EBS 2026학년도 수능특강 영어독해연습 01강
1 전형성에 의존하지 않는 범주 판단
How are category judgments made ____ they don’t rely on typicality?
As an approach to ____ question, let’s think through an example.
Consider a lemon. Paint the lemon with red and ____ stripes. Is it still a lemon?
Most people say that it is. Now, inject the lemon with sugar water, so it has ____ sweet taste.
Then, run over the lemon with a truck, so ____ it’s flat as a pancake.
What have ____ got at this point? Do we have a striped, artificially sweet, flattened lemon? Or do we have a non-lemon?
Most people still accept this poor, abused fruit as a lemon, but consider ____ this judgment involves.
We’ve taken steps ____ make this object more and more distant from the prototype and also very different from any specific lemon you’ve ever encountered.
But this seems not to shake your faith that ____ object remains a lemon.
To be sure, we have ____ not-easily-recognized lemon, an exceptional lemon, but it’s still a lemon.
Apparently, something can be a lemon with virtually no resemblance to other ____
2 유인책이 동기에 미치는 영향
There’s a reason so many of the studies ____ found that were incentives undermine motivation conducted with children.
Children are busy ____ out their likes and dislikes.
When I ask my eight-year-old if he ____ a subject at school, he needs to think about it; he doesn’t intuitively know the answer the way you might.
Children are relatively new ____ a world that’s largely controlled by adults, so many of the activities that occupy their days need explanation.
They might ask themselves, “Am I drawing because I like to draw or because my teacher ____ me draw?” or
“Does this food taste good to me or am I eating it ____ otherwise I won’t get dessert?”
Incentives give them the clues to start piecing ____ their likes and dislikes.
And if you’re a ____ and an adult is willing to pay you to do something, that’s a clue that you wouldn’t otherwise enjoy doing it.
3 경쟁에서의 과장
Because both parties typically suffer costs ____ a competition escalates to violence, contests between members of the same species are typically a blend of truth and exaggeration by each party intended to convince the other party to back down.
Exaggeration would disappear if there were no cost to testing one’s abilities against those of one’s ____
If we’re ____ over the last slice of cake and I think I might be stronger than you, I’ll just punch you and find out.
But there is a notable ____ to this test, as you are likely to punch me back — a bummer under the best of circumstances, but particularly so if you’re stronger than I am.
It is this guaranteed ____ of competition that allows deceptive individuals to exaggerate their strengths and play down their weaknesses without necessarily getting caught.
This type of exaggeration can be seen throughout the animal kingdom, such as when moose or hyenas raise the hackles on their back to appear larger, or when ____ grow unnecessarily large claw shells that they do not fill with muscle.
4 타인의 반응이 도움 행동에 미치는 영향
Other ____ reactions can influence whether any one individual decides to help.
No one wants ____ foolishly rush to help in a case that may not be an emergency after all.
In fact, people sometimes fail to act because they fear appearing foolish ____ front of others.
So we usually keep calm and ____ to see what others present are doing.
Of course, if everyone ____ is also keeping calm while they check the reactions of others, everyone will conclude that help is not needed or that norms make helping inappropriate.
In one series of studies, experimenters arranged for smoke ____ pour into a laboratory room in which students were sitting completing questionnaires.
When the students were alone, their concern at the unusual ____ soon led them to seek help. But when two confederates in the room showed no reaction to the smoke, participants also did nothing.
When people notice that ____ and passersby are unresponsive, that observation reduces the likelihood that they will help.
Thus, one way that the presence of bystanders can influence helping is by suggesting ____ helping is contrary to norms.
5 자연 철학이 더 오래된 문화권에서 시작되지 못한 이유
There is a profound ____ to start natural philosophy with the ancient Greeks rather than the older cultures (Egyptian, Babylonian, Indian, and Chinese), despite their many accomplishments.
Although these older cultures had technical knowledge, keen observational skills, and vast resources of material ____ information, they failed to create natural philosophy because they did not separate the natural world from the supernatural world.
The religions of the old empires were predicated on the belief that the material world ____ controlled and inhabited by supernatural beings and forces, and that the reason for the behavior of these supernatural forces was largely unknowable.
Although there were many technical developments in the societies of the four river cultures, the intellectual heritage was dominated by the priests, and their interest in the material world was an extension of their concepts ____ theology.
Many ancient ____ such as the Egyptian, Babylonian, and Aztec empires, spent a large proportion of social capital (covering such things as the time, wealth, skill, and public space of the society) on religious activity.
6 문서를 매개로 한 통치 형태의 등장
The processes of state formation and the centralization of government in early modern Europe involved the use of increasing amounts ____ information.
Historians have noted the rise of what the Canadian sociologist Dorothy Smith called ‘textually mediated forms of ruling’ such as writing letters, writing and annotating reports, issuing forms and ____ and so on, associated with what is variously known as the information state, archive state or paper state — now in the process of transforming itself into the digital state.
This process may be described as the ____ of ‘bureaucracy’ in the original sense of the term, the rule of the bureau, or office, and its officials.
These officials both issued and followed written orders and recorded these orders in their files, together with the reports on the political situation at home and ____ that assisted decision-making.
The ruler on horseback ____ gradually transformed into the ruler sitting at his desk, as in the famous cases of Philip II of Spain in the sixteenth century and Louis XIV of France in the seventeenth.