2026 수특 영독연 14강 변형문제 (19-25번)

The brain does not try to use all of its billions of neurons ____ represent everything; different brain regions represent different kinds of sensory stimuli.

For example, the visual cortex at the back of the brain has neurons that respond to ____ visual inputs.

There are neuronal groups whose firing patterns correspond spatially to the structure of the input — for example, when a column of neurons fires together to ____ the fact that a line is part of the visual stimulus.

Thus, different parts of the brain have groups of neurons that fire when different kinds of visual, olfactory (smell), ____ auditory, and touch stimuli are presented.

The human brain can do a lot more than just represent stimuli presented to it, because a group of neurons can respond to inputs from many groups ____ neurons.

This ____ produce a combined representation of what the input neurons represent.

For example, there are regions in the frontal cortex of monkeys where the sensory modalities of taste, vision, and smell come together, enabling the representation of ____ and their key properties.

It ____ clear, therefore, that the brain is a superb representational device.

For the last few centuries, experts have worried ceaselessly that ____ aren’t exercising enough.

Nationalism is one major source of this ____

Just as ancient Spartans were required and Romans were urged to be fit enough to fight as soldiers, flag-waving leaders and educators increasingly encouraged ordinary citizens to participate ____ sports and other forms of exercise as preparation for military service.

An especially influential proponent of this movement was Friedrich Jahn, ____ “Father of Gymnastics.”

Following Napoleon’s humiliating string of victories over German armies in the early nineteenth century, Jahn argued that educators had a responsibility to restore the physical and moral strength ____ his nation’s youth with gymnastics, hiking, running, and more.

Later, similar worries in America were spurred by the embarrassing ____ of fitness among many men who enlisted or were drafted for World Wars I and II and by the poor state of fitness among schoolchildren at the start of the Cold War.

National movements to drum up fitness ____ the sake of the state still occur in China and elsewhere.

Many climatologists accept there is a real possibility of global ____ warming due to an enhanced greenhouse effect.

As with many large-scale changes, ____ would be winners and losers.

Were climate belts to shift toward higher latitudes, which seems the most likely overall result, parts of the Sahara ____ southern Russia would receive increased rainfall.

They ____ benefit and their agricultural output would increase.

On the other hand, southern ____ and the United States cereal belt might become drier.

If warming produced a rate of evaporation ____ exceeded the increase in the rate of precipitation, soils would become more arid.

It may be, however, that warming will be experienced as a ____ in the fall of temperature at night, due to increased cloudiness, with little or no change in daytime temperatures.

In that event, nighttime frosts would become less frequent, soils would ____ somewhat moister, and agriculture would benefit.

Social media platforms enhance learning experiences, increase ____ interaction, and foster engagement.

However, just like with other pedagogical ____ understand the why behind what you do with social media.

Knowing ____ reason will guide you with choosing the most effective digital tool for reaching your instructional goals.

Be sure to match your instructional goals ____ digital tools that are accessible on websites and apps.

When selecting digital tools, refrain from being attracted to apps with fireworks and ____ colors because such highly attractive apps may not necessarily serve your academic purposes nor your students’ learning needs.

Selecting a social media platform is a practical decision based on making ____ good fit with a targeted skill.

For example, many social media platforms do not fit well with ____ such as writing essays and giving formal presentations.

Yet, these platforms can enhance other pedagogical activities ____ as classroom assessment techniques by allowing students to provide virtual input about a topic through social interaction.

The only way to produce crystal-clear writing is to know how a reader will respond to the choices you make in ____ text and graphics.

You need to know which sentence structures ____ most easily understood, which organization of material into sections is most easily followed, and so on.

It’s certainly possible to offer some general rules along these lines: for example, “use the active voice,” “divide the paper into Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion sections,” and “use a figure instead of a table ____ quantities are to be compared.”

In principle, you could tape a long list of such rules above your computer and treat it ____ the voice of authority on how to reach readers.

But long lists of rules are boring. Besides, using ____ makes writing mechanical, and good writing sometimes entails knowing when to bend the rules instead of following them.

Furthermore, using a ____ of rules is oddly indirect: instead of relying on rules you’ve been told will produce clear text, surely it would be more effective to understand how readers think, and write to that understanding.

In order to produce clear writing, you need ____ grasp the viewpoint of your audience and apply general writing rules flexibly.

In the early 1970s, the Peace Corps office in Botswana was concerned by the number of volunteers who seemed to be “burned out,” failing in their assignments, leaving the assigned villages, and ____ hostile to their Tswana hosts.

The Peace Corps asked American anthropologist Hoyt Alverson, who was familiar with ____ culture and society, for advice.

Alverson discovered that one major problem the Peace Corps volunteers were having involved exactly the ____ of similar actions having very different meanings.

The volunteers complained that the Tswana would never ____ them alone.

Whenever they ____ to get away and sit by themselves for a few minutes to have some private time, one or more Tswana would quickly join them.

This made the Americans ____

From their perspective, everyone is entitled to a certain amount of privacy ____ time alone.

To the Tswana, however, human life is social life; the only people who ____ to be alone are witches and the insane.

Because these young Americans did not seem to be either, the Tswana who saw them sitting alone naturally assumed that there had been a ____ in hospitality and that the volunteers would welcome some company.

Here, one ____ — a person walking out into a field and sitting by himself or herself — had two very different meanings.