2026 수능특강 영독연 10강 변형문제 (7~12번)

From an epistemic perspective, a central question concerns the extent ____ which advertising is expected to be truthful.

Advertisements often use widely exaggerated or ____ claims, a practice called “puffery,” which, in contrast to misleading advertising, is legally permitted in some countries, for example, the United States.

Its legality ____ based on the assumption that individuals will not take such claims literally or act on them.

This ____ however, is contradicted by empirical evidence that shows that consumers doin fact react to puffed statements.

Even though some consumers may indeed recognize puffery as what it ____ others are more vulnerable and take it at face value.

This practice thus also raises issues of fairness: is it legitimate for ____ to make false statements that better-informed or more reflective consumers will not believe, but others will fall prey to?

Even sophisticated consumers suffer from such strategies, however, because they have to double-check which advertisements to ____ seriously.

In an analysis of the treatment of puffery in US law, legal scholar David Hoffman argues that it should be understood as causing ____ negative externality: it creates “informational burdens currently borne by buyers, without compensation from sellers.”

Environmental economists often aim to put an economic valuation on ecosystem ____

The reason for this is that ecosystem services historically have been ____ and underappreciated in environmental decision-making and policy.

Placing a monetary value on them increases their ____

The economic value of global ecosystem services is ____ to be ＄125 trillion per year.

This puts into perspective just how crucial well-functioning ecological systems are to human well-being as well ____ the extent to which human systems are intertwined with and dependent upon them.

However, site- ____ system-specific economic valuations are often more important to environmental decision-making than is global or macro evaluation.

Not all ____ systems and spaces have the same ecosystem services and natural resource value.

For example, an average hectare of open ocean provides fewer services than does an average hectare ____ reef, and an average hectare of desert provides fewer than does an average hectare of tropical rainforest.

Natural laws are not things that we can see ____ touch or hear; they are — according to Scottish philosopher David Hume — only descriptions of past groupings of events.

For instance, consider the series of events: I let go of the pen; the pen falls; I let go of the pen; the pen falls; I ____ go of the pen; and so on.

This series may be explained by a set of laws, such as gravity and ____

But this series — by itself — simply describes events that have happened in the past; it does not tell us why ____ behave that way, and it does not tell us that pens will always behave that way.

And even if those past events happened because of laws, why believe those laws ____ continue to govern events in the future?

If we say laws ____ in the past, we need some additional law that tells us those laws will exist in the future.

But, it seems we can only describe the way ____ laws behaved in the past.

Natural laws, which David Hume claims merely represent past grouping of events, do not guarantee future behavior since they lack an explanation for their continuing ____

Even ____ the universe is consistently inflating, it is still orderly.

There are consistent rules that can be observed and ____

There are dependable physical principles that govern ____ relationship of one particle to another at varying scales.

Three hundred years ago, the brilliant mathematician Sir Isaac Newton formulated the laws of motion that define the movement of large objects in physical ____

These ____ the reliable and reproducible physical rules that allow us to calculate the accurate trajectory of an artillery shell or a rocket ship.

These apply to the scale of objects that we can observe directly and are not microscopic in size; however, in the last century, a new set of quantum rules has been identified that govern how the ____ level operates.

Some of these quantum principles contradict our ____ senses.

At this microscopic scale, the actions among particles defy our established expectations of clear-cut relationships between physical ____ and effects.

Instead, quantum measurements reveal inherent uncertainties about the ____ between one object and another.

____ these built-in uncertainties are just as relevant to our lives as those Newtonian forces that govern what happens when two cars crash into each other.

Humans have ____ extremely extended period of brain development.

This is especially true for circuits that mediate ____ control, such as the prefrontal cortex, which do not fully mature until a person’s early twenties.

Until that time, synapses are still being modified ____ a massive scale.

This provides plentiful opportunity for these circuits to be shaped by experience and is likely one of the key factors in our ability to successfully ____ what has been called the “cognitive niche.”

Rather than being adapted for specific environments, with a limited set of hardwired, instinctive behaviors, we have evolved cognitive flexibility and responsiveness, allowing us to adapt ourselves to our individual ____

Repeated patterns are reinforced and habitual ____ of behavior emerge. We gradually become ourselves.

But at some point we have to stop constantly becoming ____ just get on with things — important things like building a career or finding a mate.

That means we have to consolidate ____ adaptations we have made and restrict further changes.

We can’t ____ runaway positive feedback loops forever — we have to maintain these neural configurations to remain ourselves.

The periods of wholesale ____ last considerably longer in behavioral and cognitive circuits than in sensory ones, but they still close as we reach adulthood.

The plasticity processes themselves will have progressively narrowed the “degrees of freedom” of the developing brain, magnifying initial biases by both positive reinforcement and progressive elimination of connections ____ less-favored states.

But the biochemistry of the brain also changes with maturation, so that mechanisms of plasticity and flexibility get replaced by mechanisms ____ stability and maintenance.