EBS 2026학년도 수능특강 영어독해연습 01강
1 전형성에 의존하지 않는 범주 판단
How are category judgments made when ____ don’t rely on typicality?
As an approach to this question, let’s think through an ____
Consider a lemon. Paint the lemon with red and white ____ Is it still a lemon?
Most people say that ____ is. Now, inject the lemon with sugar water, so it has a sweet taste.
Then, run over the lemon with a truck, so that ____ flat as a pancake.
What have we got at this point? Do we have a striped, artificially sweet, flattened lemon? ____ do we have a non-lemon?
Most people still accept this poor, abused fruit as a lemon, but ____ what this judgment involves.
We’ve taken steps ____ make this object more and more distant from the prototype and also very different from any specific lemon you’ve ever encountered.
But this seems not to shake your faith that the object remains a ____
To be sure, we have a ____ lemon, an exceptional lemon, but it’s still a lemon.
Apparently, something can be a lemon with virtually no ____ to other lemons.
2 유인책이 동기에 미치는 영향
There’s a reason so many of the studies ____ found that were incentives undermine motivation conducted with children.
____ are busy figuring out their likes and dislikes.
When I ask my eight-year-old if he likes a subject at school, he ____ to think about it; he doesn’t intuitively know the answer the way you might.
Children are relatively new to a world that’s largely controlled by adults, ____ many of the activities that occupy their days need explanation.
They might ask themselves, “Am I drawing ____ I like to draw or because my teacher made me draw?” or
“Does this food taste good to ____ or am I eating it because otherwise I won’t get dessert?”
Incentives ____ them the clues to start piecing together their likes and dislikes.
And if you’re a child, and an adult is willing to pay you ____ do something, that’s a clue that you wouldn’t otherwise enjoy doing it.
3 경쟁에서의 과장
Because both parties typically suffer costs when a competition escalates to violence, contests between members of the same species are typically a blend of truth and exaggeration by each party intended to convince ____ other party to back down.
Exaggeration would disappear if there were no cost to testing one’s abilities against ____ of one’s opponent.
____ we’re competing over the last slice of cake and I think I might be stronger than you, I’ll just punch you and find out.
But there is a notable ____ to this test, as you are likely to punch me back — a bummer under the best of circumstances, but particularly so if you’re stronger than I am.
It is this guaranteed cost of competition that allows deceptive individuals to exaggerate their strengths and play down their weaknesses ____ necessarily getting caught.
This type of exaggeration can be seen throughout the animal kingdom, ____ as when moose or hyenas raise the hackles on their back to appear larger, or when crabs grow unnecessarily large claw shells that they do not fill with muscle.
4 타인의 반응이 도움 행동에 미치는 영향
____ people’s reactions can influence whether any one individual decides to help.
No one wants to foolishly rush to help in a case that may not be an emergency after ____
In fact, people sometimes fail to ____ because they fear appearing foolish in front of others.
So we usually keep calm and check to see what others present ____ doing.
Of course, if everyone else is also keeping calm while they check the reactions of others, everyone will conclude that help is not needed or that ____ make helping inappropriate.
In one series of studies, experimenters arranged for smoke to pour into a laboratory ____ in which students were sitting completing questionnaires.
When the students were alone, their concern at the unusual situation soon led them to ____ help. But when two confederates in the room showed no reaction to the smoke, participants also did nothing.
When people notice that bystanders and passersby are unresponsive, ____ observation reduces the likelihood that they will help.
Thus, one way that the presence of bystanders can influence helping is by suggesting ____ helping is contrary to norms.
5 자연 철학이 더 오래된 문화권에서 시작되지 못한 이유
There is a profound reason to start natural philosophy with the ancient Greeks rather than the older cultures (Egyptian, Babylonian, Indian, and Chinese), despite ____ many accomplishments.
Although these older cultures had technical knowledge, keen observational skills, and vast resources of material and ____ they failed to create natural philosophy because they did not separate the natural world from the supernatural world.
The religions of the old empires were predicated on the belief that the material world was controlled and inhabited by supernatural beings and forces, and that the reason for the behavior of these supernatural forces was largely ____
Although there were many technical developments in the societies of the four river cultures, the intellectual heritage was dominated by the priests, and their interest in the material world was ____ extension of their concepts of theology.
Many ancient civilizations, such as the Egyptian, Babylonian, ____ Aztec empires, spent a large proportion of social capital (covering such things as the time, wealth, skill, and public space of the society) on religious activity.
6 문서를 매개로 한 통치 형태의 등장
The processes of state formation and the centralization of government in early ____ Europe involved the use of increasing amounts of information.
Historians have noted the rise of what the Canadian sociologist Dorothy Smith called ‘textually mediated forms of ruling’ ____ as writing letters, writing and annotating reports, issuing forms and questionnaires and so on, associated with what is variously known as the information state, archive state or paper state — now in the process of transforming itself into the digital state.
This process may be described as the rise of ‘bureaucracy’ in the original sense of the term, the ____ of the bureau, or office, and its officials.
These officials both issued and followed written orders and recorded these orders in their files, together ____ the reports on the political situation at home and abroad that assisted decision-making.
The ruler on horseback was gradually transformed into the ruler sitting at his desk, as in the famous cases of Philip II of Spain in the sixteenth ____ and Louis XIV of France in the seventeenth.