26 수특 영독연 15강 변형문제 (19-25번)

In the case of self-driving cars ____ get into an accident, we are dealing with the following phenomenon: In the situation immediately before the accident, no more decisions can be made.

The decision about the behavior of an autonomous car was made when a decision was made about its ____

This can be a lengthy process ____ both the creation of appropriate legal regulations and their implementation by the manufacturer down to the individual programmer.

Now, in addition to attempts ____ program machines to apply certain moral theories to particular situations, there are also those that aim to mimic human judgment as best as possible.

This would ____ however, lead to self-driving vehicles acquiring the status of “moral agents.”

Their behavior would not be ____ an action in the sense of a result of genuine decision-making.

An ____ vehicle merely implements the rules programmed into its software.

This is also true when forms of self-learning Artificial ____ are used.

Here, too, humans will select the ____ examples and decide what the correct answer is in each case.

They decide what the ____ should “learn” and when it has “learned” enough.

Multiculturalism is an ideology advocating that society ____ consist of, or at least allow and include, distinct cultural and religious groups, with fairness.

Some countries ____ official multiculturalism policies aimed at preserving the cultural identities of immigrant groups.

In this ____ multiculturalism advocates a society that extends fairness to distinct cultural and religious groups, no one culture predominating.

However, the ____ is more commonly used to describe a society consisting of minority immigrant cultures existing alongside a predominant, indigenous culture.

Often, multiculturalism is interchangeably used with ____ term interculturalism.

Which term is used depends on what ____ is spoken by the people.

For example, English-speaking European researchers usually use the ____ multicultural, while non-English-speaking researchers use the term intercultural.

It is also argued that multicultural describes the nature of the society whose members are ____ different ethnic and religious groups, while intercultural describes their interactions, negotiations, and processes.

Another view is that ____ refers to two culturally different groups of people, and multicultural refers to more than two culturally different groups of people.

Therefore, the term multicultural is acceptable when referring to multiple ____

Looking at ____ history suggests that the answer to the question, what is this thing called science, is that there is no single thing called science.

____ is certainly not a unified and continuous body of beliefs.

Neither is it captured by a ____ scientific method.

If we want to understand what science is — the different ____ knowledge has been produced both now and in the past, and how different peoples and cultures have come to hold the beliefs they have about the natural world — we simply have no choice but to look at history.

To do this successfully, we ____ to overcome that modern condescension for the past that is often particularly prevalent in the history of science.

Clearly, by the ____ of our current knowledge, most of what people in the past thought they knew was false.

It is worth remembering, though, that by the ____ pessimistic induction, most of what we think we know now will turn out to be wrong by the future’s standards.

The history of science should not ____ a game of rewarding winners and losers in the past.

Generally a work is eligible for copyright protection if it is “original,” that is, it contains markers ____ creative decision making by the author or artists.

Something raw or ____ like an alphabetical listing of names would not be eligible for copyright protection.

But a song melody that used ____ alphabetical list of names as lyrics would be.

A work must be “fixed in a tangible ____ of expression,” to quote U.S. copyright law, to qualify for copyright protection.

This means that if I ____ up in public and speak a poem into the air, it does not enjoy copyright protection.

But if I record the sound of speaking it into the air or I type the poem ____ on a keyboard into a computer hard drive, it immediately enjoys protection.

My computer hard drive ____ a “tangible medium of expression.”

So are film, photographic paper, concrete, cloth, and the huge slabs of steel that the sculptor Richard Serra ____ to make his sculptures.

You might think that one reason that some individuals are successful at recognizing others’ emotions from their facial expressions is because they typically show ____ clearly on their own faces.

Surprisingly, though, research findings related to this idea are ____

A review of available evidence indicates that both reading and expressing emotions are ____ but only when individuals are trying to communicate their feelings to others.

When these expressions occur spontaneously — for ____ an expression of joy when something wonderful suddenly happens — then being able to recognize others’ facial expressions and displaying those cues clearly oneself are not related.

To put it in other terms, ____ who express their emotions openly and easily are not necessarily accurate at recognizing the facial expressions of others.

Accuracy appears to be tied ____ people’s intentional focus on showing their own emotions in their facial expressions.

Perhaps they gain greater insight into the nature of others’ expressions by doing so, and this helps ____ to recognize others’ underlying feelings more accurately.

Research findings show that one’s tendency to clearly convey their own emotions through facial expressions doesn’t necessarily guarantee an accurate reading of others’ emotions, as ____ accuracy of reading seems to be linked to the deliberate display of one’s own emotions.

If ____ look at mammals, the larger the animal, generally speaking, the longer its life span.

This ____ evolutionary sense.

A small animal is more vulnerable to predators, and there would be no point in having a long life span ____ it is going to be eaten long before it dies of old age.

But the more fundamental reason for the relationship between size and life span is that size is related to metabolic ____ which is roughly the rate at which an animal burns fuel in the form of food to provide the energy it needs to function.

Small mammals ____ more surface area for their size and so lose heat more easily.

To compensate, they need to generate more heat, which means maintaining ____ higher metabolic rate and eating more for their weight.

This means that the total number of calories burned per hour by an animal increases ____ slowly than the mass of the animal.

An animal that is ten ____ as large burns only four to five times as many calories per hour.

So ____ their weight, smaller animals burn more calories than larger animals.

The relationship between how fast an animal burns calories and its mass is named Kleiber’s law after Max Kleiber, who showed in the 1930s that an animal’s metabolic rate scales to the 3/4 power of its ____

The exact power ____ a matter of dispute and some show that for mammals, a 2/3 power fits the data better.