EBS 2026학년도 수능특강 영어독해연습 01강
1 전형성에 의존하지 않는 범주 판단
How ____ category judgments made when they don’t rely on typicality?
____ an approach to this question, let’s think through an example.
Consider a lemon. Paint the lemon with red and white ____ Is it still a lemon?
Most people ____ that it is. Now, inject the lemon with sugar water, so it has a sweet taste.
____ run over the lemon with a truck, so that it’s flat as a pancake.
What have ____ got at this point? Do we have a striped, artificially sweet, flattened lemon? Or do we have a non-lemon?
Most people still accept this poor, abused fruit as a ____ but consider what this judgment involves.
We’ve taken steps to ____ this object more and more distant from the prototype and also very different from any specific lemon you’ve ever encountered.
But this seems not to shake your faith that the object ____ a lemon.
To be sure, we have a not-easily-recognized lemon, an exceptional lemon, but it’s still ____ lemon.
Apparently, something can be a lemon with virtually no ____ to other lemons.
2 유인책이 동기에 미치는 영향
There’s a reason so many of the studies that found ____ were incentives undermine motivation conducted with children.
Children are busy ____ out their likes and dislikes.
When I ask my eight-year-old if he likes ____ subject at school, he needs to think about it; he doesn’t intuitively know the answer the way you might.
Children are relatively new to a world that’s largely controlled by adults, so many of ____ activities that occupy their days need explanation.
They might ask ____ “Am I drawing because I like to draw or because my teacher made me draw?” or
“Does this food taste good to me or am I eating it because otherwise I won’t get ____
Incentives give them the clues to start piecing together their likes ____ dislikes.
And if you’re a child, and an adult is willing to pay you to do something, that’s a clue that you wouldn’t ____ enjoy doing it.
3 경쟁에서의 과장
Because both parties typically suffer costs when a competition escalates to violence, contests between members of the same species are typically a ____ of truth and exaggeration by each party intended to convince the other party to back down.
Exaggeration would disappear if there were no cost to testing one’s abilities against those of one’s ____
If we’re competing over the last slice ____ cake and I think I might be stronger than you, I’ll just punch you and find out.
But there is a ____ cost to this test, as you are likely to punch me back — a bummer under the best of circumstances, but particularly so if you’re stronger than I am.
It is this guaranteed cost of competition that allows deceptive individuals to exaggerate their strengths and play down their weaknesses without necessarily ____ caught.
This type of exaggeration can be seen throughout the animal kingdom, such as when moose or hyenas raise the hackles on their back to appear larger, or when crabs grow unnecessarily ____ claw shells that they do not fill with muscle.
4 타인의 반응이 도움 행동에 미치는 영향
Other people’s reactions can ____ whether any one individual decides to help.
No one wants to foolishly rush to help in a case that may not ____ an emergency after all.
____ fact, people sometimes fail to act because they fear appearing foolish in front of others.
So we usually keep calm and check to see what others present are ____
Of course, if everyone else is also keeping calm while they check the reactions of others, everyone will conclude that help is not ____ or that norms make helping inappropriate.
In one series of studies, experimenters arranged for smoke to pour into a laboratory room in which students were ____ completing questionnaires.
When the students were alone, their concern at the unusual situation soon led ____ to seek help. But when two confederates in the room showed no reaction to the smoke, participants also did nothing.
When people notice ____ bystanders and passersby are unresponsive, that observation reduces the likelihood that they will help.
Thus, one way that ____ presence of bystanders can influence helping is by suggesting that helping is contrary to norms.
5 자연 철학이 더 오래된 문화권에서 시작되지 못한 이유
There is a profound reason to start natural philosophy with the ancient Greeks rather than the older cultures (Egyptian, Babylonian, Indian, ____ Chinese), despite their many accomplishments.
Although these older cultures had technical knowledge, keen observational skills, and vast resources of material and information, they failed to create natural philosophy because they ____ not separate the natural world from the supernatural world.
The religions of the old empires were predicated on the belief that the material world was controlled and inhabited by supernatural beings ____ forces, and that the reason for the behavior of these supernatural forces was largely unknowable.
Although there were many technical developments in the societies of the four river ____ the intellectual heritage was dominated by the priests, and their interest in the material world was an extension of their concepts of theology.
Many ancient civilizations, such as the Egyptian, Babylonian, and ____ empires, spent a large proportion of social capital (covering such things as the time, wealth, skill, and public space of the society) on religious activity.
6 문서를 매개로 한 통치 형태의 등장
The processes of state formation and ____ centralization of government in early modern Europe involved the use of increasing amounts of information.
Historians have noted the rise of what the Canadian sociologist Dorothy Smith called ‘textually mediated forms of ruling’ such as writing letters, writing and annotating reports, issuing forms and questionnaires and so on, associated with what is variously known as the information state, archive state ____ paper state — now in the process of transforming itself into the digital state.
This process may be described as the rise of ____ in the original sense of the term, the rule of the bureau, or office, and its officials.
These officials both issued and followed written orders and recorded these orders in their files, together with the ____ on the political situation at home and abroad that assisted decision-making.
The ruler on horseback was gradually transformed into the ruler sitting at his desk, as in ____ famous cases of Philip II of Spain in the sixteenth century and Louis XIV of France in the seventeenth.