26 수특 영독연 15강 변형문제 (19-25번)

In the case of self-driving cars that get into an accident, we are dealing with the following phenomenon: In the situation immediately ____ the accident, no more decisions can be made.

The decision about the behavior of an ____ car was made when a decision was made about its programming.

This can be a lengthy process ____ both the creation of appropriate legal regulations and their implementation by the manufacturer down to the individual programmer.

Now, in addition to attempts to program machines to apply certain moral theories to particular ____, there are also those that aim to mimic human judgment as best as possible.

This would not, ____, lead to self-driving vehicles acquiring the status of “moral agents.”

Their behavior would ____ be considered an action in the sense of a result of genuine decision-making.

An ____ vehicle merely implements the rules programmed into its software.

This is ____ true when forms of self-learning Artificial Intelligence are used.

Here, too, humans will select the training examples and decide what the correct answer is in each ____.

They decide what the program should “learn” and when it has “____” enough.

Multiculturalism is an ideology advocating that society should consist of, or at least allow and include, distinct cultural and religious ____, with fairness.

Some countries have official multiculturalism policies aimed at preserving the cultural identities of ____ groups.

In this context, multiculturalism advocates a ____ that extends fairness to distinct cultural and religious groups, no one culture predominating.

However, the term is more commonly used to describe a society ____ of minority immigrant cultures existing alongside a predominant, indigenous culture.

Often, multiculturalism is ____ used with the term interculturalism.

Which term is used depends on what language is spoken by the ____.

For example, ____ European researchers usually use the term multicultural, while non-English-speaking researchers use the term intercultural.

It is also argued that multicultural describes the nature of the society whose members are from different ethnic and ____ groups, while intercultural describes their interactions, negotiations, and processes.

Another view is that intercultural refers to two culturally ____ groups of people, and multicultural refers to more than two culturally different groups of people.

Therefore, the term multicultural is acceptable ____ referring to multiple cultures.

Looking at science’s history suggests that the answer to the question, what is this thing ____ science, is that there is no single thing called science.

Science is ____ not a unified and continuous body of beliefs.

____ is it captured by a single scientific method.

If we want to ____ what science is — the different ways knowledge has been produced both now and in the past, and how different peoples and cultures have come to hold the beliefs they have about the natural world — we simply have no choice but to look at history.

To do this successfully, we need to ____ that modern condescension for the past that is often particularly prevalent in the history of science.

Clearly, by the light of our current knowledge, most of what people in the past ____ they knew was false.

It is worth remembering, though, that by the same pessimistic induction, most of what we think we know now will turn out to be wrong by the ____ standards.

The ____ of science should not be a game of rewarding winners and losers in the past.

____ a work is eligible for copyright protection if it is “original,” that is, it contains markers of creative decision making by the author or artists.

Something raw or common like an alphabetical listing of ____ would not be eligible for copyright protection.

But a song melody that used an alphabetical ____ of names as lyrics would be.

A work must be “fixed in a tangible medium of expression,” to quote U.S. copyright ____, to qualify for copyright protection.

This means that if I stand up in public and speak a poem into the air, it does not enjoy ____ protection.

But if I record the sound of speaking it into the air or I type the poem out on a ____ into a computer hard drive, it immediately enjoys protection.

My computer ____ drive is a “tangible medium of expression.”

So are film, photographic paper, ____, cloth, and the huge slabs of steel that the sculptor Richard Serra uses to make his sculptures.

You might think that one reason that some individuals are successful at ____ others’ emotions from their facial expressions is because they typically show emotions clearly on their own faces.

Surprisingly, ____, research findings related to this idea are mixed.

A review of available evidence indicates that both reading and expressing emotions are related but only when individuals are trying to communicate their feelings to ____.

When these expressions occur ____ — for instance, an expression of joy when something wonderful suddenly happens — then being able to recognize others’ facial expressions and displaying those cues clearly oneself are not related.

To put it in other terms, people ____ express their emotions openly and easily are not necessarily accurate at recognizing the facial expressions of others.

Accuracy appears to be tied to people’s intentional focus on showing their own ____ in their facial expressions.

Perhaps they gain greater insight into the nature of others’ expressions by doing so, and this helps them to recognize others’ underlying feelings ____ accurately.

Research findings show that one’s tendency to clearly convey their own emotions through facial expressions doesn’t necessarily guarantee an accurate reading of others’ emotions, as the accuracy of reading ____ to be linked to the deliberate display of one’s own emotions.

If ____ look at mammals, the larger the animal, generally speaking, the longer its life span.

This ____ evolutionary sense.

A ____ animal is more vulnerable to predators, and there would be no point in having a long life span if it is going to be eaten long before it dies of old age.

But the more fundamental reason for the relationship between size and life span is that size is related to metabolic rate, which is roughly the rate at which an animal ____ fuel in the form of food to provide the energy it needs to function.

Small mammals have more surface area for their size and so lose heat more ____.

To compensate, they need to ____ more heat, which means maintaining a higher metabolic rate and eating more for their weight.

This means that the total number of calories burned per hour by an animal increases more slowly than the ____ of the animal.

An animal that is ten times as large burns only four to five times as many ____ per hour.

So for their weight, smaller animals burn more calories than ____ animals.

The relationship between how fast an animal burns calories and its ____ is named Kleiber’s law after Max Kleiber, who showed in the 1930s that an animal’s metabolic rate scales to the 3/4 power of its mass.

The exact power is a matter of dispute and some show that for mammals, a 2/3 power fits the ____ better.