2026 수특 영독연 15강 변형문제 (12-18번)

For livestock, researchers are typically measuring temperament traits in ____ of animals on experimental or commercial farms.

Compared to a more controlled experimental laboratory ____, these environments offer both opportunities and constraints to measuring and understanding temperament traits.

Farms are a source of ____ numbers of animals whose pedigree links with others on the farm and elsewhere are frequently known.

Within any given farm, animals may ____ have experienced a fairly standardized rearing process.

However, ____ farm differs from another in many respects, such as the quality of human interaction, the level of nutrition provided, and the social groups the animals are kept in, among others, all of which could affect temperament.

For instance, to assess aggressiveness in individual pigs when groups of pigs are mixed with others, a test must be used in which all animals are ____ with a standardized number of unfamiliar animals, within a controlled weight range, and into pens of the same size. Such standardization can be achieved only on some farms.

All of these factors mean that farms cannot be treated as ____ replicates, and each farm must be regarded as unique.

Storing and retrieving information is so key to ____ that nature has evolved thousands of techniques to do so.

For instance, ____ flytraps can count.

To make sure that their traps don’t get sprung with a single raindrop, they require three ____ to a trap within a certain short period before they expend the energy needed to close.

Thus, they must be ____ to count the touches as well as store the time interval between them.

We actually ____ how this is done. When a trap is touched, some calcium is released by the plant, which slowly — over seconds — dissipates. Subsequent touches release more calcium, and if it hits a certain threshold, the trap snaps shut.

Since the calcium is ____ dissipating, the sequential touches have to be within a certain time window to hit the threshold.

This capability is clearly encoded in DNA somewhere, but again, information is being acted upon with hardly ____ cognition.

Philosopher of science Hans Reichenbach and others use the colour of crows to illustrate why inference based upon hypothesis tests cannot demonstrate with ____ that a circumstance always occurs.

____ the hypothesis that ‘all crows are black’.

Even if one has seen a million black crows and never seen a ____ of another colour, there is no guarantee that the next crow will be black.

Even if one thinks one has seen every crow, one may be mistaken. Furthermore, one cannot see ____ future or past crow.

Thus, no matter how many crows have been studied, even if all of them have been consistent with the hypothesis that ____ crows are black, there is no way to be certain, to prove, that all crows are black.

Given the ____ crows I have seen and heard about, I am confident the great majority of crows are black, but I do not know for a fact that all crows are black.

This is the inherent limitation of ____ reasoning.

Our pets are very different from ____ animals; millennia of domestication have changed them almost beyond recognition from their wild ancestors.

But not completely. At least with dogs and cats we can sit down, observe, and interact with them, and they are happy for us to ____ and interact.

Real communication with our pets is not about teaching them human ____ (‘sit’, ‘lie down’, ‘drop it’); real communication is about observing the animal in them.

If you forget about any intention to train your dog to ‘sit’, what do you ____ when you spend time with him?

Very ____ what you would see were you to spend time with a pack of wolves.

Behaviours like expressing annoyance (perhaps just getting up and moving to another spot in the room) or expressing a desire for social interaction (licking your hand or lying ____ to you).

These concepts are the true vocabulary of animals — not words and sentences — and the more you ____ time with your animals, the more of this true vocabulary you will notice.

Dias & Ressler conducted an ____ with mice where they trained male mice to be afraid of the scent of cherry blossoms.

____ time they introduced the smell of cherry blossoms, they would electrocute the mice.

Three days later, they had the ____ mate with female mice.

The resultant pups were not electrocuted or ____ to the scent of cherry blossoms until adulthood.

When they eventually introduced the offspring to the scent of cherry ____, the pups started shaking and displaying other symptoms of anxiety.

These pups could also pick up ____ traces of cherry blossoms in the air, which changed the structure of their brains and certain areas lit up when monitored digitally.

This same behaviour was observed in the following generation of the mice even though they had never ____ electrocuted.

This led researchers to understand how we, as humans, carry our ancestors’ emotional reactions to traumatic ____ and events.

In ____ cases, information about a target location is stored in one’s long-term memory.

Such information is more likely to involve an association of a target to a particular landmark than an association of a target to a ____ viewer position.

For example, a frequent ____ of one’s keys may be on the chest of drawers near the door.

However, the viewer probably does not have a habitual location relative to the chest, so obtaining the keys involves knowing the position of the keys relative to the chest as well as one’s own position ____ to that chest.

Of course, in some cases, a person does have a habitual position relative to a landmark in a certain spatial context and that position is directly associated with the target ____.

For example, in a kitchen, the chef may have a habitual location relative to the stove, and the condiments may be in a ____ location relative to that stove.

In this context, , and how ____ interest you have in the issue being discussed an inference about the relation of the condiments to the self via the stove will not be necessary.

Tough times and changing market conditions can severely affect the performance and survival of ____. Some enterprises view tough times as an opportunity to strengthen their businesses.

Therefore, they try to establish their advantage over their competitors by investing ____ in marketing activities, research and development, and developing new products, whereas some enterprises cut their marketing expenditures and wait for the recession to pass.

In challenging times, the most ____ response of enterprises to a recession is retrenchment of marketing investments in order to survive until the economy recovers.

Reducing the marketing expenses ____ as advertising and communication may give short-term relief to the enterprise.

____, in the long run, enterprises may risk losing their customer base and market share.