2026 수특 영독연 13강 변형문제 (12-18번)

While new media allow us to do new things, make new kinds of meanings, and think, relate to others and enact our own identities in new ways, they also invariably ____ limitations on what we can do and mean, how we can think and relate, and who we can ‘be’ when we are using them.

Television news, for example, allows ____ a vivid and dramatic presentation of a story, but may be less suitable than a newspaper or magazine for lengthy and probing analysis.

Social networking sites make it easier for us to stay connected to our friends, but make it more difficult to maintain our privacy (especially ____ advertisers).

Caller identification, which is standard on most mobile phones, makes it easier for us to screen our calls, but it also makes it easier for ____ that we make to be screened by others.

Often the constraints of new technologies are less visible to us than their affordances. We tend to be so focused on the new things we can do with a new tool that we don’t pay attention to the things we cannot do with ____

When ____ many chances, chance will tend to distribute random differences fairly equally.

However, when given few ____ it may distribute random differences very unequally.

Thus, if you assigned each individual to a group ____ flipping a coin and you had many participants, chance would do a ① good job of making your groups equivalent.

Conversely, if you had few participants, chance ____ probably do a poor job of ② balancing the effects of individual differences between groups. Indeed, with too few participants, chance has no chance.

For ____ if you had four people in your study and only one of those was violent, flipping a coin could not give you ③ equal groups.

Even if you had eight ____ four of whom were violent, flipping a coin might result in all four violent individuals ending up in the same group.

Why? Because, in the short run, chance can ____ unpredictable.

For instance, it is not that unusual ____ get four “heads” in a row.

To appreciate that chance can be unpredictable in the short run but ⑤ ____ in the long run, realize that although a casino may lose several bets in a row, the casino always wins in the end.

Social transmission of predator recognition makes functional sense ____ individuals that must experience predators for themselves to learn they are dangerous may not survive those experiences.

The best-analyzed example involves monkeys’ fear ____ snakes.

Monkeys reared in captivity do not exhibit fear the first time they ____ live or toy snakes.

If they watch another monkey behaving fearfully toward a snake, they later do the ____ themselves.

During the learning trial the naive observer exhibits behavior ____ the model’s (in this case responses such as withdrawal, vocalization, and piloerection).

If naive monkeys observe a model behaving fearfully toward a snake and ____ toward another object like a flower, they acquire the same discrimination.

For example, if they are later offered raisins that are out of reach beyond a flower or a snake, they reach quickly over ____ flower but refuse to reach over the snake.

In the ____ a German psychologist named Hermann Ebbinghaus shut himself up in a room in Paris to test how memory works.

He forced ____ to learn, review, and recall nonsense words on a specific, timed schedule.

What Ebbinghaus discovered was that the rate of ____ was predictable.

He discovered a pattern of exactly how long it ____ to forget.

If he reminded himself of one of his nonsense words just before he knew he was about to forget it — but no sooner — he could ____ himself hours of studying but still recall the information correctly.

The trick was knowing when he was about to forget ____

Ebbinghaus’s memorization technique became known as spaced ____

Essentially, it was the most highly specific, ____ based study schedule you could dream of.

Over a hundred years later, specially designed computer programs made following a ____ version of Ebbinghaus’s schedules feasible.

Linguist Philip Lieberman argues that human ancestors (e.g., Homo erectus) had the ability to speak, although their speech would not have ____ as refined as modern humans’ speech.

This conclusion is based on reasoning about why the human vocal tract has the shape ____ does.

Lieberman notes that to produce vowel sounds such as / i/ (as in meet) and /u/ (as in you), the space above the larynx in the throat has to be about the same length as the horizontal space ____ the top of the throat and the mouth opening.

For natural selection to produce and maintain this arrangement, Lieberman argues, some ____ speech abilities must have been present beforehand.

Natural selection could then have favored individuals who had ____ characteristics that allowed them to produce a wider range of vowel sounds.

Unless some basic speech abilities were present prior to the appearance of Homo sapiens, ____ lowered larynx, and the accompanying ability to produce more vowel sounds, would have to be the result of a massive and incredibly lucky mutation, rather than gradual evolution by natural selection.

What is the meaning of a concept and how does it ____ to the meaning of a sentence?

Philosophers have been particularly vexed by this question and have developed ____ range of possible answers to it.

On the one hand, the meaning of a concept seems to derive from the meaning of other concepts, ____ when a child is told the meaning of sprint by saying it is a kind of fast running.

On the other hand, the meaning of a concept is connected ____ observations of things in the world, as when the child actually sees someone sprinting.

A concept’s meaning is normally not given by definition in terms of other concepts, since successful ____ definitions are rare.

Nor is meaning exhausted by a set of examples, as if one identified the concept of dog with ____ set of dogs.

A theory of meaning of the concepts must therefore include an account of how concepts are related ____ to each other and to the world.

Both ____ are necessary in order for us to understand how concepts underlie our ability to use language.

In local communities where they know each other well, speakers and listeners are able, ____ the most part, to draw on knowledge of overlapping language habits to converse or argue about moral and political issues.

This may still be the case, to some extent, when communities of speakers who ____ regularly with one another in practical activities do not all speak the same languages, or speak them equally fluently.

Sometimes, however, potential parties to a verbal exchange find themselves sharing ____ more than physical proximity to one another.

Such situations arise when members of communities with radically different ____ traditions and no history of previous contact with one another come face to face and are forced to communicate.

There ____ no way to predict the outcome of such enforced contact on either speech community, yet from these new shared experiences, new forms of practice, including a new form of language — pidgin — may develop.