2026 수특 영독연 12강 변형문제 (7-12번)

Electric ____ are the latest vogue in urban transportation.

They wait in clusters on the pavement, ready for hire by anyone with a smartphone and a credit card. Scooters are faster than walking, easier than cycling, and simpler ____ cars.

They turn ____ urban landscape into a playground. Riding them is a carefree experience — but it is more restrained than it might seem.

Every journey is tracked from start to finish. No matter how hard the throttle is pressed, the scooters will not ____ above a particular speed.

____ refuse to leave designated urban areas.

And there ____ no haggling over the fare: an app charges a precise sum depending on the length of the journey.

None of this is inherently objectionable. But scooters do offer a helpful example of the paradox of digital technologies: they offer freedom, ____ only in exchange for some surrender of control.

This is not a paradox that will ____ be fully resolved.

The question will always be whether the balance between freedom and control ____ struck in the right place.

It is possible, in principle, that language suddenly appeared fully formed during human evolution without any gradual ____ intermediate forms.

That notion, a ____ Big Bang, has been championed by linguists such as Noam Chomsky.

But ____ is extremely improbable, biologically speaking, that such a complex characteristic as our capacity for speech just popped up out of nowhere.

It is more likely that language evolved in several stages in the same way, for instance, as our large ____ did or our tool-making ability.

This may have been a process similar to the one children go through, or the process may have been entirely different and ____ intermediate forms.

But some form of evolution must have occurred on the journey from ____ ape to speaking humans.

At some ____ there must have been linguistic precursors, simpler forms of language.

There must also ____ been a protolanguage, the first one that could be called a language.

In prior ages to the Digital Age, the power ____ create information remained primarily in the hands of designated authorities, be they the King or the New York Times.

Today however, advances in information technology ____ specifically, computers and telecommunicators — have resulted in a situation where information can be created by anyone and can flow from anyone to everyone else.

Take for example these astounding statistics: at the time of writing this paper, the number of websites currently online is over 1.5 billion, the ____ of active users on some of the biggest social media platforms is over two billion, and the number of Internet users is over four billion.

More specific to consumer-created content, 400 hours of videos are uploaded every minute and searches ____ “how to” videos are growing 70% year over year on popular video sites.

These ____ will likely increase by the time this manuscript goes to print.

People today are not simply innocent consumers of information, but also providers of information through their own content creation, ____ is “the material people contribute to the online world.”

Today, the production and distribution of information is a market ____ which nearly everyone can, and does, participate.

In the Digital Age, advances in information technology have shifted the power to create and share content from designated authorities to ____ resulting in a participatory information market where nearly everyone contributes.

Scientific research is typically based on a ____ involving several distinct stages.

The cycle typically starts with a collection of ____ observations and the formulation of a possible explanation for these observations.

This explanation is known as ____ theory. Based on this theory, we can then make predictions about conditions that we have not yet observed.

In other words, we can ____ specific hypotheses.

Now, we can design an experiment that aims to disprove our theory: when the results of our experiment are consistent with the theory, we have ____ reason to suspect that anything is wrong with it.

____ the results are inconsistent, however, we will either have to adjust our theory, or to reject it altogether.

It is impossible to ‘prove’ a theory: as long as we find no conflicting evidence, ____ theory remains plausible.

This does not ____ the possibility, however, that there might be future results that will conflict.

Although ____ theory becomes more plausible, the more results we find that are consistent with it, it remains the case that (at least in principle) a single experiment yielding conflicting results would be sufficient to overthrow it.

One of the ____ about writing in science is that it substantially limits the amount of insincere blather that can emanate from the mind of a student when he/she has absolutely no idea about a correct response.

A ____ who does not have a basic understanding of scientific theories will have immense difficulty in applying them.

In responding to an authentic scientific problem ____ an essay, there is no way to “luck out” on a guess at the correct answer, there is no place to hide.

In general, essays that require students to invoke relevant scientific principles and ____ and to explore potential applications are more genuine assessments of student knowledge than objective tests of short questions paired with possible answers already furnished.

Another advantage of writing essays is that the teacher can get a sense of where student comprehension is strong and where understanding begins to ____ down.

After all, writing is a ____ of concretized thought.

Thus, when a student’s grasp of a concept begins to get off-track, it is ____ through those moments when thought is made visible that a teacher is able to identify the problem and provide help.

Writing provides the opportunity for the kind ____ intervention that can prevent conceptual misunderstandings that can haunt a student for his entire academic career.

Indeed, Heddy & Sinatra (2013) ____ Francek (2013) have found that one of the most difficult areas of teaching is trying to get students to unlearn a misconception.