2026 수특 영독연 13강 변형문제 (12-18번)

While new media allow us to do new things, make new kinds of meanings, and think, relate to others and enact our own identities in new ways, they also invariably introduce limitations on what we can do and mean, how we can think and relate, and who we can ‘be’ ____ we are using them.

Television news, for example, allows for a vivid and dramatic presentation of a story, but may be ____ suitable than a newspaper or magazine for lengthy and probing analysis.

Social networking sites make it easier for us to stay connected to our friends, but make it ____ difficult to maintain our privacy (especially from advertisers).

Caller identification, which is standard on most mobile phones, makes it easier for us to screen our calls, but it also ____ it easier for calls that we make to be screened by others.

Often the constraints of new technologies are less ____ to us than their affordances. We tend to be so focused on the new things we can do with a new tool that we don’t pay attention to the things we cannot do with it.

When given ____ chances, chance will tend to distribute random differences fairly equally.

However, when given few chances, it may ____ random differences very unequally.

Thus, if ____ assigned each individual to a group by flipping a coin and you had many participants, chance would do a ① good job of making your groups equivalent.

Conversely, if you had few participants, chance would probably do a ____ job of ② balancing the effects of individual differences between groups. Indeed, with too few participants, chance has no chance.

For example, if you had ____ people in your study and only one of those was violent, flipping a coin could not give you ③ equal groups.

Even if you had eight ____, four of whom were violent, flipping a coin might result in all four violent individuals ending up in the same group.

Why? Because, in the ____ run, chance can be unpredictable.

For instance, it is not that unusual to ____ four “heads” in a row.

To appreciate that chance can be unpredictable in the short run but ⑤ dependable in the long run, realize that although a casino may ____ several bets in a row, the casino always wins in the end.

Social transmission of predator recognition makes functional sense because individuals that must experience ____ for themselves to learn they are dangerous may not survive those experiences.

The best-analyzed example involves monkeys’ fear of ____.

Monkeys reared in ____ do not exhibit fear the first time they encounter live or toy snakes.

If they watch another monkey behaving ____ toward a snake, they later do the same themselves.

During the learning trial the naive observer ____ behavior like the model’s (in this case responses such as withdrawal, vocalization, and piloerection).

If naive monkeys observe a model behaving fearfully toward a snake and ____ toward another object like a flower, they acquire the same discrimination.

For example, if they are later offered raisins that are out of reach beyond a flower or a snake, they reach ____ over the flower but refuse to reach over the snake.

In the 1880s, a German psychologist named ____ Ebbinghaus shut himself up in a room in Paris to test how memory works.

He forced himself to learn, ____, and recall nonsense words on a specific, timed schedule.

What ____ discovered was that the rate of forgetting was predictable.

He discovered a pattern of exactly how long it ____ to forget.

If he reminded himself of one of his ____ words just before he knew he was about to forget it — but no sooner — he could save himself hours of studying but still recall the information correctly.

The trick was ____ when he was about to forget it.

Ebbinghaus’s memorization technique ____ known as spaced repetition.

Essentially, it was the most highly ____, scientifically based study schedule you could dream of.

Over a hundred years later, specially designed computer programs made following a modified version of Ebbinghaus’s schedules ____.

Linguist Philip Lieberman argues that ____ ancestors (e.g., Homo erectus) had the ability to speak, although their speech would not have been as refined as modern humans’ speech.

This conclusion is based on reasoning ____ why the human vocal tract has the shape it does.

Lieberman notes that to produce vowel sounds such as / i/ (as in meet) and /u/ (as in you), the space above the larynx in the throat has to be about the same ____ as the horizontal space between the top of the throat and the mouth opening.

For natural selection to produce and maintain this arrangement, Lieberman argues, some ____ speech abilities must have been present beforehand.

____ selection could then have favored individuals who had physical characteristics that allowed them to produce a wider range of vowel sounds.

Unless some basic speech abilities were present prior to the appearance of Homo sapiens, a lowered larynx, and the accompanying ability to produce more vowel sounds, would have to be the result of a massive and incredibly lucky mutation, ____ than gradual evolution by natural selection.

What is the meaning of a concept and ____ does it contribute to the meaning of a sentence?

Philosophers have been particularly vexed by this question and ____ developed a range of possible answers to it.

On the one hand, the meaning of a concept seems to derive from the meaning of other concepts, as when a child is ____ the meaning of sprint by saying it is a kind of fast running.

On the other hand, the meaning of a concept is connected to observations of things in the world, as when the ____ actually sees someone sprinting.

A concept’s meaning is ____ not given by definition in terms of other concepts, since successful exact definitions are rare.

Nor is meaning ____ by a set of examples, as if one identified the concept of dog with a set of dogs.

A ____ of meaning of the concepts must therefore include an account of how concepts are related both to each other and to the world.

Both aspects are ____ in order for us to understand how concepts underlie our ability to use language.

In local communities where they know each other well, speakers and ____ are able, for the most part, to draw on knowledge of overlapping language habits to converse or argue about moral and political issues.

This may still be the case, to ____ extent, when communities of speakers who engage regularly with one another in practical activities do not all speak the same languages, or speak them equally fluently.

Sometimes, however, potential parties to a verbal ____ find themselves sharing little more than physical proximity to one another.

Such situations arise when members of communities with radically different language traditions and no history of previous contact with one another ____ face to face and are forced to communicate.

There is no way to predict the outcome of such enforced contact on either speech community, yet from these new shared experiences, new ____ of practice, including a new form of language — pidgin — may develop.