26 수특 영독연 15강 변형문제 (19-25번)

In the case of self-driving cars that get into an accident, we are dealing with the following phenomenon: In the situation immediately before ____ accident, no more decisions can be made.

____ decision about the behavior of an autonomous car was made when a decision was made about its programming.

This can be a lengthy process involving both the creation ____ appropriate legal regulations and their implementation by the manufacturer down to the individual programmer.

Now, in addition to attempts to program machines to ____ certain moral theories to particular situations, there are also those that aim to mimic human judgment as best as possible.

This would not, however, lead to self-driving vehicles ____ the status of “moral agents.”

Their behavior would not be considered an action ____ the sense of a result of genuine decision-making.

An autonomous vehicle ____ implements the rules programmed into its software.

This ____ also true when forms of self-learning Artificial Intelligence are used.

Here, too, humans will select the training examples and decide what the correct answer ____ in each case.

They decide what the program should “learn” and ____ it has “learned” enough.

Multiculturalism is an ideology advocating that society should consist of, or at least allow and include, distinct cultural and religious ____ with fairness.

Some ____ have official multiculturalism policies aimed at preserving the cultural identities of immigrant groups.

In this context, multiculturalism advocates ____ society that extends fairness to distinct cultural and religious groups, no one culture predominating.

However, the term is more commonly used to describe a society consisting of minority immigrant cultures existing alongside a ____ indigenous culture.

Often, multiculturalism is interchangeably used with the ____ interculturalism.

____ term is used depends on what language is spoken by the people.

For example, English-speaking European researchers usually use the term multicultural, while non-English-speaking researchers use the term ____

It is also argued that multicultural describes the nature of the society whose ____ are from different ethnic and religious groups, while intercultural describes their interactions, negotiations, and processes.

Another view is that intercultural refers to two culturally different groups of ____ and multicultural refers to more than two culturally different groups of people.

Therefore, ____ term multicultural is acceptable when referring to multiple cultures.

Looking at science’s history suggests that the answer ____ the question, what is this thing called science, is that there is no single thing called science.

Science is certainly not a unified and ____ body of beliefs.

Neither is it captured by ____ single scientific method.

If we want to understand what science is — the different ways knowledge has been produced both now and in the past, and how different peoples and cultures have come to hold the beliefs they have about the natural world — ____ simply have no choice but to look at history.

To do this successfully, we need to overcome that modern condescension for ____ past that is often particularly prevalent in the history of science.

Clearly, by the light of our current ____ most of what people in the past thought they knew was false.

It is worth remembering, though, that by the same pessimistic induction, most of what we think we know now will turn out to be wrong ____ the future’s standards.

The history of science should not be a game of rewarding winners and losers ____ the past.

Generally a work is eligible for copyright protection if it is “original,” that is, it contains markers of creative decision ____ by the author or artists.

Something raw or common like an ____ listing of names would not be eligible for copyright protection.

But a song melody ____ used an alphabetical list of names as lyrics would be.

A work must be “fixed ____ a tangible medium of expression,” to quote U.S. copyright law, to qualify for copyright protection.

This means that if ____ stand up in public and speak a poem into the air, it does not enjoy copyright protection.

But if I record ____ sound of speaking it into the air or I type the poem out on a keyboard into a computer hard drive, it immediately enjoys protection.

My ____ hard drive is a “tangible medium of expression.”

So are film, photographic ____ concrete, cloth, and the huge slabs of steel that the sculptor Richard Serra uses to make his sculptures.

You might think that one reason that some individuals are successful at recognizing others’ emotions from their facial expressions ____ because they typically show emotions clearly on their own faces.

Surprisingly, though, research findings related to this idea ____ mixed.

A review of ____ evidence indicates that both reading and expressing emotions are related but only when individuals are trying to communicate their feelings to others.

____ these expressions occur spontaneously — for instance, an expression of joy when something wonderful suddenly happens — then being able to recognize others’ facial expressions and displaying those cues clearly oneself are not related.

To put it ____ other terms, people who express their emotions openly and easily are not necessarily accurate at recognizing the facial expressions of others.

Accuracy ____ to be tied to people’s intentional focus on showing their own emotions in their facial expressions.

Perhaps they gain greater ____ into the nature of others’ expressions by doing so, and this helps them to recognize others’ underlying feelings more accurately.

Research findings show that one’s tendency to clearly convey their own emotions through facial expressions doesn’t necessarily guarantee an accurate reading of others’ emotions, as the accuracy of reading seems to be linked to the deliberate ____ of one’s own emotions.

If you ____ at mammals, the larger the animal, generally speaking, the longer its life span.

This ____ evolutionary sense.

A small animal is more vulnerable to predators, and there would be no point in having a long life span if it is going to be eaten ____ before it dies of old age.

But the more fundamental reason for the ____ between size and life span is that size is related to metabolic rate, which is roughly the rate at which an animal burns fuel in the form of food to provide the energy it needs to function.

Small mammals have more surface area for their size and so lose heat ____ easily.

To compensate, they ____ to generate more heat, which means maintaining a higher metabolic rate and eating more for their weight.

This means that the total number of calories burned per hour by an animal increases more slowly than the ____ of the animal.

An animal that is ten times as large burns only four to five times as many calories ____ hour.

So for their weight, smaller animals burn more calories than larger ____

The relationship between how fast an animal burns calories and its mass is named Kleiber’s law after Max Kleiber, who showed in the 1930s that an animal’s metabolic rate scales to the 3/4 power of ____ mass.

____ exact power is a matter of dispute and some show that for mammals, a 2/3 power fits the data better.