2026 수특 영독연 13강 변형문제 (12-18번)

While new media allow us to do new ____, make new kinds of meanings, and think, relate to others and enact our own identities in new ways, they also invariably introduce limitations on what we can do and mean, how we can think and relate, and who we can ‘be’ when we are using them.

Television news, for example, allows for a vivid and dramatic presentation of a story, but may be less ____ than a newspaper or magazine for lengthy and probing analysis.

Social networking sites make it easier for us to stay connected to our friends, but make it more difficult to maintain our ____ (especially from advertisers).

Caller identification, which is standard on most mobile phones, makes it easier for us to screen our ____, but it also makes it easier for calls that we make to be screened by others.

Often the ____ of new technologies are less visible to us than their affordances. We tend to be so focused on the new things we can do with a new tool that we don’t pay attention to the things we cannot do with it.

When given ____ chances, chance will tend to distribute random differences fairly equally.

However, when given few chances, it may distribute random differences ____ unequally.

Thus, if you assigned each individual to a group by flipping a coin and you ____ many participants, chance would do a ① good job of making your groups equivalent.

Conversely, if you had few participants, chance would probably do a poor job of ② balancing the effects of individual differences between groups. Indeed, with too few ____, chance has no chance.

For example, if you ____ four people in your study and only one of those was violent, flipping a coin could not give you ③ equal groups.

Even if you had eight participants, four of whom were violent, flipping a ____ might result in all four violent individuals ending up in the same group.

Why? Because, in the short run, chance ____ be unpredictable.

For instance, it is ____ that unusual to get four “heads” in a row.

To appreciate that chance can be unpredictable in the short ____ but ⑤ dependable in the long run, realize that although a casino may lose several bets in a row, the casino always wins in the end.

Social transmission of predator recognition makes functional sense because individuals that must experience predators for themselves to learn they are dangerous may not survive ____ experiences.

The best-analyzed example ____ monkeys’ fear of snakes.

____ reared in captivity do not exhibit fear the first time they encounter live or toy snakes.

If they watch another monkey behaving fearfully toward a snake, they later do the same ____.

____ the learning trial the naive observer exhibits behavior like the model’s (in this case responses such as withdrawal, vocalization, and piloerection).

If naive monkeys observe a model ____ fearfully toward a snake and neutrally toward another object like a flower, they acquire the same discrimination.

For example, if they are later offered ____ that are out of reach beyond a flower or a snake, they reach quickly over the flower but refuse to reach over the snake.

In the 1880s, a German psychologist named Hermann Ebbinghaus shut himself up in a room in Paris to ____ how memory works.

He forced ____ to learn, review, and recall nonsense words on a specific, timed schedule.

What Ebbinghaus discovered was that the rate of forgetting was ____.

He ____ a pattern of exactly how long it took to forget.

If he reminded himself of one of his nonsense words just before he knew he was about to forget it — but no sooner — he could save himself hours of studying but still recall the ____ correctly.

The ____ was knowing when he was about to forget it.

Ebbinghaus’s memorization ____ became known as spaced repetition.

Essentially, it was the most highly specific, scientifically based study schedule you ____ dream of.

Over a hundred years later, specially designed computer ____ made following a modified version of Ebbinghaus’s schedules feasible.

Linguist Philip Lieberman argues that human ancestors (e.g., ____ erectus) had the ability to speak, although their speech would not have been as refined as modern humans’ speech.

This conclusion is based on reasoning about why the human ____ tract has the shape it does.

Lieberman notes that to produce vowel sounds ____ as / i/ (as in meet) and /u/ (as in you), the space above the larynx in the throat has to be about the same length as the horizontal space between the top of the throat and the mouth opening.

For natural ____ to produce and maintain this arrangement, Lieberman argues, some basic speech abilities must have been present beforehand.

Natural selection could then ____ favored individuals who had physical characteristics that allowed them to produce a wider range of vowel sounds.

Unless some basic speech abilities were present prior to the appearance of Homo sapiens, a lowered larynx, and the accompanying ability to produce more vowel sounds, would have to be the result of a massive and incredibly ____ mutation, rather than gradual evolution by natural selection.

What is the meaning of a ____ and how does it contribute to the meaning of a sentence?

Philosophers have been particularly vexed by this question and have ____ a range of possible answers to it.

On the one hand, the meaning of a concept seems to derive from the meaning of other concepts, as when a child is told the meaning of sprint by ____ it is a kind of fast running.

On the other ____, the meaning of a concept is connected to observations of things in the world, as when the child actually sees someone sprinting.

A concept’s meaning is normally ____ given by definition in terms of other concepts, since successful exact definitions are rare.

Nor is meaning exhausted by a set of examples, as if ____ identified the concept of dog with a set of dogs.

A theory of meaning of the concepts must therefore include an account of how concepts are related ____ to each other and to the world.

Both aspects are necessary in order for us to understand how concepts underlie our ability to use ____.

In local communities where they know each ____ well, speakers and listeners are able, for the most part, to draw on knowledge of overlapping language habits to converse or argue about moral and political issues.

This may still be the case, to some extent, when communities of speakers who engage regularly with one another in ____ activities do not all speak the same languages, or speak them equally fluently.

Sometimes, however, potential parties to a verbal exchange find themselves sharing little more than physical ____ to one another.

Such situations arise when members of communities with radically different language traditions and no history of previous ____ with one another come face to face and are forced to communicate.

There is no way to predict the outcome of such enforced ____ on either speech community, yet from these new shared experiences, new forms of practice, including a new form of language — pidgin — may develop.