2026 수능특강 영독연 10강 변형문제 (7~12번)

From an ____ perspective, a central question concerns the extent to which advertising is expected to be truthful.

Advertisements often use widely ____ or metaphorical claims, a practice called “puffery,” which, in contrast to misleading advertising, is legally permitted in some countries, for example, the United States.

Its ____ is based on the assumption that individuals will not take such claims literally or act on them.

This assumption, however, is contradicted by empirical ____ that shows that consumers doin fact react to puffed statements.

Even though some ____ may indeed recognize puffery as what it is, others are more vulnerable and take it at face value.

This practice thus ____ raises issues of fairness: is it legitimate for companies to make false statements that better-informed or more reflective consumers will not believe, but others will fall prey to?

____ sophisticated consumers suffer from such strategies, however, because they have to double-check which advertisements to take seriously.

In an analysis of the treatment of puffery in US law, legal scholar David Hoffman argues that it ____ be understood as causing a negative externality: it creates “informational burdens currently borne by buyers, without compensation from sellers.”

Environmental ____ often aim to put an economic valuation on ecosystem service.

The reason for this is that ecosystem services historically have been underconsidered and underappreciated in environmental decision-making and ____.

Placing a monetary value on them increases their ____.

The economic value of global ecosystem services is estimated to be ＄125 ____ per year.

This puts into perspective just how crucial ____ ecological systems are to human well-being as well as the extent to which human systems are intertwined with and dependent upon them.

However, site- or system-specific economic valuations are often ____ important to environmental decision-making than is global or macro evaluation.

Not ____ ecological systems and spaces have the same ecosystem services and natural resource value.

For example, an average hectare of open ocean provides fewer services than does an average ____ of reef, and an average hectare of desert provides fewer than does an average hectare of tropical rainforest.

Natural laws are not ____ that we can see or touch or hear; they are — according to Scottish philosopher David Hume — only descriptions of past groupings of events.

For instance, consider the series of events: I let go of the ____; the pen falls; I let go of the pen; the pen falls; I let go of the pen; and so on.

This ____ may be explained by a set of laws, such as gravity and inertia.

But this series — by itself — simply describes events that have happened in the past; it does not ____ us why pens behave that way, and it does not tell us that pens will always behave that way.

And even if those past events happened because of laws, why believe ____ laws will continue to govern events in the future?

If we ____ laws existed in the past, we need some additional law that tells us those laws will exist in the future.

But, it ____ we can only describe the way those laws behaved in the past.

Natural laws, which David Hume claims merely represent past grouping of events, do not guarantee future behavior since they lack an explanation for their ____ validity.

____ though the universe is consistently inflating, it is still orderly.

There are consistent rules that can be observed and ____.

There are ____ physical principles that govern the relationship of one particle to another at varying scales.

Three hundred years ago, the brilliant mathematician Sir Isaac ____ formulated the laws of motion that define the movement of large objects in physical space.

____ are the reliable and reproducible physical rules that allow us to calculate the accurate trajectory of an artillery shell or a rocket ship.

These apply to the scale of objects that we can observe directly and are not microscopic in size; however, in the last century, a ____ set of quantum rules has been identified that govern how the atomic level operates.

Some of these quantum principles ____ our ordinary senses.

At this ____ scale, the actions among particles defy our established expectations of clear-cut relationships between physical causes and effects.

____, quantum measurements reveal inherent uncertainties about the relationship between one object and another.

Yet, these built-in uncertainties are just as relevant to our lives as those ____ forces that govern what happens when two cars crash into each other.

Humans ____ an extremely extended period of brain development.

This is especially true for circuits that mediate behavioral control, such as the prefrontal cortex, which do not fully ____ until a person’s early twenties.

Until that time, synapses are still ____ modified on a massive scale.

This provides plentiful opportunity for these circuits to be shaped by experience and is likely one of the key factors in our ability to successfully populate what has been called the “cognitive ____.”

Rather than being adapted for specific environments, with a limited set of hardwired, instinctive behaviors, we have evolved cognitive ____ and responsiveness, allowing us to adapt ourselves to our individual environments.

Repeated patterns are reinforced and habitual modes of behavior emerge. We ____ become ourselves.

But at some point we have to ____ constantly becoming and just get on with things — important things like building a career or finding a mate.

That means we have to ____ the adaptations we have made and restrict further changes.

We can’t have runaway positive feedback loops forever — we ____ to maintain these neural configurations to remain ourselves.

The periods of wholesale plasticity last considerably longer in behavioral and cognitive circuits than in sensory ones, but they still ____ as we reach adulthood.

The plasticity processes themselves will have progressively narrowed the “degrees of freedom” of the developing brain, magnifying initial biases by both positive reinforcement and progressive ____ of connections mediating less-favored states.

But the biochemistry of the brain ____ changes with maturation, so that mechanisms of plasticity and flexibility get replaced by mechanisms of stability and maintenance.