2027 수능특강 영독연 10강 빈칸 채우기

People highly sensitive to the ingroup/loyalty domain should find ridiculing humor ____ appealing (provided their group is not the target).

Zillmann and Bryant argue that ridicule in ____ is often used to disparage outgroup members and venerate ingroup members.

As such, those with greater sensitivity to ingroup/loyalty may be ____ by this type of humor's validation of the group.

Evidence of this dynamic can be found in research explaining ____ widespread appeal of the racially provocative humor in Norman Lear's All in the Family.

Owing in part to the satirical nature of the program, high and low prejudice individuals were able to assign different meaning to the content, interpreting it in a ____ consistent with their existing views (and social identities).

Specifically, low prejudice viewers perceived the content to be satirical whereas ____ prejudice consumers interpreted the content to be "telling it like it is."

____ audience members selectively perceived the object of ridicule as the outgroup member, an outcome facilitated by the show's satirical approach.

Imagine a small bird ____ the end of a long, cold winter day.

It has the opportunity to visit one last ____ site before dark to get the remaining food energy it needs to survive the night.

Suppose it requires four more units ____ food and has a choice of two possible sites.

One yields three units every time it ____ visited, and is thus of constant quality; the other yields five units on half the occasions it is visited, but nothing at all on the other half, and is therefore of variable quality.

For a rate-maximising predator, the constant site would seem to ____ best, because its average yield per visit is 3 units compared with only 2.5 at the variable site.

____ were our bird to be tempted by this, it would be dead by morning.

Clearly the only way it is going to see another dawn is to go for the ____ site and gamble on getting 5 units instead of none.

Such a decision would be based on minimising the risk of starvation ____ than maximising net rate of intake, and our bird would be said to forage in a risk-sensitive fashion.

The true definition of representative art is not that the artifact resembles ____ original, but that the feeling evoked by the artifact resembles the feeling evoked by the original.

When a portrait is said to be like the sitter, what is meant is that the spectator, when he looks at the portrait, ____ as if he were in the sitter's presence.'

____ is what the representative artist as such is aiming at.

He knows ____ he wants to make his audience feel, and he constructs his artifact in such a way that it will make them feel like that.

Up to a point, this is ____ by representing the object literally; but beyond that point it is done by skilful departure from literal representation.

The skill in question, like any other ____ of skill, is a matter of devising means to a given end, and is acquired empirically, by observing how certain artifacts affect certain audiences, and thus through experience becoming able to produce in one's audience the kind of effect one wants to produce.

Representative art seeks to bring out an ____ response associated with an original subject, achieved by using observation and experience to exceed any literal representation at some point.

The research psychologist Elizabeth Loftus has done more than ____ else to help juries understand research implications on eyewitness testimony.

In her expert testimony, she explains to ____ that eyewitness testimony can be very unreliable, that recalling is not like playing back a videotape, and that we fill in many of the missing details without knowing it — a process called confabulation.

It is common for prosecuting attorneys to call upon other expert witnesses ____ an attempt to rebut Loftus's testimony.

But such rebuttals don't deny, or present ____ against, the existence of confabulation.

____ they usually raise the possibility that the eyewitness testimony is accurate.

Confabulation ____ one of the best established effects in cognitive psychology, so the concept itself is hard to rebut.

It is less difficult to ____ exceptions to scientific generalizations.

The prosecution expert might report having known someone ____ uncanny recall, or having had occasional research subjects with that ability.

This fact, of course, would in no way compromise the findings on memory, nor would you need an expert to ____ the observation.

____ is not the only numerical operation in the animal repertoire.

The ability to compare two numerical quantities is an ____ more fundamental ability, and indeed it is widespread among animals.

Show a chimpanzee two trays on which you have placed several bits of ____

On the first tray, two piles of chocolate chips are visible, one with four pieces, and the ____ with three pieces.

The second tray contains a pile with five pieces of chocolate and, separate from it, ____ single piece.

Leave the animal enough time to watch the situation carefully before ____ it choose one tray and eat its content.

Which tray do you think that it will ____

Most of the time, without training, the chimpanzee selects the tray with the largest total number of chocolate ____

Hence, the greedy ____ must spontaneously compute the total of the first tray (4 + 3 = 7), then the total of the second tray (5 + 1 = 6), and finally it must reckon that 7 is larger than 6 and that it is therefore advantageous to choose the first tray.

If the chimp could not do the additions but was content with choosing the tray with the largest single pile of chocolates, it should have been wrong in this particular example because, while the pile with five chips on the second tray exceeds each of the piles on the first tray, the total amount of chips on the first ____ is larger.

Clearly, the two additions ____ the final comparison operation are all required for success.

Self-regulation can be hard ____

In fact, Roy Baumeister and ____ colleagues liken self-regulation to exercising a muscle.

