2026 수특 영독연 15강 변형문제 (12-18번)

For livestock, researchers are typically measuring temperament traits in groups of animals on ____ or commercial farms.

Compared to a more controlled experimental laboratory environment, ____ environments offer both opportunities and constraints to measuring and understanding temperament traits.

Farms are a source of large numbers of animals whose pedigree links with others on the farm and elsewhere are ____ known.

Within any given farm, animals may also have experienced ____ fairly standardized rearing process.

However, one farm differs from another in many respects, such as the quality of human ____ the level of nutrition provided, and the social groups the animals are kept in, among others, all of which could affect temperament.

For instance, to assess aggressiveness in individual pigs when groups of pigs are mixed with others, a test must be used in which all animals are mixed with a standardized number ____ unfamiliar animals, within a controlled weight range, and into pens of the same size. Such standardization can be achieved only on some farms.

All of these factors mean that farms cannot be treated as statistical replicates, and ____ farm must be regarded as unique.

Storing and retrieving information is so key to survival that nature has evolved thousands of techniques to do ____

For instance, Venus ____ can count.

To make sure that their traps don’t get sprung with a single raindrop, they require three touches to a trap within a certain ____ period before they expend the energy needed to close.

Thus, they must be able to count the touches as ____ as store the time interval between them.

We actually know how this is done. When a trap is touched, some calcium is released by the plant, which slowly — over seconds — dissipates. Subsequent touches release more calcium, ____ if it hits a certain threshold, the trap snaps shut.

Since the calcium is constantly dissipating, the sequential touches have to be within a certain time window ____ hit the threshold.

This capability is clearly encoded in DNA somewhere, but again, ____ is being acted upon with hardly any cognition.

Philosopher of science Hans Reichenbach and others use the colour of ____ to illustrate why inference based upon hypothesis tests cannot demonstrate with certainty that a circumstance always occurs.

____ the hypothesis that ‘all crows are black’.

Even if one has seen a million black crows and never seen a crow of another colour, there ____ no guarantee that the next crow will be black.

Even if one thinks one ____ seen every crow, one may be mistaken. Furthermore, one cannot see every future or past crow.

Thus, no matter how many crows have been studied, even if all of them have been consistent with the hypothesis that all crows are black, there is ____ way to be certain, to prove, that all crows are black.

Given the ____ crows I have seen and heard about, I am confident the great majority of crows are black, but I do not know for a fact that all crows are black.

This is the inherent limitation ____ inductive reasoning.

Our pets are very different from wild animals; millennia of domestication have ____ them almost beyond recognition from their wild ancestors.

But ____ completely. At least with dogs and cats we can sit down, observe, and interact with them, and they are happy for us to observe and interact.

____ communication with our pets is not about teaching them human words (‘sit’, ‘lie down’, ‘drop it’); real communication is about observing the animal in them.

If you forget about any intention to train ____ dog to ‘sit’, what do you see when you spend time with him?

Very much what you would see were you to spend time ____ a pack of wolves.

Behaviours like expressing annoyance (perhaps just getting up and moving to another spot in the room) or expressing a desire for social interaction ____ your hand or lying next to you).

These ____ are the true vocabulary of animals — not words and sentences — and the more you spend time with your animals, the more of this true vocabulary you will notice.

Dias & Ressler conducted an experiment ____ mice where they trained male mice to be afraid of the scent of cherry blossoms.

Every time they introduced the smell of cherry blossoms, they would electrocute ____ mice.

Three days later, they had the mice mate with ____ mice.

The resultant pups were not electrocuted or introduced to ____ scent of cherry blossoms until adulthood.

When they eventually introduced the offspring to the ____ of cherry blossoms, the pups started shaking and displaying other symptoms of anxiety.

These pups could also pick up subtle traces of cherry blossoms in the air, which changed the structure of their brains and certain areas lit up ____ monitored digitally.

This same behaviour was observed in the following ____ of the mice even though they had never been electrocuted.

This led researchers to understand how we, as humans, carry our ancestors’ emotional reactions to traumatic ____ and events.

In many cases, ____ about a target location is stored in one’s long-term memory.

Such information is more likely to involve an association of a target to a particular landmark than an association of ____ target to a particular viewer position.

For example, a frequent location of one’s keys ____ be on the chest of drawers near the door.

However, the viewer probably does not have a habitual location relative to the chest, so obtaining the keys involves knowing the position of the keys relative to the chest as well as one’s own position relative ____ that chest.

Of course, in some cases, a person does have a habitual position relative to a landmark in a certain spatial context and that position is directly associated with ____ target object.

For example, in a ____ the chef may have a habitual location relative to the stove, and the condiments may be in a specific location relative to that stove.

In this context, , and how much interest you have in the ____ being discussed an inference about the relation of the condiments to the self via the stove will not be necessary.

Tough times and changing market conditions can severely affect the performance and survival of enterprises. Some enterprises view ____ times as an opportunity to strengthen their businesses.

Therefore, they try to establish ____ advantage over their competitors by investing aggressively in marketing activities, research and development, and developing new products, whereas some enterprises cut their marketing expenditures and wait for the recession to pass.

In challenging times, the most frequent response of enterprises to a recession is retrenchment of marketing investments in order to ____ until the economy recovers.

Reducing the marketing expenses such as ____ and communication may give short-term relief to the enterprise.

However, in the long run, enterprises may ____ losing their customer base and market share.