2026 수특 영독연 15강 변형문제 (12-18번)

For livestock, researchers are typically measuring ____ traits in groups of animals on experimental or commercial farms.

Compared to a more controlled experimental laboratory environment, these environments offer both opportunities and constraints to measuring and ____ temperament traits.

Farms are a source of large ____ of animals whose pedigree links with others on the farm and elsewhere are frequently known.

Within any given farm, ____ may also have experienced a fairly standardized rearing process.

However, one farm differs from another in many ____, such as the quality of human interaction, the level of nutrition provided, and the social groups the animals are kept in, among others, all of which could affect temperament.

For instance, to assess aggressiveness in individual pigs when groups of pigs are mixed with others, a test must be used in which all animals are mixed with a standardized number of unfamiliar animals, within a controlled weight ____, and into pens of the same size. Such standardization can be achieved only on some farms.

All of these factors mean that farms cannot be treated as statistical replicates, and each farm must be regarded as ____.

Storing and retrieving information is so ____ to survival that nature has evolved thousands of techniques to do so.

For instance, ____ flytraps can count.

To make sure that their traps ____ get sprung with a single raindrop, they require three touches to a trap within a certain short period before they expend the energy needed to close.

Thus, they must be able to count the touches as well as ____ the time interval between them.

We actually know how this is done. When a trap is touched, some calcium is released by the plant, which slowly — over seconds — dissipates. Subsequent touches release more calcium, and if it hits a certain threshold, the trap ____ shut.

____ the calcium is constantly dissipating, the sequential touches have to be within a certain time window to hit the threshold.

This capability is clearly encoded in DNA somewhere, but again, information is being acted upon with ____ any cognition.

Philosopher of science Hans Reichenbach and others use the colour of crows to illustrate why inference ____ upon hypothesis tests cannot demonstrate with certainty that a circumstance always occurs.

____ the hypothesis that ‘all crows are black’.

____ if one has seen a million black crows and never seen a crow of another colour, there is no guarantee that the next crow will be black.

Even if one thinks one has seen every crow, one ____ be mistaken. Furthermore, one cannot see every future or past crow.

Thus, no matter how many crows have been studied, even if all of them have been consistent with the hypothesis that all crows are black, there is no way to be certain, to prove, that all crows are ____.

____ the many crows I have seen and heard about, I am confident the great majority of crows are black, but I do not know for a fact that all crows are black.

This is the inherent limitation of ____ reasoning.

Our pets are very different from wild animals; millennia of domestication have changed them almost beyond recognition from their ____ ancestors.

But not completely. At least with dogs and cats we can ____ down, observe, and interact with them, and they are happy for us to observe and interact.

Real communication with our pets is not about teaching them human words (‘sit’, ‘lie down’, ‘drop it’); real ____ is about observing the animal in them.

If you forget about ____ intention to train your dog to ‘sit’, what do you see when you spend time with him?

Very much what you ____ see were you to spend time with a pack of wolves.

Behaviours like expressing annoyance (____ just getting up and moving to another spot in the room) or expressing a desire for social interaction (licking your hand or lying next to you).

These concepts are the true vocabulary of animals — not words and sentences — and the more you spend ____ with your animals, the more of this true vocabulary you will notice.

Dias & Ressler conducted an experiment with ____ where they trained male mice to be afraid of the scent of cherry blossoms.

____ time they introduced the smell of cherry blossoms, they would electrocute the mice.

Three days later, they had the mice ____ with female mice.

The resultant pups were ____ electrocuted or introduced to the scent of cherry blossoms until adulthood.

When they eventually introduced the offspring to the scent of cherry blossoms, the ____ started shaking and displaying other symptoms of anxiety.

These pups could also pick up subtle traces of cherry blossoms in the air, which changed the ____ of their brains and certain areas lit up when monitored digitally.

This same behaviour was observed in the following generation of the mice even ____ they had never been electrocuted.

This led ____ to understand how we, as humans, carry our ancestors’ emotional reactions to traumatic situations and events.

In many cases, information about a target location is stored in ____ long-term memory.

Such ____ is more likely to involve an association of a target to a particular landmark than an association of a target to a particular viewer position.

For example, a frequent ____ of one’s keys may be on the chest of drawers near the door.

However, the viewer probably does ____ have a habitual location relative to the chest, so obtaining the keys involves knowing the position of the keys relative to the chest as well as one’s own position relative to that chest.

Of course, in some cases, a person does have a habitual position relative to a landmark in a certain spatial context and that position is directly associated with the target ____.

For example, in a kitchen, the chef may have a habitual location ____ to the stove, and the condiments may be in a specific location relative to that stove.

In this context, , and how much interest you have in the issue being discussed an inference about the relation of the condiments to the ____ via the stove will not be necessary.

Tough times and ____ market conditions can severely affect the performance and survival of enterprises. Some enterprises view tough times as an opportunity to strengthen their businesses.

Therefore, they try to establish their advantage over their competitors by investing aggressively in marketing activities, research and development, and developing new products, whereas some enterprises cut their marketing ____ and wait for the recession to pass.

In challenging times, the most ____ response of enterprises to a recession is retrenchment of marketing investments in order to survive until the economy recovers.

Reducing the marketing expenses such as advertising and communication may give short-term ____ to the enterprise.

However, in the long run, enterprises may risk losing their customer base and ____ share.