2026 수특 영독연 14강 변형문제 (19-25번)

The brain does not try to use all of its billions of neurons to represent everything; different brain regions represent different kinds ____ sensory stimuli.

For ____ the visual cortex at the back of the brain has neurons that respond to different visual inputs.

There are ____ groups whose firing patterns correspond spatially to the structure of the input — for example, when a column of neurons fires together to represent the fact that a line is part of the visual stimulus.

Thus, different parts ____ the brain have groups of neurons that fire when different kinds of visual, olfactory (smell), taste, auditory, and touch stimuli are presented.

The human brain can do a lot more ____ just represent stimuli presented to it, because a group of neurons can respond to inputs from many groups of neurons.

This can produce ____ combined representation of what the input neurons represent.

For example, ____ are regions in the frontal cortex of monkeys where the sensory modalities of taste, vision, and smell come together, enabling the representation of fruits and their key properties.

It is clear, therefore, that the ____ is a superb representational device.

____ the last few centuries, experts have worried ceaselessly that we aren’t exercising enough.

Nationalism is one major ____ of this anxiety.

Just as ancient Spartans were required and Romans were urged to be fit enough to fight as soldiers, flag-waving leaders and educators increasingly encouraged ordinary citizens to participate in ____ and other forms of exercise as preparation for military service.

An especially influential proponent of ____ movement was Friedrich Jahn, the “Father of Gymnastics.”

Following Napoleon’s humiliating string of victories over German armies in ____ early nineteenth century, Jahn argued that educators had a responsibility to restore the physical and moral strength of his nation’s youth with gymnastics, hiking, running, and more.

Later, similar worries in America were spurred by the embarrassing ____ of fitness among many men who enlisted or were drafted for World Wars I and II and by the poor state of fitness among schoolchildren at the start of the Cold War.

National movements to drum up fitness for the sake of the state still occur in China and ____

Many climatologists ____ there is a real possibility of global climatic warming due to an enhanced greenhouse effect.

As with many large-scale changes, there ____ be winners and losers.

Were climate belts to shift toward higher latitudes, which seems the most likely overall result, parts of ____ Sahara and southern Russia would receive increased rainfall.

They would benefit and ____ agricultural output would increase.

On the other hand, southern Europe and the United States ____ belt might become drier.

If warming produced a rate of evaporation ____ exceeded the increase in the rate of precipitation, soils would become more arid.

It may be, however, that warming will be experienced as a reduction in the fall of temperature at night, due to increased cloudiness, with ____ or no change in daytime temperatures.

In that event, nighttime frosts would become less frequent, soils would become somewhat ____ and agriculture would benefit.

Social media platforms enhance learning experiences, increase ____ interaction, and foster engagement.

However, just like with other pedagogical activities, understand the why behind what ____ do with social media.

Knowing this reason will guide ____ with choosing the most effective digital tool for reaching your instructional goals.

Be sure to match your instructional goals with ____ tools that are accessible on websites and apps.

When selecting digital tools, refrain from being attracted to apps with fireworks and flying colors because such highly attractive apps may not necessarily serve your academic purposes ____ your students’ learning needs.

Selecting a social media platform is a ____ decision based on making a good fit with a targeted skill.

For example, many social media platforms do not fit well with skills such ____ writing essays and giving formal presentations.

Yet, these platforms can enhance other ____ activities such as classroom assessment techniques by allowing students to provide virtual input about a topic through social interaction.

The only way to produce crystal-clear writing is to know how ____ reader will respond to the choices you make in composing text and graphics.

You need to know which sentence structures are most ____ understood, which organization of material into sections is most easily followed, and so on.

It’s certainly possible to offer some general rules along these lines: for example, “use the active voice,” “divide the paper into Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion sections,” and “use a ____ instead of a table when quantities are to be compared.”

In principle, you could tape a long list of such rules ____ your computer and treat it as the voice of authority on how to reach readers.

But long lists of rules are boring. Besides, using them makes writing mechanical, and good writing sometimes entails knowing when to bend ____ rules instead of following them.

Furthermore, using a list of rules is oddly indirect: instead of relying on rules you’ve been told will produce clear text, surely it would be more effective to understand how readers think, and ____ to that understanding.

In order to produce clear ____ you need to grasp the viewpoint of your audience and apply general writing rules flexibly.

In the early 1970s, the Peace Corps office in Botswana was concerned by the number of volunteers who ____ to be “burned out,” failing in their assignments, leaving the assigned villages, and increasingly hostile to their Tswana hosts.

The Peace Corps asked American anthropologist Hoyt Alverson, ____ was familiar with Tswana culture and society, for advice.

Alverson discovered that one major problem the Peace Corps volunteers were having involved exactly the issue of similar ____ having very different meanings.

____ volunteers complained that the Tswana would never leave them alone.

Whenever they tried ____ get away and sit by themselves for a few minutes to have some private time, one or more Tswana would quickly join them.

This made ____ Americans angry.

From their perspective, everyone is entitled to a certain amount of privacy and time ____

To the Tswana, however, human ____ is social life; the only people who want to be alone are witches and the insane.

____ these young Americans did not seem to be either, the Tswana who saw them sitting alone naturally assumed that there had been a breakdown in hospitality and that the volunteers would welcome some company.

Here, one behavior — a person walking out into a field and sitting ____ himself or herself — had two very different meanings.