2026 수특 영독연 15강 변형문제 (12-18번)

For livestock, researchers are ____ measuring temperament traits in groups of animals on experimental or commercial farms.

Compared to a more controlled experimental laboratory environment, these environments offer both ____ and constraints to measuring and understanding temperament traits.

Farms are a source of large numbers of animals whose pedigree ____ with others on the farm and elsewhere are frequently known.

Within any ____ farm, animals may also have experienced a fairly standardized rearing process.

However, one farm differs from another in many respects, such as the quality of ____ interaction, the level of nutrition provided, and the social groups the animals are kept in, among others, all of which could affect temperament.

For instance, to assess ____ in individual pigs when groups of pigs are mixed with others, a test must be used in which all animals are mixed with a standardized number of unfamiliar animals, within a controlled weight range, and into pens of the same size. Such standardization can be achieved only on some farms.

All of these factors mean that ____ cannot be treated as statistical replicates, and each farm must be regarded as unique.

Storing and retrieving information is so key to survival that ____ has evolved thousands of techniques to do so.

For instance, Venus ____ can count.

To make sure that their traps don’t get sprung with a single raindrop, they require three touches to a trap within a certain short period before they ____ the energy needed to close.

Thus, they must be able to count ____ touches as well as store the time interval between them.

We actually know how this is done. When a trap is touched, some calcium is released by the plant, which slowly — over seconds — dissipates. Subsequent touches release more ____ and if it hits a certain threshold, the trap snaps shut.

Since the calcium is constantly dissipating, the sequential touches have to be within a certain ____ window to hit the threshold.

This capability is clearly encoded ____ DNA somewhere, but again, information is being acted upon with hardly any cognition.

Philosopher ____ science Hans Reichenbach and others use the colour of crows to illustrate why inference based upon hypothesis tests cannot demonstrate with certainty that a circumstance always occurs.

Consider the ____ that ‘all crows are black’.

Even if one has seen a million black crows and never seen a crow of another colour, there is no guarantee that ____ next crow will be black.

Even if one thinks one has seen every crow, ____ may be mistaken. Furthermore, one cannot see every future or past crow.

Thus, no matter how many crows have been studied, even if all of them have been consistent with the hypothesis that ____ crows are black, there is no way to be certain, to prove, that all crows are black.

Given the many crows I have seen and heard about, I am confident the great majority of crows are black, but I do ____ know for a fact that all crows are black.

This is the inherent ____ of inductive reasoning.

____ pets are very different from wild animals; millennia of domestication have changed them almost beyond recognition from their wild ancestors.

But not completely. At least with dogs and cats we can sit down, observe, and interact with them, and they are happy for us to ____ and interact.

Real communication with our ____ is not about teaching them human words (‘sit’, ‘lie down’, ‘drop it’); real communication is about observing the animal in them.

If you forget ____ any intention to train your dog to ‘sit’, what do you see when you spend time with him?

Very much what you would see were you to spend time with ____ pack of wolves.

Behaviours like expressing annoyance (perhaps just getting up and moving to another spot in the room) or expressing a desire for social interaction (licking ____ hand or lying next to you).

These concepts are the true vocabulary of ____ — not words and sentences — and the more you spend time with your animals, the more of this true vocabulary you will notice.

Dias & Ressler conducted an experiment with mice where they ____ male mice to be afraid of the scent of cherry blossoms.

Every time they introduced the smell of cherry blossoms, they would ____ the mice.

Three days later, they had the mice mate ____ female mice.

The resultant pups were not electrocuted or ____ to the scent of cherry blossoms until adulthood.

When they eventually introduced the offspring to the scent of cherry blossoms, ____ pups started shaking and displaying other symptoms of anxiety.

These pups could also pick up subtle traces of cherry blossoms in the air, which changed the structure ____ their brains and certain areas lit up when monitored digitally.

This same behaviour was observed in the following generation of the mice even though they had never ____ electrocuted.

This led ____ to understand how we, as humans, carry our ancestors’ emotional reactions to traumatic situations and events.

In many cases, information about a ____ location is stored in one’s long-term memory.

Such information is more likely to involve ____ association of a target to a particular landmark than an association of a target to a particular viewer position.

For example, ____ frequent location of one’s keys may be on the chest of drawers near the door.

However, the viewer probably does not have a habitual location relative to the chest, so obtaining the keys involves knowing the position of the keys relative to the chest as well as one’s own position relative to ____ chest.

Of course, in some cases, a person does have a habitual position relative to a landmark in a certain spatial context and that position is directly associated with the ____ object.

For example, in a kitchen, the chef may have a habitual location relative ____ the stove, and the condiments may be in a specific location relative to that stove.

In this context, , and how much interest you have in the issue ____ discussed an inference about the relation of the condiments to the self via the stove will not be necessary.

Tough times and changing market conditions can severely affect the performance and survival of enterprises. Some enterprises view tough times as an opportunity to ____ their businesses.

Therefore, they try ____ establish their advantage over their competitors by investing aggressively in marketing activities, research and development, and developing new products, whereas some enterprises cut their marketing expenditures and wait for the recession to pass.

In challenging times, the most frequent response of enterprises to a recession is ____ of marketing investments in order to survive until the economy recovers.

Reducing the marketing expenses such as advertising and ____ may give short-term relief to the enterprise.

However, in the long run, enterprises may ____ losing their customer base and market share.