2026 수특 영독연 12강 변형문제 (7-12번)

Electric scooters are the latest vogue in ____ transportation.

They ____ in clusters on the pavement, ready for hire by anyone with a smartphone and a credit card. Scooters are faster than walking, easier than cycling, and simpler than cars.

They turn the urban landscape into a playground. Riding them is a carefree experience — but it is more restrained than it ____ seem.

Every journey is tracked ____ start to finish. No matter how hard the throttle is pressed, the scooters will not go above a particular speed.

They refuse to leave designated ____ areas.

____ there is no haggling over the fare: an app charges a precise sum depending on the length of the journey.

None of this is inherently objectionable. But scooters do offer a helpful example of the paradox of digital technologies: they offer freedom, but only in exchange for some ____ of control.

This is not a paradox that will ____ be fully resolved.

The question will always be whether the balance between freedom and control ____ struck in the right place.

It is possible, in principle, that language suddenly appeared ____ formed during human evolution without any gradual or intermediate forms.

That notion, ____ linguistic Big Bang, has been championed by linguists such as Noam Chomsky.

But it is extremely improbable, biologically speaking, that such a complex characteristic as our capacity for speech ____ popped up out of nowhere.

____ is more likely that language evolved in several stages in the same way, for instance, as our large brains did or our tool-making ability.

This may have been a process similar to the one children go through, or the process may have been entirely ____ and involved intermediate forms.

But some ____ of evolution must have occurred on the journey from non-speaking ape to speaking humans.

At some point there must have been linguistic precursors, ____ forms of language.

There ____ also have been a protolanguage, the first one that could be called a language.

____ prior ages to the Digital Age, the power to create information remained primarily in the hands of designated authorities, be they the King or the New York Times.

Today ____ advances in information technology — specifically, computers and telecommunicators — have resulted in a situation where information can be created by anyone and can flow from anyone to everyone else.

Take for example these astounding statistics: at the time of writing this paper, the number of websites currently online is over 1.5 billion, the number of active users on some of the biggest social media platforms is over two billion, and the number of Internet users is over ____ billion.

More specific to consumer-created content, 400 ____ of videos are uploaded every minute and searches of “how to” videos are growing 70% year over year on popular video sites.

These numbers will likely increase by the time this manuscript goes to ____

People today are not simply innocent ____ of information, but also providers of information through their own content creation, which is “the material people contribute to the online world.”

Today, the production and distribution of information is a market ____ which nearly everyone can, and does, participate.

In the Digital Age, advances in information technology have shifted the power to create and share content from designated authorities to individuals, resulting in a participatory information market where ____ everyone contributes.

Scientific research is typically based ____ a cycle involving several distinct stages.

The cycle typically starts with a collection of incidental observations ____ the formulation of a possible explanation for these observations.

This explanation is ____ as a theory. Based on this theory, we can then make predictions about conditions that we have not yet observed.

In other words, ____ can formulate specific hypotheses.

Now, we can design an experiment that aims to disprove our ____ when the results of our experiment are consistent with the theory, we have no reason to suspect that anything is wrong with it.

When the results are inconsistent, however, ____ will either have to adjust our theory, or to reject it altogether.

It is impossible to ‘prove’ a theory: as long ____ we find no conflicting evidence, the theory remains plausible.

This does not exclude the possibility, however, that there might be future results ____ will conflict.

Although a theory becomes more plausible, ____ more results we find that are consistent with it, it remains the case that (at least in principle) a single experiment yielding conflicting results would be sufficient to overthrow it.

One of the truths about writing in science is that it substantially limits ____ amount of insincere blather that can emanate from the mind of a student when he/she has absolutely no idea about a correct response.

A student who does not have a basic understanding of scientific ____ will have immense difficulty in applying them.

In responding to an authentic scientific problem through an essay, there ____ no way to “luck out” on a guess at the correct answer, there is no place to hide.

In general, essays that require students to invoke relevant scientific principles and theories and to explore potential applications are more genuine assessments of student knowledge than objective tests of short questions ____ with possible answers already furnished.

Another advantage of writing essays is that the teacher can get ____ sense of where student comprehension is strong and where understanding begins to break down.

After all, writing is a ____ of concretized thought.

Thus, when a student’s grasp of a concept begins to get ____ it is only through those moments when thought is made visible that a teacher is able to identify the problem and provide help.

Writing provides ____ opportunity for the kind of intervention that can prevent conceptual misunderstandings that can haunt a student for his entire academic career.

Indeed, Heddy ____ Sinatra (2013) and Francek (2013) have found that one of the most difficult areas of teaching is trying to get students to unlearn a misconception.