2026 수능특강 영독연 10강 변형문제 (7~12번)

From an epistemic perspective, a central question concerns the extent to which advertising ____ expected to be truthful.

____ often use widely exaggerated or metaphorical claims, a practice called “puffery,” which, in contrast to misleading advertising, is legally permitted in some countries, for example, the United States.

Its ____ is based on the assumption that individuals will not take such claims literally or act on them.

This assumption, however, is contradicted by empirical ____ that shows that consumers doin fact react to puffed statements.

Even ____ some consumers may indeed recognize puffery as what it is, others are more vulnerable and take it at face value.

This practice thus also raises issues ____ fairness: is it legitimate for companies to make false statements that better-informed or more reflective consumers will not believe, but others will fall prey to?

Even sophisticated consumers suffer from such strategies, however, because they have to double-check which advertisements to take ____

In an analysis of the treatment of puffery in US law, legal scholar David Hoffman argues that it should ____ understood as causing a negative externality: it creates “informational burdens currently borne by buyers, without compensation from sellers.”

Environmental ____ often aim to put an economic valuation on ecosystem service.

The reason for this is ____ ecosystem services historically have been underconsidered and underappreciated in environmental decision-making and policy.

Placing a monetary ____ on them increases their salience.

The economic value of global ecosystem services ____ estimated to be ＄125 trillion per year.

This puts into perspective just how crucial well-functioning ecological systems are to human well-being as well as the extent to ____ human systems are intertwined with and dependent upon them.

However, site- or system-specific economic valuations are often more important to ____ decision-making than is global or macro evaluation.

Not all ecological systems and spaces have the same ____ services and natural resource value.

For example, an average hectare of open ocean provides fewer services than does an average hectare of reef, and an average hectare of desert provides fewer than does an average hectare of tropical ____

Natural ____ are not things that we can see or touch or hear; they are — according to Scottish philosopher David Hume — only descriptions of past groupings of events.

For instance, consider the series ____ events: I let go of the pen; the pen falls; I let go of the pen; the pen falls; I let go of the pen; and so on.

This series may be explained by ____ set of laws, such as gravity and inertia.

But this series — by itself — simply describes events that have happened in the past; it does not tell us why pens behave that way, and it does not tell us that ____ will always behave that way.

And even if those ____ events happened because of laws, why believe those laws will continue to govern events in the future?

If we say laws existed ____ the past, we need some additional law that tells us those laws will exist in the future.

But, it seems we can only ____ the way those laws behaved in the past.

Natural laws, which David Hume claims merely represent past grouping of events, do not guarantee future ____ since they lack an explanation for their continuing validity.

Even though ____ universe is consistently inflating, it is still orderly.

There are consistent rules that can be observed and ____

There are dependable physical principles that govern the relationship of one particle ____ another at varying scales.

Three hundred years ago, the brilliant mathematician Sir Isaac Newton formulated the laws ____ motion that define the movement of large objects in physical space.

These are the reliable and reproducible physical rules that allow us to calculate the accurate trajectory of an artillery shell or ____ rocket ship.

____ apply to the scale of objects that we can observe directly and are not microscopic in size; however, in the last century, a new set of quantum rules has been identified that govern how the atomic level operates.

Some ____ these quantum principles contradict our ordinary senses.

At this microscopic scale, the actions among particles defy our established expectations of clear-cut relationships between ____ causes and effects.

Instead, quantum measurements reveal inherent uncertainties about ____ relationship between one object and another.

Yet, these built-in uncertainties ____ just as relevant to our lives as those Newtonian forces that govern what happens when two cars crash into each other.

Humans have an extremely extended ____ of brain development.

____ is especially true for circuits that mediate behavioral control, such as the prefrontal cortex, which do not fully mature until a person’s early twenties.

Until that ____ synapses are still being modified on a massive scale.

This provides plentiful opportunity for these circuits to be shaped by experience and is likely one of the key factors in our ability to successfully populate what has been called the “cognitive ____

Rather than being adapted for ____ environments, with a limited set of hardwired, instinctive behaviors, we have evolved cognitive flexibility and responsiveness, allowing us to adapt ourselves to our individual environments.

Repeated patterns are reinforced and habitual modes ____ behavior emerge. We gradually become ourselves.

But at some point we have to stop constantly becoming and just get on with things — important things like building a career or finding a ____

That means we have to consolidate the adaptations we have made and ____ further changes.

We can’t have runaway positive feedback loops forever — we have to maintain ____ neural configurations to remain ourselves.

The periods of wholesale ____ last considerably longer in behavioral and cognitive circuits than in sensory ones, but they still close as we reach adulthood.

The plasticity processes themselves will have progressively narrowed the “degrees of freedom” of the developing brain, magnifying initial biases by ____ positive reinforcement and progressive elimination of connections mediating less-favored states.

But the biochemistry ____ the brain also changes with maturation, so that mechanisms of plasticity and flexibility get replaced by mechanisms of stability and maintenance.