At first, the exercise may ____ easy, but with repetitions it becomes harder and harder.

And after the muscle is fatigued, it may be difficult to use it for some time ____ it recovers.

Similarly, exerting self-control in one ____ (such as trying to suppress thoughts about a particular object) weakens people's ability to exercise control in a completely different task, such as persisting in a difficult figure-drawing or anagram-solving task.

The fact that self-regulation depletes some inner ____ in this way may even account for the observation that people who are fatigued, under stress, or are low in regulatory resources for other reasons often turn to tempting behaviors that are damaging in the long run.

These outcomes are not inevitable, however; recent studies suggest that at times, a cognitive load may reduce attention to, and ____ of temptation by, attractive stimuli such as calorie-rich treat foods.

The reason appears to be that some cognitive resources are required to recognize the tempting nature of such stimuli, so at times a demanding cognitive task may ____ facilitate self-regulation.

Most metaphors of memory over the centuries have described the memory system as a storehouse, or palace with many rooms in which ____ may be placed.

A more up-to-date version ____ this storehouse metaphor is a large library.

In such a system, new books are stored ____ precise locations according to such specified characteristics as the general topic, date of publication, and author's name.

____ with such knowledge, a borrower can retrieve the sought-for volume successfully at a later time.

Even a huge library like the Library of Congress works effectively on this system, but when we consider human memory — when ____ meet the brain, as it were — the analogy is less persuasive.

There is little evidence, for instance, that our millions of specific memories are each stored in just one specific location in the brain; in contrast, most neuroscientists now believe that memories are represented by neural networks distributed widely throughout the ____ cortex.

Additionally, the library metaphor suggests that memories of events and pieces of knowledge are ____ objects, like books on shelves, whereas a stronger case can be made for memories as dynamic activities of the brain rather than as static entities.

Because environments are ____ and ever-changing, carrying capacity can vary.

If a fire destroys a forest, for example, the carrying capacities ____ most forest animals will decline, whereas carrying capacities for species that benefit from fire (such as fire-adapted grasses or trees with specially adapted seeds) will increase.

Our own species has proven capable of intentionally altering our environment to raise our carrying ____

When our ancestors began to build shelters and use fire for heating and cooking, they eased the limiting factors of cold climates ____ were able to expand into new territory.

As human civilization developed, we overcame limiting factors through ____ development of new technologies and cultural institutions.

People have managed so ____ to increase the planet's carrying capacity for our species, but we have done so by appropriating immense proportions of the planet's natural resources.

In the process, we have reduced carrying capacities for countless other organisms that rely on those same ____

With carrying capacity for individual species being fluid due to the nature of ____ humans have successfully increased their own by reshaping their living environments, but this has come at the expense of the carrying capacity for other species.

A ____ study of morality and time by Eugene Caruso began by pointing out that moral rules are generally assumed to remain constant.

An act that was morally wrong yesterday will be morally wrong tomorrow, and to the same degree, assuming the circumstances ____ not changed.

Yet, his work ____ that people condemned identical misdeeds more when set in the future than in the past.

In general, people ____ to "moralize" the future.

That is, they apply stricter moral rules to ____ future than the past or present and show greater moral concern.

In various studies, thinking about the future ____ people condemn misdeeds by others more intensely, as opposed to thinking about the present.

They even called for more ____ punishment for themselves for future misdeeds than in the past.

So it is not simply a matter of selfishly wanting everyone else to ____ the rules and exempting oneself.

People will make greater ____ for their reputation when focused on the future than the present.

People are even more virtuous and generous in their own actions, or at least they say they would be, when they ____ thinking about the future and the present.

That's because thinking ____ the future makes them worry about having a good reputation.

Though thousands of books have been written about learning, the ____ of learning potential remains insufficiently elaborated.

One of the possible reasons for such a state of affairs ____ the tendency to view learning only through its products.

When a math or history exam is given to students, it is assumed that the results of the exam will reveal the efficiency of ____ previous learning.

In other words, what we ____ see in such an exam is only the result rather than the process of learning.

Moreover, such ____ exam provides us with relatively little information about each student's potential for learning something new.

For example, one student can ____ good exam results by investing much more time in learning than another student who achieved the same result.

The efficiency of the first one is thus lower than that of the second student, but this ____ is "hidden" in a typical exam.

The situation is even more ____ in the case of so-called intelligence tests.

Some psychologists insist that properly ____ intelligence tests tap into the individual's innate abilities that are unrelated to his or her learning experiences.

Others, ____ define intelligence itself as a "general learning ability" and claim that intelligence tests provide us with a pretty accurate estimate of not only personal knowledge but also the person's learning ability.

Irrespective of the definition, however, the results of intelligence tests provide information ____ about people's current knowledge and problem-solving skills but say little about their learning potential.