EBS 2026 수능특강 영어독해연습 4강
7 인간처럼 구문을 사용하는 일본 박새의 노래
The bird ____ we hear every day are more than beautiful.
____ serve a practical purpose.
Birds employ their ____ to call their mates, find their flock, claim territory, scare off intruders, warn others about predators, and for countless other functions.
For instance, Japanese and Swiss researchers recently discovered that Japanese great tits, small birds with jet-black heads and necks with prominent ____ cheeks, use syntax in their songs, just as humans do in their speech.
Syntax is crucial to language. For example, if ____ say, “I love that restaurant,” the message is clear.
But ____ even Star Wars’ Master Yoda could understand, “Restaurant love that I.” Until recently, scientists believed that only humans could string together such vocalizations.
The ____ great tit, it turns out, is the first animal apart from humans who can use phonological syntax — the ability to combine sounds that individually have no meaning into a collective sound — that does.
To instruct other members of his ____ to scan for predators, or to attract a mate, a great tit must sing several distinct notes in the correct order — if the notes are sung differently, the study found, other birds will not react.
8 불안에 대한 유전자의 역할
When an organism is confronted ____ some sort of threat, it typically becomes vigilant, searches to gain information about the nature of the threat, struggles to find an effective coping response.
And once a signal indicates safety — the lion has been evaded, the ____ cop buys the explanation and doesn’t issue a ticket — the organism can relax.
But this ____ not what occurs in an anxious individual.
Instead, there is a nervous scrambling among coping responses — abruptly shifting from one to another without checking whether anything has worked, an agitated attempt to ____ all the bases and attempt a variety of responses simultaneously.
Or there is an inability to detect when the safety signal occurs, and the restless vigilance keeps ____
By definition, anxiety makes little sense outside the context of what the environment is doing ____ an individual.
In that framework, the brain chemicals and, ultimately, the genes relevant to anxiety don’t make ____ anxious.
They make you more responsive to anxiety-provoking situations, make it harder to ____ safety signals in the environment.
9 확률을 예측하는 아기
Babies use statistical learning ____ make predictions about the world, guiding their actions.
Like little statisticians, they form hypotheses, assess ____ based on their knowledge, integrate new evidence from the environment, and perform tests.
In one creative study by the developmental psychologist Fei Xu, ten- to fourteen-month-old children first expressed a preference for pink or black lollipops, ____ were shown two candy jars:
one containing more black ____ than pink, and one with more pink than black.
The experimenter ____ closed her eyes and drew one lollipop from each jar so infants could see only the stick, not the color.
Each lollipop was placed into a separate, opaque cup with only ____ stick showing.
____ crawled to the cup that was statistically more likely to contain their preferred color, because it came from a jar where that color was in the majority.
Experiments like this demonstrate that infants ____ not merely reactive to the world.
Even from a very young ____ they actively estimate probabilities based on patterns that they observe and learn, to maximize the outcomes they desire.
10 냄새의 기능
David Howes, a professor of anthropology, notes the frequent association in different cultures between scents and rituals of transition, such as funerals or ____ of passage.
He suggests that ____ is felt to be symbolically appropriate for moments of social transition because it so frequently accompanies and marks other types of physical transition,
as when cooking smells signal ____ transformation of raw ingredients into food.
While scents tend to escape spaces and spread out of human control, our experience of them is frequently liminal, as we notice scents far more strongly when first entering their ____
You smell baking bread strongly as you enter a house, but after a few minutes inside, you may no longer be able to smell it even with deliberate effort, a physical ____ known as olfactory adaptation or exhaustion.
It ____ an overwhelming smell to retain our notice after a period of constant exposure.
Smells signal transitions through space as well as changes ____ state, and are thus used to mark socially important moments of change.
11 다양한 접근 방식의 필요성
Variability in judgments is expected and ____ in a competitive situation in which the best judgments will be rewarded.
When several companies (or several teams in ____ same organization) compete to generate innovative solutions to the same customer problem, we don’t want them to focus on the same approach.
The same is true when multiple teams of researchers attack a scientific problem, such as the development ____ a vaccine: we very much want them to look at it from different angles.
____ forecasters sometimes behave like competitive players.
____ analyst who correctly calls a recession that no one else has anticipated is sure to gain fame, whereas the one who never strays from the agreement remains unnoticed.
In such settings, variability in ideas and judgments is ____ welcome, because variation is only the first step.
In a second phase, the results of these judgments will be pitted against one another, and the best ____ triumph.
In a market ____ in nature, selection cannot work without variation.
12 철저한 사전 조사
____ failures begin with preparation.
No scientist wants to waste time or materials on experiments that have been run ____ and failed.
Do your homework. The ____ intelligent failure is hypothesis driven.
You’ve taken the time to think through what might happen — why you have reason to believe that you could ____ right about what will happen.
____ Harvard colleague Thomas Eisenmann, an entrepreneurship expert, finds that many start-up failures are caused by the skipping of basic homework.
For example, Triangulate, an online dating start-up, rushed to launch fully functional offerings that didn’t ____ any market needs.
Eager to launch fast, founders skipped ____ research — customer interviews to probe for unmet needs.
Paying no ____ to that crucial preparation, the company paid the price.
Thomas attributes this common failure, in part, to “the ‘fail fast’ mantra,” ____ overemphasizes action, shortchanging preparation.
Moreover, while this might seem self-evident, once you’ve done ____ homework, you must pay attention to what it’s telling you.