2026 수특 영독연 13강 변형문제 (12-18번)

While new media allow us to do new things, make new kinds of meanings, and think, relate to others and ____ our own identities in new ways, they also invariably introduce limitations on what we can do and mean, how we can think and relate, and who we can ‘be’ when we are using them.

Television news, for example, allows for a vivid and dramatic presentation of ____ story, but may be less suitable than a newspaper or magazine for lengthy and probing analysis.

Social networking sites make it easier for us to stay connected to our friends, but make it more difficult to maintain our privacy ____ from advertisers).

Caller identification, which is standard on most mobile phones, makes it ____ for us to screen our calls, but it also makes it easier for calls that we make to be screened by others.

Often the constraints ____ new technologies are less visible to us than their affordances. We tend to be so focused on the new things we can do with a new tool that we don’t pay attention to the things we cannot do with it.

When ____ many chances, chance will tend to distribute random differences fairly equally.

However, when ____ few chances, it may distribute random differences very unequally.

Thus, if you assigned each individual to a group by flipping a coin and you had many participants, chance ____ do a ① good job of making your groups equivalent.

Conversely, if you had few participants, chance would probably do a poor job of ② balancing the effects of individual differences between groups. Indeed, ____ too few participants, chance has no chance.

For example, if you had four people in your study and only ____ of those was violent, flipping a coin could not give you ③ equal groups.

Even if you had eight participants, four of whom were violent, flipping a coin might result in all four violent individuals ending up in the ____ group.

Why? Because, in the short run, chance ____ be unpredictable.

For ____ it is not that unusual to get four “heads” in a row.

To appreciate that chance can be unpredictable in the short run but ⑤ dependable in the long run, realize that although a ____ may lose several bets in a row, the casino always wins in the end.

Social transmission of predator recognition makes functional sense because individuals that must experience predators for themselves to learn they are dangerous may not survive ____ experiences.

The best-analyzed example involves monkeys’ ____ of snakes.

Monkeys reared in captivity do not exhibit fear the first time they encounter ____ or toy snakes.

If they watch ____ monkey behaving fearfully toward a snake, they later do the same themselves.

During the learning trial the naive observer exhibits behavior like the model’s (in this case responses such as withdrawal, vocalization, ____ piloerection).

If naive monkeys observe a model behaving fearfully toward a snake and neutrally toward another ____ like a flower, they acquire the same discrimination.

For example, if they are later offered raisins that are out of reach beyond a flower or a snake, they reach quickly over the flower but refuse to reach over ____ snake.

In the 1880s, a German psychologist named Hermann Ebbinghaus shut himself up ____ a room in Paris to test how memory works.

____ forced himself to learn, review, and recall nonsense words on a specific, timed schedule.

What Ebbinghaus discovered was that the rate ____ forgetting was predictable.

He discovered a pattern of exactly how long it took to ____

If he reminded himself of one of his nonsense words just before he knew he was about to forget it — but no sooner — he ____ save himself hours of studying but still recall the information correctly.

The ____ was knowing when he was about to forget it.

Ebbinghaus’s memorization technique became ____ as spaced repetition.

Essentially, it was the most highly specific, scientifically based study schedule you ____ dream of.

Over a hundred years later, specially designed computer programs made following a modified ____ of Ebbinghaus’s schedules feasible.

Linguist Philip Lieberman argues that human ancestors (e.g., Homo erectus) had the ability to speak, although their speech would not have been as refined as modern humans’ ____

This conclusion is based on reasoning about ____ the human vocal tract has the shape it does.

____ notes that to produce vowel sounds such as / i/ (as in meet) and /u/ (as in you), the space above the larynx in the throat has to be about the same length as the horizontal space between the top of the throat and the mouth opening.

For natural selection to produce and maintain this arrangement, Lieberman argues, some basic speech abilities must ____ been present beforehand.

Natural selection could then have favored individuals who had physical characteristics that allowed them to ____ a wider range of vowel sounds.

Unless some basic speech abilities were present prior to the appearance of Homo sapiens, a lowered larynx, and the accompanying ability to produce more vowel sounds, would have to be the result of a massive and incredibly lucky ____ rather than gradual evolution by natural selection.

What is the meaning of a concept ____ how does it contribute to the meaning of a sentence?

Philosophers have been particularly vexed by this question and have developed a range of possible answers to ____

On the one hand, the meaning of a concept seems to derive from the meaning of other concepts, as when a child is told the meaning of sprint by ____ it is a kind of fast running.

On the other hand, the meaning of a concept is connected to observations of things in the world, ____ when the child actually sees someone sprinting.

A concept’s meaning is normally not given by definition in terms of other concepts, since successful exact ____ are rare.

Nor is meaning exhausted by a set of examples, as if one ____ the concept of dog with a set of dogs.

A theory of meaning of the concepts must therefore include an account of how concepts are related both ____ each other and to the world.

Both aspects are necessary in order for us to understand how concepts underlie our ability to ____ language.

In local communities where they know each other ____ speakers and listeners are able, for the most part, to draw on knowledge of overlapping language habits to converse or argue about moral and political issues.

This may still be the case, to ____ extent, when communities of speakers who engage regularly with one another in practical activities do not all speak the same languages, or speak them equally fluently.

Sometimes, however, potential parties to a verbal ____ find themselves sharing little more than physical proximity to one another.

Such situations arise when members of communities with radically different language traditions ____ no history of previous contact with one another come face to face and are forced to communicate.

There is no way to predict the ____ of such enforced contact on either speech community, yet from these new shared experiences, new forms of practice, including a new form of language — pidgin — may develop.