2026 수능특강 영어독해연습 9강
7 정서와 감정의 차이
Sentiment is very close to emotion in meaning, but when social psychologists use the term ____ they emphasize the social aspect of emotion.
Early social psychologists used sentiment to refer to the components of human responses that separate them from analogous responses ____ animals would have.
For example, Cooley ____ love and lust. Although lust is instinctive, we learn what love is through social interaction.
In other words, sentiment relies not just on the responses of the individual to the stimulus but ____ on how other human beings understand that stimulus.
In later years, as social psychologists have come to increasingly accept that ____ elements are a key piece of emotions, the idea of sentiment has become less distinguishable from that of emotion.
In contemporary work, ____ psychologists often use the term sentiment to distinguish immediate emotional responses from longer-term emotional states such as love, grief, and jealousy.
These sentiments can endure for days, weeks, and even ____ after the initial event that triggered them.
8 화석이 되기 위한 조건
To become a fossil is a long and involved process, ____ is an unlikely outcome for the vast majority of individuals.
The most obvious requirement for an organism to end up as a fossil is that it must ____ entombed within rock, usually by burial.
There are many chances ____ can prevent this happening.
____ a mollusc with two shells has the misfortune to be killed by a predator, then the soft parts will be eaten.
The predator ____ probably have to break at least one of the shells to gain access to the flesh, so it is unlikely that both shells will survive intact.
Even if they do, the two ____ may become separated.
On the other hand, if the organism dies a ____ death, although the soft parts of the body will almost certainly rot away, neither shell is likely to be damaged.
The shells are held together at the hinge by fibrous tissues, which are among the last to rot, so there is a reasonable chance that ____ two shells will remain held together until they become buried.
9 사회적 보상과 신경 경로
Sometimes, ____ monkey grooms another monkey and gets nothing in return.
Sometimes an ____ courts a mate and gets completely ignored.
Cortisol prompts a mammal to try something different, but after a few disappointments it can be ____ for the mammal to predict where to invest its energy.
This is why ____ often fall back on the neural superhighways we myelinated in youth.
Your electricity flows effortlessly down the pathways built ____ behaviors that were reliably rewarded in your past.
____ it was scoring a touchdown, or joining friends to watch your favorite quarterback score.
Of course, carrying ____ ball across a line does not meet real survival needs, but dopamine surges when you expect a social reward.
____ brain predicts social rewards from its own life experience.
Maybe you lived in a world ____ social rewards went to someone who cooked a big meal or solved a big equation or found a bar open after hours.
There are ____ ways to get social rewards, but the ones we observe and enjoy in youth build expectations that last.
Just as repeated social disappointments can lead individuals to return to familiar ____ reinforced in their youth, the brain relies on past experiences and neural pathways to predict and seek out rewarding experiences.
10 거짓말 탐지와 직관의 한계
To determine whether a person is lying, we tend ____ rely heavily on intuition.
Unless we catch a lie on ____ grounds, the only indicators of a person’s dishonesty are tone of voice, body language, and facial expressions — signs that may be too subtle for us to consciously recognize but that can still evoke a strong gut feeling.
The problem is that while we can practice our skills at evaluating others’ truthfulness in social interactions, without clear feedback on whether our ____ are correct we don’t know if we’re erring on the side of gullibility or of distrustfulness.
This means ____ unable to improve over time.
Though many people ____ they’re quite good at distinguishing truths from lies, almost no one in the general population performs with higher than chance accuracy.
On average, even police officers, lawyers, judges, psychiatrists, and members of other groups that encounter more frequent and serious lies than ordinary ____ perform no better.
11~12 연민의 개념과 변화
In ancient times, not each and every kind ____ suffering warranted pity.
____ one was supposed to feel pity for captured, tortured, and killed enemies.
Neither slaves nor Christian martyrs deserved ____
Later on, religious communities that preached the gospel of brotherly love and love of neighbor found no difficulty ____ denying it to those who did not belong and believe.
This attitude only started to change ____ the 18th century.
Playwrights reviving the Aristotelian concept of catharsis discovered pity as the most natural ____ most moral human faculty that should be cultivated by theater, literature, and music.
Philosophers who sought a moral foundation for modern civil society praised pity and sympathy as ____ of self-love and egoism.
Novelists were eager to devise plots and stories that would elicit the ____ pity, inspiring them to become sensitive and sensible citizens.
At ____ same time, hundreds of thousands of European and North American men and women campaigned for the ending of slavery and the liberation of slaves.
Fueled by an “imagined empathy” and ____ a language of love for those “brothers” and “sisters” whose freedom and human dignity were violated, they engaged in an unprecedented — and ultimately successful — struggle against the slave trade and the institution of slavery.