EBS 2026 수능특강 영어독해연습 4강
7 인간처럼 구문을 사용하는 일본 박새의 노래
The bird songs we ____ every day are more than beautiful.
They serve a ____ purpose.
Birds employ their voices to call their mates, find their flock, claim territory, scare off intruders, warn others about predators, and ____ countless other functions.
For instance, Japanese and Swiss researchers recently discovered that Japanese great tits, ____ birds with jet-black heads and necks with prominent white cheeks, use syntax in their songs, just as humans do in their speech.
Syntax is crucial to language. For example, if ____ say, “I love that restaurant,” the message is clear.
But not even Star Wars’ Master ____ could understand, “Restaurant love that I.” Until recently, scientists believed that only humans could string together such vocalizations.
The Japanese great tit, it turns out, is the first animal apart from humans who can use phonological syntax — the ability to combine ____ that individually have no meaning into a collective sound — that does.
To instruct other members of his flock to scan for predators, or to attract a mate, a great tit must sing several distinct notes in the correct order — if the notes are sung differently, ____ study found, other birds will not react.
8 불안에 대한 유전자의 역할
When an organism is confronted with some sort of threat, it typically becomes vigilant, searches to gain ____ about the nature of the threat, struggles to find an effective coping response.
And once a signal indicates safety — the lion has been evaded, the traffic cop buys the explanation and doesn’t issue a ticket ____ the organism can relax.
But ____ is not what occurs in an anxious individual.
Instead, there is a nervous scrambling among coping responses — abruptly shifting from one to another without ____ whether anything has worked, an agitated attempt to cover all the bases and attempt a variety of responses simultaneously.
Or there is an inability to detect when the safety signal occurs, and ____ restless vigilance keeps going.
By definition, anxiety makes little sense outside the context of what the environment is doing to an ____
In that framework, the brain chemicals and, ultimately, the genes relevant ____ anxiety don’t make you anxious.
They make you more responsive to anxiety-provoking situations, make it harder to detect safety signals in the ____
9 확률을 예측하는 아기
Babies use statistical learning to make predictions ____ the world, guiding their actions.
Like little statisticians, they form hypotheses, assess probabilities ____ on their knowledge, integrate new evidence from the environment, and perform tests.
In one creative study ____ the developmental psychologist Fei Xu, ten- to fourteen-month-old children first expressed a preference for pink or black lollipops, then were shown two candy jars:
one containing more ____ lollipops than pink, and one with more pink than black.
____ experimenter then closed her eyes and drew one lollipop from each jar so infants could see only the stick, not the color.
Each lollipop was placed into a separate, opaque cup with only the ____ showing.
Infants crawled to the cup that was statistically more ____ to contain their preferred color, because it came from a jar where that color was in the majority.
Experiments like this demonstrate ____ infants are not merely reactive to the world.
Even from a very young age, they actively estimate probabilities based on ____ that they observe and learn, to maximize the outcomes they desire.
10 냄새의 기능
David Howes, a professor of anthropology, notes the ____ association in different cultures between scents and rituals of transition, such as funerals or rites of passage.
He suggests that scent is felt to be symbolically appropriate for moments of social transition because it so ____ accompanies and marks other types of physical transition,
as when ____ smells signal the transformation of raw ingredients into food.
While scents tend to escape spaces and spread out of human control, our experience ____ them is frequently liminal, as we notice scents far more strongly when first entering their range.
You smell baking bread strongly as you enter a house, but after a few minutes inside, you may no longer be able to smell it even with deliberate effort, a physical ____ known as olfactory adaptation or exhaustion.
It takes an overwhelming smell to retain our notice after ____ period of constant exposure.
Smells signal transitions through space as well as changes of state, and are thus used to mark socially ____ moments of change.
11 다양한 접근 방식의 필요성
Variability in judgments is expected and welcome in a competitive situation in ____ the best judgments will be rewarded.
When several companies (or several teams in the same organization) compete to generate innovative solutions to the same customer problem, ____ don’t want them to focus on the same approach.
The same is true when multiple teams of researchers attack a scientific problem, such as the development of a vaccine: we very much want them to look ____ it from different angles.
____ forecasters sometimes behave like competitive players.
The analyst who correctly calls a recession that no one else has anticipated is sure to gain fame, whereas the one who never strays from the ____ remains unnoticed.
In ____ settings, variability in ideas and judgments is again welcome, because variation is only the first step.
In a second phase, the results of these judgments will be ____ against one another, and the best will triumph.
In a market as in nature, selection cannot work without ____
12 철저한 사전 조사
Intelligent failures ____ with preparation.
No scientist wants to waste time or materials on experiments that have been run before and ____
Do your homework. ____ classic intelligent failure is hypothesis driven.
You’ve taken the time to think through what might happen — why you have reason to believe that you could be right about what ____ happen.
My Harvard colleague Thomas Eisenmann, an entrepreneurship expert, finds that many start-up failures are caused by the skipping of ____ homework.
For example, Triangulate, an online dating start-up, rushed to launch fully functional offerings that ____ fit any market needs.
Eager to launch fast, founders skipped the ____ — customer interviews to probe for unmet needs.
Paying no attention to that crucial preparation, ____ company paid the price.
Thomas attributes this common failure, in part, to “the ‘fail ____ mantra,” which overemphasizes action, shortchanging preparation.
Moreover, while this might seem self-evident, once you’ve done the homework, you must pay attention to what it’s ____ you.