26 수특 영독연 15강 변형문제 (19-25번)

In the case of self-driving cars that get into an accident, we are dealing with the following phenomenon: In the situation immediately before the accident, no more ____ can be made.

The decision about the behavior of an autonomous car was made when a decision was ____ about its programming.

This can be a lengthy process involving both the creation of appropriate legal regulations and their ____ by the manufacturer down to the individual programmer.

____, in addition to attempts to program machines to apply certain moral theories to particular situations, there are also those that aim to mimic human judgment as best as possible.

This ____ not, however, lead to self-driving vehicles acquiring the status of “moral agents.”

Their behavior would not be considered an action in the sense of a result of genuine ____.

An autonomous ____ merely implements the rules programmed into its software.

This is also true when forms of self-learning ____ Intelligence are used.

Here, too, humans will select the ____ examples and decide what the correct answer is in each case.

They decide what the ____ should “learn” and when it has “learned” enough.

Multiculturalism is an ideology advocating that society should consist of, or at least allow and include, distinct ____ and religious groups, with fairness.

Some countries have ____ multiculturalism policies aimed at preserving the cultural identities of immigrant groups.

In this context, multiculturalism advocates a society that extends fairness to distinct ____ and religious groups, no one culture predominating.

However, the term is ____ commonly used to describe a society consisting of minority immigrant cultures existing alongside a predominant, indigenous culture.

____, multiculturalism is interchangeably used with the term interculturalism.

Which ____ is used depends on what language is spoken by the people.

For example, English-speaking European researchers usually use the term multicultural, while non-English-speaking researchers use the term ____.

It is also argued that multicultural describes the ____ of the society whose members are from different ethnic and religious groups, while intercultural describes their interactions, negotiations, and processes.

Another view is that intercultural refers to two culturally different groups of ____, and multicultural refers to more than two culturally different groups of people.

Therefore, the ____ multicultural is acceptable when referring to multiple cultures.

Looking at science’s history suggests that the answer to the question, ____ is this thing called science, is that there is no single thing called science.

Science is certainly not a ____ and continuous body of beliefs.

____ is it captured by a single scientific method.

If we want to understand what science is — the different ways knowledge has been produced both now and in the past, and how different peoples and cultures have come to hold the beliefs they have about the natural world — we simply have no choice but to look at ____.

To do this successfully, we need to overcome that modern condescension for the past that is often particularly prevalent in the history of ____.

____, by the light of our current knowledge, most of what people in the past thought they knew was false.

It is ____ remembering, though, that by the same pessimistic induction, most of what we think we know now will turn out to be wrong by the future’s standards.

The history of science should not be a game of rewarding winners and ____ in the past.

____ a work is eligible for copyright protection if it is “original,” that is, it contains markers of creative decision making by the author or artists.

Something raw or common like an alphabetical listing of names would not be ____ for copyright protection.

But a song melody that used an alphabetical ____ of names as lyrics would be.

A ____ must be “fixed in a tangible medium of expression,” to quote U.S. copyright law, to qualify for copyright protection.

This means that if I stand up in public and speak a poem into the air, it does not enjoy copyright ____.

But if I record the sound of speaking it into the air or I type the ____ out on a keyboard into a computer hard drive, it immediately enjoys protection.

My computer hard drive is a “tangible medium of ____.”

So are film, photographic paper, concrete, cloth, and the huge ____ of steel that the sculptor Richard Serra uses to make his sculptures.

You might think that one reason that some individuals are successful at recognizing others’ emotions from their facial expressions is because they typically ____ emotions clearly on their own faces.

Surprisingly, ____, research findings related to this idea are mixed.

A review of available evidence indicates that both reading and expressing emotions are related but only when individuals are trying to ____ their feelings to others.

When these expressions occur spontaneously — for instance, an expression of joy when something wonderful suddenly happens — then being able to recognize others’ facial expressions and displaying those cues clearly ____ are not related.

To put it in other terms, people who express their emotions openly and easily are not necessarily accurate at recognizing the facial expressions of ____.

Accuracy appears to be tied to people’s ____ focus on showing their own emotions in their facial expressions.

Perhaps they gain greater insight into the nature of others’ expressions by doing so, and this helps them to ____ others’ underlying feelings more accurately.

Research findings show that one’s tendency to clearly convey their own emotions through facial expressions doesn’t necessarily guarantee an accurate reading of others’ emotions, as the accuracy of reading seems to be ____ to the deliberate display of one’s own emotions.

If you look at mammals, the larger the animal, generally speaking, the longer ____ life span.

This makes evolutionary ____.

A small animal is more vulnerable to predators, and there would be no point in having a long life ____ if it is going to be eaten long before it dies of old age.

But the more fundamental reason for the relationship between size and life span is that size is related to metabolic rate, which is roughly the rate at which an animal burns ____ in the form of food to provide the energy it needs to function.

____ mammals have more surface area for their size and so lose heat more easily.

To ____, they need to generate more heat, which means maintaining a higher metabolic rate and eating more for their weight.

This means that the total number of calories burned per hour by an animal ____ more slowly than the mass of the animal.

An ____ that is ten times as large burns only four to five times as many calories per hour.

So for their weight, smaller ____ burn more calories than larger animals.

The relationship between how fast an animal burns calories and its ____ is named Kleiber’s law after Max Kleiber, who showed in the 1930s that an animal’s metabolic rate scales to the 3/4 power of its mass.

The exact power is a matter of ____ and some show that for mammals, a 2/3 power fits the data better.