2027 수능특강 영독연 10강 빈칸 채우기

People highly sensitive to the ____ domain should find ridiculing humor particularly appealing (provided their group is not the target).

Zillmann and Bryant ____ that ridicule in humor is often used to disparage outgroup members and venerate ingroup members.

As such, those ____ greater sensitivity to ingroup/loyalty may be rewarded by this type of humor's validation of the group.

Evidence of this dynamic can ____ found in research explaining the widespread appeal of the racially provocative humor in Norman Lear's All in the Family.

Owing in part to the satirical nature of the program, high and low prejudice individuals were able to assign different meaning to the content, interpreting ____ in a manner consistent with their existing views (and social identities).

Specifically, low prejudice viewers perceived ____ content to be satirical whereas high prejudice consumers interpreted the content to be "telling it like it is."

Thus, audience members selectively perceived the object of ridicule as the outgroup member, an outcome facilitated ____ the show's satirical approach.

Imagine a small ____ nearing the end of a long, cold winter day.

It has the opportunity to visit one last foraging site before ____ to get the remaining food energy it needs to survive the night.

Suppose it requires four more units ____ food and has a choice of two possible sites.

One yields three units every time it is visited, and ____ thus of constant quality; the other yields five units on half the occasions it is visited, but nothing at all on the other half, and is therefore of variable quality.

For a rate-maximising predator, the constant site would seem to be best, because its average yield per visit ____ 3 units compared with only 2.5 at the variable site.

Unfortunately, were ____ bird to be tempted by this, it would be dead by morning.

Clearly the only way it is going to see another dawn is to go for the variable site and ____ on getting 5 units instead of none.

Such a decision would be based on minimising the risk of starvation rather than maximising net rate of ____ and our bird would be said to forage in a risk-sensitive fashion.

____ true definition of representative art is not that the artifact resembles an original, but that the feeling evoked by the artifact resembles the feeling evoked by the original.

When a portrait is said to be like the sitter, what ____ meant is that the spectator, when he looks at the portrait, 'feels as if he were in the sitter's presence.'

____ is what the representative artist as such is aiming at.

He knows how he wants to make his audience feel, and he constructs his artifact in such a way that it will make them feel ____ that.

Up to a point, this is done by representing the object literally; but beyond that point it is done by skilful departure from literal ____

The skill in question, ____ any other form of skill, is a matter of devising means to a given end, and is acquired empirically, by observing how certain artifacts affect certain audiences, and thus through experience becoming able to produce in one's audience the kind of effect one wants to produce.

Representative art seeks to bring out an emotional response associated with an original subject, achieved by using observation and experience to exceed ____ literal representation at some point.

The research psychologist Elizabeth Loftus has done more than anyone else to ____ juries understand research implications on eyewitness testimony.

In her expert testimony, she explains to juries that eyewitness testimony can be very unreliable, that recalling is not like playing back a videotape, and that we fill in many of the missing details without knowing ____ — a process called confabulation.

It is common for prosecuting attorneys to call upon other expert witnesses in an attempt to rebut Loftus's ____

But such rebuttals don't deny, or present ____ against, the existence of confabulation.

Instead, they usually raise the ____ that the eyewitness testimony is accurate.

Confabulation is one of the ____ established effects in cognitive psychology, so the concept itself is hard to rebut.

It is less difficult ____ assert exceptions to scientific generalizations.

The prosecution expert might report having ____ someone with uncanny recall, or having had occasional research subjects with that ability.

This fact, of ____ would in no way compromise the findings on memory, nor would you need an expert to make the observation.

Addition is ____ the only numerical operation in the animal repertoire.

The ability to compare two numerical quantities is an even more fundamental ability, and ____ it is widespread among animals.

____ a chimpanzee two trays on which you have placed several bits of chocolate.

On the first tray, two piles of chocolate chips are visible, one with four pieces, and ____ other with three pieces.

The second tray contains a pile with ____ pieces of chocolate and, separate from it, a single piece.

Leave the ____ enough time to watch the situation carefully before letting it choose one tray and eat its content.

Which tray do you ____ that it will pick?

Most of the time, without ____ the chimpanzee selects the tray with the largest total number of chocolate chips.

Hence, the greedy primate must spontaneously compute the total of the first tray (4 + 3 = 7), then the total of the second tray (5 + 1 = 6), and finally it must reckon that ____ is larger than 6 and that it is therefore advantageous to choose the first tray.

If the chimp could not do the additions but was content with choosing the tray with the largest single ____ of chocolates, it should have been wrong in this particular example because, while the pile with five chips on the second tray exceeds each of the piles on the first tray, the total amount of chips on the first tray is larger.

Clearly, the two additions and the final comparison operation ____ all required for success.

Self-regulation can be ____ work.

In ____ Roy Baumeister and his colleagues liken self-regulation to exercising a muscle.

