2026 수특 영독연 13강 변형문제 (12-18번)

While new media allow us to do new things, make new kinds of meanings, and think, relate to others ____ enact our own identities in new ways, they also invariably introduce limitations on what we can do and mean, how we can think and relate, and who we can ‘be’ when we are using them.

Television news, for example, allows for a vivid and dramatic presentation of a story, but may be less suitable than ____ newspaper or magazine for lengthy and probing analysis.

Social networking sites make it easier for us to stay connected to our friends, but make it more difficult to maintain our privacy (especially from ____

Caller identification, which is standard on most mobile phones, makes it easier for us to screen our ____ but it also makes it easier for calls that we make to be screened by others.

Often the constraints of new technologies are less visible to us than their affordances. We tend to be so focused on the new ____ we can do with a new tool that we don’t pay attention to the things we cannot do with it.

____ given many chances, chance will tend to distribute random differences fairly equally.

However, when given few chances, it may distribute random differences ____ unequally.

Thus, if you assigned each individual to a group by flipping a coin and you had many participants, chance would do ____ ① good job of making your groups equivalent.

Conversely, if you had few participants, chance would probably do a poor job of ② balancing the effects of individual differences between groups. Indeed, with too few ____ chance has no chance.

For ____ if you had four people in your study and only one of those was violent, flipping a coin could not give you ③ equal groups.

Even if you had eight participants, ____ of whom were violent, flipping a coin might result in all four violent individuals ending up in the same group.

Why? Because, in the short run, chance can ____ unpredictable.

For instance, it is not that ____ to get four “heads” in a row.

To appreciate that chance can be unpredictable in the short run but ⑤ dependable in the long run, realize that although a casino may lose several bets in a row, the casino always wins in the ____

Social transmission of predator recognition makes functional sense because individuals ____ must experience predators for themselves to learn they are dangerous may not survive those experiences.

____ best-analyzed example involves monkeys’ fear of snakes.

Monkeys reared in captivity do not exhibit fear the first time they encounter live or ____ snakes.

If they watch ____ monkey behaving fearfully toward a snake, they later do the same themselves.

During the learning trial the naive observer exhibits ____ like the model’s (in this case responses such as withdrawal, vocalization, and piloerection).

If naive monkeys observe a model behaving fearfully toward a snake and neutrally toward another object like a flower, they ____ the same discrimination.

For example, if they are later offered raisins that are out of reach beyond a flower or ____ snake, they reach quickly over the flower but refuse to reach over the snake.

In the 1880s, a German psychologist named Hermann Ebbinghaus shut himself up in ____ room in Paris to test how memory works.

He forced himself to learn, review, and recall nonsense words ____ a specific, timed schedule.

What Ebbinghaus discovered was that ____ rate of forgetting was predictable.

He discovered a pattern of exactly how long it took ____ forget.

If he reminded himself of one of his nonsense words just before he knew he was about to forget it — ____ no sooner — he could save himself hours of studying but still recall the information correctly.

The trick was knowing when he was about ____ forget it.

Ebbinghaus’s memorization technique became known as spaced ____

Essentially, it was ____ most highly specific, scientifically based study schedule you could dream of.

Over a hundred years later, ____ designed computer programs made following a modified version of Ebbinghaus’s schedules feasible.

____ Philip Lieberman argues that human ancestors (e.g., Homo erectus) had the ability to speak, although their speech would not have been as refined as modern humans’ speech.

This ____ is based on reasoning about why the human vocal tract has the shape it does.

Lieberman notes that to produce vowel sounds such as / i/ ____ in meet) and /u/ (as in you), the space above the larynx in the throat has to be about the same length as the horizontal space between the top of the throat and the mouth opening.

For natural selection to produce and maintain this arrangement, Lieberman argues, ____ basic speech abilities must have been present beforehand.

Natural selection could then have favored individuals who had physical characteristics that allowed them to produce a wider range ____ vowel sounds.

Unless some basic speech abilities were present prior to the appearance of Homo sapiens, a lowered larynx, and the accompanying ability to produce more vowel sounds, would have to be the result of a massive and incredibly lucky mutation, ____ than gradual evolution by natural selection.

What is the meaning of a concept and how ____ it contribute to the meaning of a sentence?

Philosophers have been particularly vexed by ____ question and have developed a range of possible answers to it.

On ____ one hand, the meaning of a concept seems to derive from the meaning of other concepts, as when a child is told the meaning of sprint by saying it is a kind of fast running.

On the other hand, the meaning of a concept is connected to observations of things in the world, as ____ the child actually sees someone sprinting.

A ____ meaning is normally not given by definition in terms of other concepts, since successful exact definitions are rare.

Nor is meaning exhausted by a set of examples, as if one identified the concept of dog with a set ____ dogs.

A theory ____ meaning of the concepts must therefore include an account of how concepts are related both to each other and to the world.

Both aspects ____ necessary in order for us to understand how concepts underlie our ability to use language.

In local communities where they know each ____ well, speakers and listeners are able, for the most part, to draw on knowledge of overlapping language habits to converse or argue about moral and political issues.

This may still be ____ case, to some extent, when communities of speakers who engage regularly with one another in practical activities do not all speak the same languages, or speak them equally fluently.

Sometimes, however, potential parties to a verbal exchange find themselves sharing little more than physical ____ to one another.

Such ____ arise when members of communities with radically different language traditions and no history of previous contact with one another come face to face and are forced to communicate.

____ is no way to predict the outcome of such enforced contact on either speech community, yet from these new shared experiences, new forms of practice, including a new form of language — pidgin — may develop.