26 수특 영독연 15강 변형문제 (19-25번)

In the case of self-driving cars that get into an accident, we are dealing with the following phenomenon: In the situation immediately before the accident, ____ more decisions can be made.

The decision about the behavior of an autonomous car was made ____ a decision was made about its programming.

This can be a lengthy process involving both the creation of appropriate legal regulations and their implementation by the manufacturer down to ____ individual programmer.

Now, in addition to attempts to program machines to apply certain moral theories to particular situations, there are also those that ____ to mimic human judgment as best as possible.

This ____ not, however, lead to self-driving vehicles acquiring the status of “moral agents.”

Their behavior would not be considered an action in the sense of a result of genuine ____

An autonomous vehicle merely implements the rules programmed into ____ software.

This is also true when forms of self-learning ____ Intelligence are used.

Here, too, humans ____ select the training examples and decide what the correct answer is in each case.

They decide ____ the program should “learn” and when it has “learned” enough.

Multiculturalism is an ideology advocating that society should consist ____ or at least allow and include, distinct cultural and religious groups, with fairness.

Some countries have official multiculturalism policies aimed at preserving the ____ identities of immigrant groups.

In this context, multiculturalism advocates a society ____ extends fairness to distinct cultural and religious groups, no one culture predominating.

However, the term is more commonly used to describe a society consisting of minority immigrant cultures existing alongside a predominant, ____ culture.

____ multiculturalism is interchangeably used with the term interculturalism.

Which term is used depends on what language ____ spoken by the people.

For example, English-speaking European researchers usually use the term multicultural, while non-English-speaking researchers use the term ____

It is also argued that ____ describes the nature of the society whose members are from different ethnic and religious groups, while intercultural describes their interactions, negotiations, and processes.

Another view ____ that intercultural refers to two culturally different groups of people, and multicultural refers to more than two culturally different groups of people.

Therefore, the term multicultural is acceptable when referring to ____ cultures.

Looking at science’s history suggests that the answer to the question, what is this thing called science, is that there is no single ____ called science.

Science is ____ not a unified and continuous body of beliefs.

Neither is it captured by a ____ scientific method.

If we want to understand what science is — the different ways knowledge has been produced ____ now and in the past, and how different peoples and cultures have come to hold the beliefs they have about the natural world — we simply have no choice but to look at history.

To do ____ successfully, we need to overcome that modern condescension for the past that is often particularly prevalent in the history of science.

Clearly, by the light of our current knowledge, most of what ____ in the past thought they knew was false.

It is worth remembering, though, that by the ____ pessimistic induction, most of what we think we know now will turn out to be wrong by the future’s standards.

The history of science should not ____ a game of rewarding winners and losers in the past.

Generally a work is eligible for copyright protection if it ____ “original,” that is, it contains markers of creative decision making by the author or artists.

Something raw or common like ____ alphabetical listing of names would not be eligible for copyright protection.

But a song melody that used an alphabetical ____ of names as lyrics would be.

A work must be “fixed in a tangible medium ____ expression,” to quote U.S. copyright law, to qualify for copyright protection.

This means that if I stand up in public and speak a ____ into the air, it does not enjoy copyright protection.

But if I record the sound of speaking it ____ the air or I type the poem out on a keyboard into a computer hard drive, it immediately enjoys protection.

My computer hard drive is a “tangible medium of ____

So are film, photographic paper, concrete, cloth, and the huge ____ of steel that the sculptor Richard Serra uses to make his sculptures.

You might think that one reason that some individuals are successful at ____ others’ emotions from their facial expressions is because they typically show emotions clearly on their own faces.

Surprisingly, though, research findings related to this idea ____ mixed.

A review of available evidence indicates that both reading and expressing emotions are related ____ only when individuals are trying to communicate their feelings to others.

When these expressions occur spontaneously ____ for instance, an expression of joy when something wonderful suddenly happens — then being able to recognize others’ facial expressions and displaying those cues clearly oneself are not related.

To put it in other terms, people who express their emotions openly and easily are not necessarily accurate at ____ the facial expressions of others.

Accuracy appears to be tied to people’s intentional ____ on showing their own emotions in their facial expressions.

Perhaps they gain greater insight into the nature of others’ expressions by doing so, and this helps them to recognize others’ underlying feelings ____ accurately.

Research findings show that one’s tendency to clearly convey their own emotions through facial expressions doesn’t necessarily guarantee an accurate reading of others’ emotions, as the accuracy of reading seems to be linked to the deliberate ____ of one’s own emotions.

If you look at ____ the larger the animal, generally speaking, the longer its life span.

This ____ evolutionary sense.

A ____ animal is more vulnerable to predators, and there would be no point in having a long life span if it is going to be eaten long before it dies of old age.

But the more ____ reason for the relationship between size and life span is that size is related to metabolic rate, which is roughly the rate at which an animal burns fuel in the form of food to provide the energy it needs to function.

Small mammals have more ____ area for their size and so lose heat more easily.

To compensate, they need to generate more heat, which means maintaining ____ higher metabolic rate and eating more for their weight.

This means that the total number of calories burned per hour by an animal increases more slowly than ____ mass of the animal.

An animal that is ten times as large burns ____ four to five times as many calories per hour.

So for their weight, smaller animals burn ____ calories than larger animals.

The relationship between how fast an animal burns calories and its mass is named Kleiber’s law after Max Kleiber, who showed in the 1930s that an animal’s metabolic rate scales to ____ 3/4 power of its mass.

The exact power is a matter of dispute ____ some show that for mammals, a 2/3 power fits the data better.