EBS 2026 수능특강 영어독해연습 4강
7 인간처럼 구문을 사용하는 일본 박새의 노래
The bird songs we hear every day are more ____ beautiful.
They ____ a practical purpose.
Birds employ their voices to call their mates, find their flock, claim territory, scare off ____, warn others about predators, and for countless other functions.
For instance, ____ and Swiss researchers recently discovered that Japanese great tits, small birds with jet-black heads and necks with prominent white cheeks, use syntax in their songs, just as humans do in their speech.
Syntax is crucial to language. For example, if you say, “I love that restaurant,” the message is ____.
But not even Star Wars’ Master Yoda could understand, “Restaurant love that I.” Until recently, scientists believed that only humans ____ string together such vocalizations.
The Japanese great tit, it turns out, is the first animal apart from humans who ____ use phonological syntax — the ability to combine sounds that individually have no meaning into a collective sound — that does.
To instruct other members of his flock to scan for predators, or to attract a mate, a great tit must ____ several distinct notes in the correct order — if the notes are sung differently, the study found, other birds will not react.
8 불안에 대한 유전자의 역할
When an organism is confronted with some sort of threat, it typically becomes vigilant, searches to gain information about the nature of the threat, struggles to ____ an effective coping response.
And once a signal indicates safety — the lion has been evaded, the traffic cop buys the explanation and doesn’t issue a ticket — the ____ can relax.
But this is not ____ occurs in an anxious individual.
Instead, there is a nervous scrambling among coping responses — abruptly shifting from one to another without checking whether anything has ____, an agitated attempt to cover all the bases and attempt a variety of responses simultaneously.
Or there is an inability to ____ when the safety signal occurs, and the restless vigilance keeps going.
By definition, ____ makes little sense outside the context of what the environment is doing to an individual.
In that framework, the brain chemicals and, ultimately, the genes relevant to anxiety don’t make ____ anxious.
They make you more responsive to anxiety-provoking situations, make it harder to detect ____ signals in the environment.
9 확률을 예측하는 아기
Babies use statistical learning to make predictions about the ____, guiding their actions.
Like little statisticians, they form hypotheses, ____ probabilities based on their knowledge, integrate new evidence from the environment, and perform tests.
In one creative ____ by the developmental psychologist Fei Xu, ten- to fourteen-month-old children first expressed a preference for pink or black lollipops, then were shown two candy jars:
one containing more black lollipops ____ pink, and one with more pink than black.
The experimenter then closed her eyes and drew one lollipop from each ____ so infants could see only the stick, not the color.
Each lollipop was ____ into a separate, opaque cup with only the stick showing.
____ crawled to the cup that was statistically more likely to contain their preferred color, because it came from a jar where that color was in the majority.
Experiments like this demonstrate that infants are not merely reactive to the ____.
Even from a very young age, they actively estimate probabilities based on patterns that they ____ and learn, to maximize the outcomes they desire.
10 냄새의 기능
David Howes, a professor of anthropology, notes the frequent ____ in different cultures between scents and rituals of transition, such as funerals or rites of passage.
He suggests that scent is felt to be symbolically appropriate for moments of social transition because it so ____ accompanies and marks other types of physical transition,
as ____ cooking smells signal the transformation of raw ingredients into food.
While scents tend to ____ spaces and spread out of human control, our experience of them is frequently liminal, as we notice scents far more strongly when first entering their range.
You smell baking bread strongly as you enter a house, but ____ a few minutes inside, you may no longer be able to smell it even with deliberate effort, a physical process known as olfactory adaptation or exhaustion.
It takes an overwhelming smell to retain our ____ after a period of constant exposure.
Smells signal transitions through space as well as changes of state, and are ____ used to mark socially important moments of change.
11 다양한 접근 방식의 필요성
____ in judgments is expected and welcome in a competitive situation in which the best judgments will be rewarded.
When several companies (or several teams in the same organization) compete to generate innovative solutions to the same customer problem, we don’t ____ them to focus on the same approach.
The same is true when multiple teams of researchers attack a scientific problem, such as the ____ of a vaccine: we very much want them to look at it from different angles.
____ forecasters sometimes behave like competitive players.
The analyst who correctly calls a recession that no one else has anticipated is sure to gain ____, whereas the one who never strays from the agreement remains unnoticed.
In such settings, ____ in ideas and judgments is again welcome, because variation is only the first step.
In a second phase, the results of these judgments will be pitted ____ one another, and the best will triumph.
In a ____ as in nature, selection cannot work without variation.
12 철저한 사전 조사
____ failures begin with preparation.
No scientist wants to waste time or materials on experiments that ____ been run before and failed.
Do your homework. The classic intelligent failure is hypothesis ____.
You’ve taken the time to think ____ what might happen — why you have reason to believe that you could be right about what will happen.
My Harvard colleague Thomas Eisenmann, an entrepreneurship ____, finds that many start-up failures are caused by the skipping of basic homework.
For example, Triangulate, an online dating start-up, rushed to launch fully functional offerings that didn’t ____ any market needs.
Eager to launch fast, ____ skipped the research — customer interviews to probe for unmet needs.
Paying no attention to that crucial preparation, the company paid the ____.
Thomas attributes this common failure, in part, to “the ‘fail fast’ mantra,” which overemphasizes ____, shortchanging preparation.
Moreover, while this might ____ self-evident, once you’ve done the homework, you must pay attention to what it’s telling you.