Week 5 제10강
Exercise 1 조롱하는 유머에 대한 인식
____ highly sensitive to the ingroup/loyalty domain should find ridiculing humor particularly appealing (provided their group is not the target).
Zillmann and Bryant argue that ____ in humor is often used to disparage outgroup members and venerate ingroup members.
As such, those with greater sensitivity to ingroup/loyalty may be ____ by this type of humor's validation of the group.
Evidence of this ____ can be found in research explaining the widespread appeal of the racially provocative humor in Norman Lear's All in the Family.
Owing in part to the satirical nature of the program, high and low prejudice individuals were ____ to assign different meaning to the content, interpreting it in a manner consistent with their existing views (and social identities).
____, low prejudice viewers perceived the content to be satirical whereas high prejudice consumers interpreted the content to be "telling it like it is."
Thus, audience members ____ perceived the object of ridicule as the outgroup member, an outcome facilitated by the show's satirical approach.
Exercise 2 굶어 죽을 위험을 최소화하는 먹이 찾기
Imagine a small bird nearing the end of a long, cold winter ____.
It has the opportunity to visit one last foraging site before ____ to get the remaining food energy it needs to survive the night.
Suppose it requires four more units of ____ and has a choice of two possible sites.
____ yields three units every time it is visited, and is thus of constant quality; the other yields five units on half the occasions it is visited, but nothing at all on the other half, and is therefore of variable quality.
For a rate-maximising predator, the constant site would seem to be ____, because its average yield per visit is 3 units compared with only 2.5 at the variable site.
____, were our bird to be tempted by this, it would be dead by morning.
Clearly the only way it is going to see another dawn is to go for the variable ____ and gamble on getting 5 units instead of none.
Such a decision would be based on minimising the risk of ____ rather than maximising net rate of intake, and our bird would be said to forage in a risk-sensitive fashion.
Exercise 3 재현 예술의 정의와 목표
The true definition of representative art is not that the artifact ____ an original, but that the feeling evoked by the artifact resembles the feeling evoked by the original.
When a portrait is said to be like the ____, what is meant is that the spectator, when he looks at the portrait, 'feels as if he were in the sitter's presence.'
This is ____ the representative artist as such is aiming at.
He knows how he wants to make his audience feel, and he constructs his artifact in such a ____ that it will make them feel like that.
Up to a point, this is done by representing the object ____; but beyond that point it is done by skilful departure from literal representation.
The skill in question, like any other form of skill, is a matter of devising means to a ____ end, and is acquired empirically, by observing how certain artifacts affect certain audiences, and thus through experience becoming able to produce in one's audience the kind of effect one wants to produce.
Representative art ____ to bring out an emotional response associated with an original subject, achieved by using observation and experience to exceed any literal representation at some point.
Exercise 4 목격자 증언의 신뢰도
The research psychologist Elizabeth Loftus has done more ____ anyone else to help juries understand research implications on eyewitness testimony.
In her expert testimony, she explains to juries that eyewitness testimony can be very unreliable, that recalling is not like playing back a videotape, and that we ____ in many of the missing details without knowing it — a process called confabulation.
It is common for prosecuting attorneys to call upon other expert ____ in an attempt to rebut Loftus's testimony.
But such ____ don't deny, or present evidence against, the existence of confabulation.
Instead, they usually raise the ____ that the eyewitness testimony is accurate.
Confabulation is one of the best established effects in cognitive psychology, so the concept itself is ____ to rebut.
It is less difficult to assert exceptions to ____ generalizations.
The prosecution expert might report ____ known someone with uncanny recall, or having had occasional research subjects with that ability.
This fact, of course, would in no way ____ the findings on memory, nor would you need an expert to make the observation.
Exercise 5-6 동물의 수량 계산 능력
Addition is not the only ____ operation in the animal repertoire.
The ability to compare two numerical quantities is an even more fundamental ability, and indeed it is ____ among animals.
Show a chimpanzee two trays on which you have placed several ____ of chocolate.
On the first tray, two piles of chocolate ____ are visible, one with four pieces, and the other with three pieces.
The ____ tray contains a pile with five pieces of chocolate and, separate from it, a single piece.
Leave the animal enough time to watch the situation ____ before letting it choose one tray and eat its content.
Which tray do you think that it ____ pick?
Most of the time, ____ training, the chimpanzee selects the tray with the largest total number of chocolate chips.
Hence, the greedy primate must spontaneously compute the total of the first tray (4 + 3 = 7), then the total of the second tray (5 + 1 = 6), and finally it must reckon that 7 is larger than 6 and that it is therefore advantageous to choose the ____ tray.
If the chimp could not do the additions but was content with choosing the tray with the largest single pile of chocolates, it should have been wrong in this particular example because, while the pile with five chips on the second tray exceeds each of the piles on the first tray, the ____ amount of chips on the first tray is larger.
Clearly, the two additions and the final ____ operation are all required for success.
Exercise 7 자기 조절과 인지 자원
Self-regulation ____ be hard work.
