2026 수특 영독연 13강 변형문제 (12-18번)

While new media allow us to do new things, make new kinds of meanings, and think, relate to others and enact our ____ identities in new ways, they also invariably introduce limitations on what we can do and mean, how we can think and relate, and who we can ‘be’ when we are using them.

Television news, for example, allows for a vivid and dramatic presentation of a story, but may be less suitable than a newspaper or magazine ____ lengthy and probing analysis.

Social networking sites make it easier for us ____ stay connected to our friends, but make it more difficult to maintain our privacy (especially from advertisers).

Caller identification, which is standard on most mobile phones, makes it ____ for us to screen our calls, but it also makes it easier for calls that we make to be screened by others.

Often the constraints of new technologies are less visible to us than their affordances. We tend to ____ so focused on the new things we can do with a new tool that we don’t pay attention to the things we cannot do with it.

When ____ many chances, chance will tend to distribute random differences fairly equally.

However, when given few chances, ____ may distribute random differences very unequally.

Thus, if you assigned each ____ to a group by flipping a coin and you had many participants, chance would do a ① good job of making your groups equivalent.

Conversely, if you had few participants, chance would probably do a ____ job of ② balancing the effects of individual differences between groups. Indeed, with too few participants, chance has no chance.

For example, if you had four people in your study and ____ one of those was violent, flipping a coin could not give you ③ equal groups.

Even if you had eight participants, four of whom were violent, flipping a coin might result in ____ four violent individuals ending up in the same group.

Why? Because, in the short run, ____ can be unpredictable.

For instance, it is not that unusual ____ get four “heads” in a row.

To appreciate that chance can be unpredictable in the short run but ⑤ dependable in the long run, ____ that although a casino may lose several bets in a row, the casino always wins in the end.

Social transmission of predator recognition makes functional sense because individuals that must experience predators for themselves to learn they are dangerous may not survive ____ experiences.

The best-analyzed example involves monkeys’ fear of ____

Monkeys reared in captivity do not exhibit fear ____ first time they encounter live or toy snakes.

If they watch another monkey behaving fearfully toward a snake, they later do ____ same themselves.

During the learning trial ____ naive observer exhibits behavior like the model’s (in this case responses such as withdrawal, vocalization, and piloerection).

If naive monkeys observe a model behaving ____ toward a snake and neutrally toward another object like a flower, they acquire the same discrimination.

For example, if they are later offered raisins that are out of reach beyond a flower or ____ snake, they reach quickly over the flower but refuse to reach over the snake.

In the 1880s, a German psychologist named Hermann Ebbinghaus shut ____ up in a room in Paris to test how memory works.

He forced himself to ____ review, and recall nonsense words on a specific, timed schedule.

What Ebbinghaus discovered was that the rate of ____ was predictable.

He discovered a pattern of exactly how long it ____ to forget.

If he reminded himself of one ____ his nonsense words just before he knew he was about to forget it — but no sooner — he could save himself hours of studying but still recall the information correctly.

The trick was knowing when he was about to forget ____

____ memorization technique became known as spaced repetition.

____ it was the most highly specific, scientifically based study schedule you could dream of.

Over a hundred years later, ____ designed computer programs made following a modified version of Ebbinghaus’s schedules feasible.

Linguist Philip Lieberman argues that human ancestors (e.g., Homo erectus) had the ability to speak, although their speech would not have been ____ refined as modern humans’ speech.

This conclusion is based on reasoning about ____ the human vocal tract has the shape it does.

Lieberman notes that to produce vowel sounds such as / i/ ____ in meet) and /u/ (as in you), the space above the larynx in the throat has to be about the same length as the horizontal space between the top of the throat and the mouth opening.

For natural selection to ____ and maintain this arrangement, Lieberman argues, some basic speech abilities must have been present beforehand.

Natural selection could then have favored individuals who had ____ characteristics that allowed them to produce a wider range of vowel sounds.

Unless some basic speech abilities were present prior to the appearance of Homo sapiens, a lowered larynx, and the accompanying ability to produce more vowel sounds, would have to be the result of a massive and incredibly lucky ____ rather than gradual evolution by natural selection.

What is the meaning of a concept and how does it contribute to the meaning of ____ sentence?

Philosophers have been particularly vexed by ____ question and have developed a range of possible answers to it.

On the one hand, the meaning of a concept seems to derive from the meaning of other concepts, ____ when a child is told the meaning of sprint by saying it is a kind of fast running.

On the other hand, the meaning of a concept is ____ to observations of things in the world, as when the child actually sees someone sprinting.

A concept’s meaning is normally not ____ by definition in terms of other concepts, since successful exact definitions are rare.

Nor is ____ exhausted by a set of examples, as if one identified the concept of dog with a set of dogs.

A theory ____ meaning of the concepts must therefore include an account of how concepts are related both to each other and to the world.

Both aspects are necessary in order for us to understand how concepts underlie ____ ability to use language.

In local communities where they know each other well, speakers and listeners are able, for the most part, to ____ on knowledge of overlapping language habits to converse or argue about moral and political issues.

This may still be the case, to some extent, when communities of speakers who engage regularly ____ one another in practical activities do not all speak the same languages, or speak them equally fluently.

Sometimes, however, potential parties to a verbal exchange find themselves sharing little more ____ physical proximity to one another.

Such situations arise when members of communities with radically different language traditions and no history of previous contact with one another come face to face and are forced to ____

There is no way to predict the outcome of such enforced contact on either speech community, yet from these new shared experiences, new forms of practice, including a new form of language — pidgin — ____ develop.