26 수특 영독연 15강 변형문제 (19-25번)

In the case of self-driving cars that get into an accident, we are ____ with the following phenomenon: In the situation immediately before the accident, no more decisions can be made.

The decision about the behavior of an autonomous car was made when ____ decision was made about its programming.

This can be a lengthy process involving both the creation of appropriate legal regulations and their implementation by the manufacturer down ____ the individual programmer.

Now, in addition to attempts to program machines to apply certain moral theories to particular situations, there are also those that aim to ____ human judgment as best as possible.

This would not, however, lead to self-driving vehicles acquiring ____ status of “moral agents.”

Their behavior would not be considered an action in the sense of ____ result of genuine decision-making.

An ____ vehicle merely implements the rules programmed into its software.

This is also true when ____ of self-learning Artificial Intelligence are used.

Here, too, humans will select the training examples ____ decide what the correct answer is in each case.

They decide what the program should “learn” and ____ it has “learned” enough.

Multiculturalism is an ideology advocating that society should consist of, or at least allow and include, ____ cultural and religious groups, with fairness.

Some countries have official multiculturalism policies aimed at ____ the cultural identities of immigrant groups.

In this context, multiculturalism advocates a society that extends fairness to distinct cultural and religious groups, no ____ culture predominating.

However, the term is more commonly used to describe a society consisting of minority immigrant cultures existing alongside a ____ indigenous culture.

Often, multiculturalism is interchangeably used with ____ term interculturalism.

Which term is used depends on what language is spoken by the ____

For ____ English-speaking European researchers usually use the term multicultural, while non-English-speaking researchers use the term intercultural.

It is ____ argued that multicultural describes the nature of the society whose members are from different ethnic and religious groups, while intercultural describes their interactions, negotiations, and processes.

Another view is that intercultural refers to two culturally different ____ of people, and multicultural refers to more than two culturally different groups of people.

Therefore, the term multicultural is acceptable when referring to ____ cultures.

Looking at science’s history suggests that the answer to the question, what is this thing called science, is that there ____ no single thing called science.

Science is certainly ____ a unified and continuous body of beliefs.

Neither is it captured by a single scientific ____

If we want to understand what science is — the different ways knowledge has ____ produced both now and in the past, and how different peoples and cultures have come to hold the beliefs they have about the natural world — we simply have no choice but to look at history.

To do this successfully, we need to overcome that modern condescension for the past that is often particularly prevalent in the history of ____

Clearly, by the light of our current ____ most of what people in the past thought they knew was false.

It is worth remembering, ____ that by the same pessimistic induction, most of what we think we know now will turn out to be wrong by the future’s standards.

The history of science should ____ be a game of rewarding winners and losers in the past.

Generally a work is eligible for copyright protection if it is “original,” that ____ it contains markers of creative decision making by the author or artists.

Something raw or common like an alphabetical listing of names would not be ____ for copyright protection.

But a song melody that used an alphabetical list of names as ____ would be.

A work must be “fixed in a tangible medium of expression,” to quote U.S. copyright ____ to qualify for copyright protection.

This means that ____ I stand up in public and speak a poem into the air, it does not enjoy copyright protection.

But if I record the sound of speaking it into the air or I type the poem out on a keyboard into a computer hard drive, ____ immediately enjoys protection.

My computer hard drive ____ a “tangible medium of expression.”

So are film, photographic paper, ____ cloth, and the huge slabs of steel that the sculptor Richard Serra uses to make his sculptures.

You might think that one reason that some individuals are successful at recognizing others’ emotions from their facial expressions is because they typically show emotions clearly on ____ own faces.

Surprisingly, though, research findings related to ____ idea are mixed.

A review of available evidence indicates that both ____ and expressing emotions are related but only when individuals are trying to communicate their feelings to others.

When these expressions occur spontaneously — for instance, an expression of joy when something wonderful suddenly happens — then being able to recognize others’ facial expressions and displaying those cues clearly ____ are not related.

To put it in other terms, people who express their emotions openly and easily are not necessarily accurate at recognizing the facial ____ of others.

Accuracy appears to be tied to people’s intentional focus ____ showing their own emotions in their facial expressions.

Perhaps they gain ____ insight into the nature of others’ expressions by doing so, and this helps them to recognize others’ underlying feelings more accurately.

Research findings show that one’s tendency to clearly convey their own emotions through facial expressions doesn’t necessarily guarantee an ____ reading of others’ emotions, as the accuracy of reading seems to be linked to the deliberate display of one’s own emotions.

If you look at ____ the larger the animal, generally speaking, the longer its life span.

This makes evolutionary ____

A small animal is more vulnerable to predators, and there would be no point in having a ____ life span if it is going to be eaten long before it dies of old age.

____ the more fundamental reason for the relationship between size and life span is that size is related to metabolic rate, which is roughly the rate at which an animal burns fuel in the form of food to provide the energy it needs to function.

____ mammals have more surface area for their size and so lose heat more easily.

To compensate, they ____ to generate more heat, which means maintaining a higher metabolic rate and eating more for their weight.

This means that the total number of calories burned per hour by an animal increases more slowly than the ____ of the animal.

An animal that is ten times as large burns only ____ to five times as many calories per hour.

So for their weight, smaller animals ____ more calories than larger animals.

The relationship between how fast an animal burns calories and its mass is named Kleiber’s law after Max Kleiber, who showed ____ the 1930s that an animal’s metabolic rate scales to the 3/4 power of its mass.

The exact power is a matter ____ dispute and some show that for mammals, a 2/3 power fits the data better.