In fact, Roy ____ and his colleagues liken self-regulation to exercising a muscle.
At first, the exercise may be easy, but with repetitions it becomes harder and ____.
And ____ the muscle is fatigued, it may be difficult to use it for some time until it recovers.
Similarly, exerting ____ in one task (such as trying to suppress thoughts about a particular object) weakens people's ability to exercise control in a completely different task, such as persisting in a difficult figure-drawing or anagram-solving task.
The fact that self-regulation depletes some inner resource in this way may even account for the observation that people who are fatigued, under stress, or are low in ____ resources for other reasons often turn to tempting behaviors that are damaging in the long run.
These outcomes are not inevitable, however; recent studies suggest that at times, a cognitive ____ may reduce attention to, and feelings of temptation by, attractive stimuli such as calorie-rich treat foods.
The reason appears to be that some cognitive resources are required to recognize the tempting nature of such stimuli, so at times a demanding cognitive task may actually ____ self-regulation.
Exercise 8 기억에 대한 비유
Most metaphors of memory over the ____ have described the memory system as a storehouse, or palace with many rooms in which memories may be placed.
A more up-to-date version of this storehouse ____ is a large library.
In such a system, new books are stored in precise ____ according to such specified characteristics as the general topic, date of publication, and author's name.
Armed with such knowledge, a borrower can ____ the sought-for volume successfully at a later time.
Even a ____ library like the Library of Congress works effectively on this system, but when we consider human memory — when metaphors meet the brain, as it were — the analogy is less persuasive.
There is little evidence, for instance, that our millions of specific memories are each stored in just one specific ____ in the brain; in contrast, most neuroscientists now believe that memories are represented by neural networks distributed widely throughout the cerebral cortex.
Additionally, the library metaphor suggests that memories of events and pieces of ____ are fixed objects, like books on shelves, whereas a stronger case can be made for memories as dynamic activities of the brain rather than as static entities.
Exercise 9 환경의 수용 능력
Because environments are complex and ____, carrying capacity can vary.
If a fire ____ a forest, for example, the carrying capacities for most forest animals will decline, whereas carrying capacities for species that benefit from fire (such as fire-adapted grasses or trees with specially adapted seeds) will increase.
Our own ____ has proven capable of intentionally altering our environment to raise our carrying capacity.
When our ancestors began to build shelters and use ____ for heating and cooking, they eased the limiting factors of cold climates and were able to expand into new territory.
As human civilization developed, we ____ limiting factors through the development of new technologies and cultural institutions.
People have ____ so far to increase the planet's carrying capacity for our species, but we have done so by appropriating immense proportions of the planet's natural resources.
In the ____, we have reduced carrying capacities for countless other organisms that rely on those same resources.
With carrying capacity for individual ____ being fluid due to the nature of environments, humans have successfully increased their own by reshaping their living environments, but this has come at the expense of the carrying capacity for other species.
Exercise 10 시간 인식이 도덕적 판단에 미치는 영향
A groundbreaking study of morality and time by ____ Caruso began by pointing out that moral rules are generally assumed to remain constant.
An act that was morally wrong yesterday will be morally wrong tomorrow, and to the same degree, ____ the circumstances have not changed.
Yet, his work found that people condemned identical misdeeds more ____ set in the future than in the past.
In ____, people seem to "moralize" the future.
That is, they apply stricter ____ rules to the future than the past or present and show greater moral concern.
In various studies, thinking about the future made people ____ misdeeds by others more intensely, as opposed to thinking about the present.
They even called for more severe punishment for themselves for ____ misdeeds than in the past.
So it is not simply a matter of selfishly wanting everyone ____ to obey the rules and exempting oneself.
____ will make greater sacrifices for their reputation when focused on the future than the present.
People are even more virtuous and generous in their own actions, or at least they say they would be, ____ they are thinking about the future and the present.
That's because thinking ____ the future makes them worry about having a good reputation.
Exercise 11-12 학습 잠재력
Though thousands of books have ____ written about learning, the concept of learning potential remains insufficiently elaborated.
One of the possible reasons for such a state of affairs is the tendency to ____ learning only through its products.
When a math or history exam is given to students, it is assumed that the results of the exam will reveal the efficiency of students' ____ learning.
In other words, what we can see in such an exam is only the result ____ than the process of learning.
Moreover, such an exam provides us with relatively little information about each student's ____ for learning something new.
For example, one student can achieve good exam results by investing much more time in learning than another ____ who achieved the same result.
The efficiency of the first ____ is thus lower than that of the second student, but this factor is "hidden" in a typical exam.
The situation is even more ____ in the case of so-called intelligence tests.
Some psychologists insist that properly designed intelligence ____ tap into the individual's innate abilities that are unrelated to his or her learning experiences.
Others, however, define intelligence itself as a "general learning ability" and claim that intelligence tests provide us with a pretty accurate estimate of not only personal knowledge but also the person's learning ____.
Irrespective of the definition, however, the results of intelligence ____ provide information only about people's current knowledge and problem-solving skills but say little about their learning potential.