At first, the exercise ____ be easy, but with repetitions it becomes harder and harder.

And after the ____ is fatigued, it may be difficult to use it for some time until it recovers.

Similarly, exerting self-control in one task ____ as trying to suppress thoughts about a particular object) weakens people's ability to exercise control in a completely different task, such as persisting in a difficult figure-drawing or anagram-solving task.

The fact that self-regulation depletes some inner resource in this way may even account for the observation that people who are fatigued, under stress, or are low in regulatory resources for ____ reasons often turn to tempting behaviors that are damaging in the long run.

These outcomes are not inevitable, however; recent studies suggest that at times, a ____ load may reduce attention to, and feelings of temptation by, attractive stimuli such as calorie-rich treat foods.

The reason appears to be that some cognitive resources are required to recognize the ____ nature of such stimuli, so at times a demanding cognitive task may actually facilitate self-regulation.

Most metaphors of memory over the centuries have described the memory system as a storehouse, or palace with many ____ in which memories may be placed.

A more up-to-date ____ of this storehouse metaphor is a large library.

In such a system, new books are stored in precise locations according to such specified characteristics ____ the general topic, date of publication, and author's name.

Armed with such knowledge, ____ borrower can retrieve the sought-for volume successfully at a later time.

Even a huge library like the Library of Congress works effectively on this system, but when we consider human memory — when metaphors meet the brain, as it were — ____ analogy is less persuasive.

____ is little evidence, for instance, that our millions of specific memories are each stored in just one specific location in the brain; in contrast, most neuroscientists now believe that memories are represented by neural networks distributed widely throughout the cerebral cortex.

Additionally, the library metaphor suggests that memories of events and pieces of knowledge are fixed objects, like books ____ shelves, whereas a stronger case can be made for memories as dynamic activities of the brain rather than as static entities.

Because environments are complex and ever-changing, carrying capacity can ____

If a fire destroys a forest, for example, the carrying capacities for most forest animals will decline, whereas ____ capacities for species that benefit from fire (such as fire-adapted grasses or trees with specially adapted seeds) will increase.

Our own ____ has proven capable of intentionally altering our environment to raise our carrying capacity.

When our ancestors began to build shelters and use fire for heating and cooking, they eased the limiting factors of cold climates and were able ____ expand into new territory.

As human civilization developed, we overcame limiting factors through the development of ____ technologies and cultural institutions.

People have managed so far to increase the planet's carrying capacity ____ our species, but we have done so by appropriating immense proportions of the planet's natural resources.

In the process, we have reduced carrying ____ for countless other organisms that rely on those same resources.

With carrying capacity for individual species being fluid due to the nature of environments, humans have successfully increased their own ____ reshaping their living environments, but this has come at the expense of the carrying capacity for other species.

A groundbreaking study ____ morality and time by Eugene Caruso began by pointing out that moral rules are generally assumed to remain constant.

An act that was morally wrong yesterday will be morally wrong ____ and to the same degree, assuming the circumstances have not changed.

Yet, his work found that ____ condemned identical misdeeds more when set in the future than in the past.

In general, people seem to "moralize" ____ future.

That is, they apply stricter moral rules to the future than the ____ or present and show greater moral concern.

In various studies, thinking about the future made ____ condemn misdeeds by others more intensely, as opposed to thinking about the present.

They even called for more ____ punishment for themselves for future misdeeds than in the past.

So it is not simply a matter of selfishly wanting everyone else to obey the rules and ____ oneself.

People will make greater sacrifices ____ their reputation when focused on the future than the present.

People are even more virtuous and generous in their own actions, or at least they say they would be, ____ they are thinking about the future and the present.

That's because thinking about the future makes them worry about having a ____ reputation.

Though thousands of books have been written about ____ the concept of learning potential remains insufficiently elaborated.

One of ____ possible reasons for such a state of affairs is the tendency to view learning only through its products.

When a math or history exam is given to ____ it is assumed that the results of the exam will reveal the efficiency of students' previous learning.

In other words, what we can see in such an exam ____ only the result rather than the process of learning.

Moreover, such an exam provides us with relatively little information about ____ student's potential for learning something new.

For example, one student ____ achieve good exam results by investing much more time in learning than another student who achieved the same result.

The efficiency of the first one is thus lower than that of the second student, but this ____ is "hidden" in a typical exam.

The situation is even more complicated in the case of so-called ____ tests.

Some psychologists insist that properly designed intelligence tests tap into the individual's innate abilities that are unrelated to ____ or her learning experiences.

Others, however, define intelligence itself as a "general learning ability" ____ claim that intelligence tests provide us with a pretty accurate estimate of not only personal knowledge but also the person's learning ability.

Irrespective of the definition, however, the results of intelligence tests provide information only about people's current knowledge and problem-solving skills but say ____ about their learning potential.