2026 수특 영독연 15강 변형문제 (12-18번)

For livestock, researchers are typically measuring temperament traits in groups of ____ on experimental or commercial farms.

Compared to a more controlled experimental laboratory environment, these environments offer both opportunities and ____ to measuring and understanding temperament traits.

Farms are a source of large numbers of animals whose pedigree ____ with others on the farm and elsewhere are frequently known.

Within any given farm, animals may also have experienced a fairly standardized ____ process.

However, one farm differs from another in many respects, such as the quality of human interaction, the level of ____ provided, and the social groups the animals are kept in, among others, all of which could affect temperament.

For instance, to assess aggressiveness in individual pigs when groups of pigs are mixed with others, a ____ must be used in which all animals are mixed with a standardized number of unfamiliar animals, within a controlled weight range, and into pens of the same size. Such standardization can be achieved only on some farms.

All of these factors mean that farms cannot be treated as statistical replicates, and ____ farm must be regarded as unique.

Storing and retrieving information is so key to survival that ____ has evolved thousands of techniques to do so.

For instance, Venus ____ can count.

To make sure that their traps don’t get sprung with a single raindrop, they require three touches to a trap within a certain short ____ before they expend the energy needed to close.

Thus, they must be able to count the touches as well as store the time interval between ____.

We actually know how this is done. When a trap is touched, some calcium is released by the plant, which slowly — over seconds — dissipates. Subsequent ____ release more calcium, and if it hits a certain threshold, the trap snaps shut.

Since the ____ is constantly dissipating, the sequential touches have to be within a certain time window to hit the threshold.

This capability is clearly encoded in DNA ____, but again, information is being acted upon with hardly any cognition.

Philosopher of science Hans Reichenbach and others use the colour of crows to illustrate why inference based upon hypothesis tests cannot demonstrate with ____ that a circumstance always occurs.

____ the hypothesis that ‘all crows are black’.

Even if one has seen a million black crows and never seen a crow of another colour, there is no ____ that the next crow will be black.

Even if one thinks one has seen every crow, one may be mistaken. Furthermore, one cannot see every future or past ____.

Thus, no ____ how many crows have been studied, even if all of them have been consistent with the hypothesis that all crows are black, there is no way to be certain, to prove, that all crows are black.

Given the many crows I have seen and heard about, I am confident the great majority of crows are black, but I do not know for a fact that all ____ are black.

This is the inherent ____ of inductive reasoning.

Our pets are very different ____ wild animals; millennia of domestication have changed them almost beyond recognition from their wild ancestors.

But not completely. At least with dogs and cats we can sit ____, observe, and interact with them, and they are happy for us to observe and interact.

Real communication with our pets is not about teaching them human words (‘sit’, ‘lie down’, ‘drop it’); real communication is ____ observing the animal in them.

If you forget about any intention to train your dog to ‘____’, what do you see when you spend time with him?

Very much what you would ____ were you to spend time with a pack of wolves.

Behaviours like expressing annoyance (perhaps ____ getting up and moving to another spot in the room) or expressing a desire for social interaction (licking your hand or lying next to you).

These concepts are the ____ vocabulary of animals — not words and sentences — and the more you spend time with your animals, the more of this true vocabulary you will notice.

Dias & ____ conducted an experiment with mice where they trained male mice to be afraid of the scent of cherry blossoms.

Every time they introduced the smell of ____ blossoms, they would electrocute the mice.

Three ____ later, they had the mice mate with female mice.

The resultant ____ were not electrocuted or introduced to the scent of cherry blossoms until adulthood.

When they eventually introduced the offspring to the scent of cherry blossoms, the pups started shaking and displaying other ____ of anxiety.

These pups could also pick up ____ traces of cherry blossoms in the air, which changed the structure of their brains and certain areas lit up when monitored digitally.

This same behaviour was observed in the following generation of the ____ even though they had never been electrocuted.

This led researchers to understand how we, as humans, carry our ancestors’ ____ reactions to traumatic situations and events.

In many ____, information about a target location is stored in one’s long-term memory.

Such ____ is more likely to involve an association of a target to a particular landmark than an association of a target to a particular viewer position.

For example, a frequent ____ of one’s keys may be on the chest of drawers near the door.

However, the viewer probably does not ____ a habitual location relative to the chest, so obtaining the keys involves knowing the position of the keys relative to the chest as well as one’s own position relative to that chest.

Of course, in some cases, a person does have a habitual position relative to a landmark in a certain spatial context and that position is ____ associated with the target object.

For example, in a kitchen, the chef may have a habitual location relative to the stove, and the condiments may be in a specific location relative to that ____.

In this context, , and how much interest you ____ in the issue being discussed an inference about the relation of the condiments to the self via the stove will not be necessary.

Tough times and changing market conditions can ____ affect the performance and survival of enterprises. Some enterprises view tough times as an opportunity to strengthen their businesses.

Therefore, they try to establish their advantage over their competitors by investing aggressively in ____ activities, research and development, and developing new products, whereas some enterprises cut their marketing expenditures and wait for the recession to pass.

In challenging times, the most frequent ____ of enterprises to a recession is retrenchment of marketing investments in order to survive until the economy recovers.

Reducing the marketing expenses such as advertising and communication may ____ short-term relief to the enterprise.

However, in the long run, enterprises may risk losing their customer base and ____ share.