2026 수특 영독연 15강 변형문제 (12-18번)

For livestock, researchers are typically measuring temperament traits in groups of animals ____ experimental or commercial farms.

Compared to a more controlled experimental laboratory environment, these ____ offer both opportunities and constraints to measuring and understanding temperament traits.

Farms are ____ source of large numbers of animals whose pedigree links with others on the farm and elsewhere are frequently known.

Within any given farm, animals may also have ____ a fairly standardized rearing process.

____ one farm differs from another in many respects, such as the quality of human interaction, the level of nutrition provided, and the social groups the animals are kept in, among others, all of which could affect temperament.

For instance, to assess aggressiveness in individual pigs when groups of pigs are mixed with others, a test must be used in which all animals are mixed with a standardized number of unfamiliar animals, within ____ controlled weight range, and into pens of the same size. Such standardization can be achieved only on some farms.

All of these factors mean that farms cannot be ____ as statistical replicates, and each farm must be regarded as unique.

Storing and retrieving information is so key to survival that nature has evolved thousands of techniques to ____ so.

For instance, Venus flytraps ____ count.

To make sure that their traps don’t get sprung with a ____ raindrop, they require three touches to a trap within a certain short period before they expend the energy needed to close.

Thus, they must be able to count the touches ____ well as store the time interval between them.

We actually know how this is done. When a trap is touched, some calcium is released by the plant, which slowly — over seconds — dissipates. Subsequent touches release more calcium, ____ if it hits a certain threshold, the trap snaps shut.

Since the calcium is constantly dissipating, the sequential touches have to ____ within a certain time window to hit the threshold.

This capability is clearly encoded in DNA somewhere, but again, ____ is being acted upon with hardly any cognition.

Philosopher of science Hans ____ and others use the colour of crows to illustrate why inference based upon hypothesis tests cannot demonstrate with certainty that a circumstance always occurs.

Consider the hypothesis that ‘all ____ are black’.

Even if one has seen a million black crows ____ never seen a crow of another colour, there is no guarantee that the next crow will be black.

Even if one thinks one has seen every crow, ____ may be mistaken. Furthermore, one cannot see every future or past crow.

____ no matter how many crows have been studied, even if all of them have been consistent with the hypothesis that all crows are black, there is no way to be certain, to prove, that all crows are black.

Given the many ____ I have seen and heard about, I am confident the great majority of crows are black, but I do not know for a fact that all crows are black.

This is the inherent ____ of inductive reasoning.

Our pets are very different from wild animals; millennia of domestication have changed them almost beyond ____ from their wild ancestors.

But not completely. At least ____ dogs and cats we can sit down, observe, and interact with them, and they are happy for us to observe and interact.

Real communication with our pets is not about teaching them human words (‘sit’, ‘lie down’, ‘drop it’); ____ communication is about observing the animal in them.

If you forget about any intention to ____ your dog to ‘sit’, what do you see when you spend time with him?

Very much what you would see ____ you to spend time with a pack of wolves.

Behaviours like expressing annoyance (perhaps just getting up and moving to another spot in the room) or expressing a desire for social interaction (licking your hand or ____ next to you).

These concepts are the true vocabulary of animals — not words and sentences — and the more you spend time with your animals, the more of ____ true vocabulary you will notice.

Dias & Ressler conducted an experiment with mice where they trained male mice ____ be afraid of the scent of cherry blossoms.

Every time ____ introduced the smell of cherry blossoms, they would electrocute the mice.

Three days later, they had the mice mate ____ female mice.

The resultant pups were not electrocuted or introduced to the scent of ____ blossoms until adulthood.

When they eventually introduced the offspring to the scent ____ cherry blossoms, the pups started shaking and displaying other symptoms of anxiety.

These pups could also pick up subtle traces of cherry blossoms in the air, which changed the structure of their brains and certain areas lit up ____ monitored digitally.

This same behaviour was observed in the following generation of the ____ even though they had never been electrocuted.

This led researchers to understand how we, as humans, ____ our ancestors’ emotional reactions to traumatic situations and events.

In many cases, information about a target location is stored in ____ long-term memory.

Such information is more likely to involve an association of a target to a particular landmark than an association of a target to a particular ____ position.

For example, a frequent location of one’s keys may be on ____ chest of drawers near the door.

____ the viewer probably does not have a habitual location relative to the chest, so obtaining the keys involves knowing the position of the keys relative to the chest as well as one’s own position relative to that chest.

Of course, in some cases, a person does have a habitual position relative to a landmark in a certain spatial context and that position is directly associated ____ the target object.

For example, in a kitchen, ____ chef may have a habitual location relative to the stove, and the condiments may be in a specific location relative to that stove.

In this context, , and how much interest you have ____ the issue being discussed an inference about the relation of the condiments to the self via the stove will not be necessary.

Tough times and changing market conditions ____ severely affect the performance and survival of enterprises. Some enterprises view tough times as an opportunity to strengthen their businesses.

Therefore, they try to establish their advantage ____ their competitors by investing aggressively in marketing activities, research and development, and developing new products, whereas some enterprises cut their marketing expenditures and wait for the recession to pass.

In challenging ____ the most frequent response of enterprises to a recession is retrenchment of marketing investments in order to survive until the economy recovers.

Reducing the marketing expenses such as advertising and communication may give ____ relief to the enterprise.

However, in ____ long run, enterprises may risk losing their customer base and market share.