total amount of chips on the first tray is larger.

Clearly, the two additions and the final ____ operation are all required for success.

____ can be hard work.

In fact, Roy ____ and his colleagues liken self-regulation to exercising a muscle.

At first, the exercise may be easy, but with repetitions it becomes harder and ____.

And after the muscle is fatigued, it may be difficult to ____ it for some time until it recovers.

Similarly, exerting self-control in one task (____ as trying to suppress thoughts about a particular object) weakens people's ability to exercise control in a completely different task, such as persisting in a difficult figure-drawing or anagram-solving task.

The fact that self-regulation depletes some inner resource in this way may even account for the observation that people who are fatigued, under stress, or are low in regulatory ____ for other reasons often turn to tempting behaviors that are damaging in the long run.

These outcomes are not inevitable, however; recent studies suggest that at ____, a cognitive load may reduce attention to, and feelings of temptation by, attractive stimuli such as calorie-rich treat foods.

The reason appears to be that some cognitive resources are required to recognize the tempting nature of such stimuli, so at times a demanding cognitive ____ may actually facilitate self-regulation.

Most metaphors of memory over the centuries have described the memory system as a storehouse, or palace with many rooms in which ____ may be placed.

A more ____ version of this storehouse metaphor is a large library.

In such a system, new books are stored in precise locations according to such ____ characteristics as the general topic, date of publication, and author's name.

Armed with such knowledge, a borrower can retrieve the sought-for ____ successfully at a later time.

Even a huge library like the Library of Congress works effectively on this system, but when we consider human memory — when metaphors ____ the brain, as it were — the analogy is less persuasive.

There is little evidence, for instance, that our millions of ____ memories are each stored in just one specific location in the brain; in contrast, most neuroscientists now believe that memories are represented by neural networks distributed widely throughout the cerebral cortex.

Additionally, the library metaphor suggests that memories of events and pieces of knowledge are fixed objects, ____ books on shelves, whereas a stronger case can be made for memories as dynamic activities of the brain rather than as static entities.

Because environments are ____ and ever-changing, carrying capacity can vary.

If a ____ destroys a forest, for example, the carrying capacities for most forest animals will decline, whereas carrying capacities for species that benefit from fire (such as fire-adapted grasses or trees with specially adapted seeds) will increase.

Our ____ species has proven capable of intentionally altering our environment to raise our carrying capacity.

When our ancestors began to ____ shelters and use fire for heating and cooking, they eased the limiting factors of cold climates and were able to expand into new territory.

As human civilization developed, we overcame limiting factors through the development of ____ technologies and cultural institutions.

People have managed so far to increase the planet's carrying capacity for our species, but we have done so by appropriating ____ proportions of the planet's natural resources.

In the process, we have ____ carrying capacities for countless other organisms that rely on those same resources.

With carrying capacity for individual species being fluid due to the nature of environments, humans have successfully increased their own by reshaping their living ____, but this has come at the expense of the carrying capacity for other species.

A groundbreaking study of morality and time by Eugene Caruso began by pointing out that ____ rules are generally assumed to remain constant.

An ____ that was morally wrong yesterday will be morally wrong tomorrow, and to the same degree, assuming the circumstances have not changed.

Yet, his work ____ that people condemned identical misdeeds more when set in the future than in the past.

In general, people seem to "moralize" the ____.

That is, they apply ____ moral rules to the future than the past or present and show greater moral concern.

In various studies, thinking about the future ____ people condemn misdeeds by others more intensely, as opposed to thinking about the present.

They even called for ____ severe punishment for themselves for future misdeeds than in the past.

So it is not simply a matter of selfishly wanting everyone else to obey the ____ and exempting oneself.

People ____ make greater sacrifices for their reputation when focused on the future than the present.

People are even more virtuous and generous in their own ____, or at least they say they would be, when they are thinking about the future and the present.

That's because thinking ____ the future makes them worry about having a good reputation.

Though thousands of books have been written about ____, the concept of learning potential remains insufficiently elaborated.

One of the possible reasons for such a ____ of affairs is the tendency to view learning only through its products.

When a math or history exam is ____ to students, it is assumed that the results of the exam will reveal the efficiency of students' previous learning.

In other words, what we can see in such an exam is only the result rather than the ____ of learning.

Moreover, such an exam provides us with relatively little information about ____ student's potential for learning something new.

For example, one student can achieve good exam results by ____ much more time in learning than another student who achieved the same result.

The efficiency of the ____ one is thus lower than that of the second student, but this factor is "hidden" in a typical exam.

The situation is even more complicated in the ____ of so-called intelligence tests.

Some psychologists insist that properly designed intelligence tests tap into the individual's innate ____ that are unrelated to his or her learning experiences.

Others, however, define intelligence itself as a "general learning ability" and claim that intelligence tests provide us with a pretty accurate estimate of not ____ personal knowledge but also the person's learning ability.

Irrespective of the definition, however, the results of intelligence tests provide information only about people's current knowledge and problem-solving skills but say little about their ____ potential.