2026 수특 영독연 15강 변형문제 (12-18번)

For livestock, researchers are typically ____ temperament traits in groups of animals on experimental or commercial farms.

Compared to a more controlled experimental laboratory environment, these environments offer both opportunities and constraints to measuring and ____ temperament traits.

Farms are a source of ____ numbers of animals whose pedigree links with others on the farm and elsewhere are frequently known.

Within any given farm, animals may also have experienced a fairly ____ rearing process.

However, one farm differs from another in many ____, such as the quality of human interaction, the level of nutrition provided, and the social groups the animals are kept in, among others, all of which could affect temperament.

For instance, to assess aggressiveness in individual pigs when groups of pigs are mixed with others, a test must be used in which all animals are mixed with a standardized number of unfamiliar animals, within a controlled weight range, and into pens of the same size. Such ____ can be achieved only on some farms.

____ of these factors mean that farms cannot be treated as statistical replicates, and each farm must be regarded as unique.

Storing and retrieving information is so ____ to survival that nature has evolved thousands of techniques to do so.

For ____, Venus flytraps can count.

To make sure that their traps don’t ____ sprung with a single raindrop, they require three touches to a trap within a certain short period before they expend the energy needed to close.

Thus, they must be able to count the touches as ____ as store the time interval between them.

We actually know how this is done. When a trap is touched, some calcium is released by the plant, which slowly — over seconds — dissipates. Subsequent touches release more calcium, and if it hits a ____ threshold, the trap snaps shut.

Since the calcium is constantly ____, the sequential touches have to be within a certain time window to hit the threshold.

This capability is clearly encoded in DNA somewhere, but again, information is being acted upon with ____ any cognition.

Philosopher of science Hans Reichenbach and others use the colour of crows to illustrate ____ inference based upon hypothesis tests cannot demonstrate with certainty that a circumstance always occurs.

Consider the hypothesis that ‘all ____ are black’.

____ if one has seen a million black crows and never seen a crow of another colour, there is no guarantee that the next crow will be black.

Even if one thinks one ____ seen every crow, one may be mistaken. Furthermore, one cannot see every future or past crow.

Thus, no matter how many crows have been studied, even if ____ of them have been consistent with the hypothesis that all crows are black, there is no way to be certain, to prove, that all crows are black.

Given the many crows I have seen and heard about, I am confident the great majority of crows are black, but I do not ____ for a fact that all crows are black.

This is the inherent ____ of inductive reasoning.

Our pets are very different from ____ animals; millennia of domestication have changed them almost beyond recognition from their wild ancestors.

But not completely. At least with dogs and cats we can sit down, observe, and interact with them, and they are ____ for us to observe and interact.

Real communication with our pets is not about teaching them human words (‘sit’, ‘lie down’, ‘____ it’); real communication is about observing the animal in them.

If you forget about ____ intention to train your dog to ‘sit’, what do you see when you spend time with him?

Very much ____ you would see were you to spend time with a pack of wolves.

Behaviours like expressing annoyance (perhaps just getting up and moving to ____ spot in the room) or expressing a desire for social interaction (licking your hand or lying next to you).

These ____ are the true vocabulary of animals — not words and sentences — and the more you spend time with your animals, the more of this true vocabulary you will notice.

Dias & Ressler ____ an experiment with mice where they trained male mice to be afraid of the scent of cherry blossoms.

Every time they introduced the smell of cherry ____, they would electrocute the mice.

Three days ____, they had the mice mate with female mice.

The ____ pups were not electrocuted or introduced to the scent of cherry blossoms until adulthood.

When they ____ introduced the offspring to the scent of cherry blossoms, the pups started shaking and displaying other symptoms of anxiety.

These pups could also pick up subtle traces of cherry blossoms in the air, which changed the structure of their ____ and certain areas lit up when monitored digitally.

This same behaviour was ____ in the following generation of the mice even though they had never been electrocuted.

This led researchers to understand how we, as ____, carry our ancestors’ emotional reactions to traumatic situations and events.

In many cases, information ____ a target location is stored in one’s long-term memory.

Such information is more likely to involve an association of a target to a particular landmark than an association of a target to a ____ viewer position.

For ____, a frequent location of one’s keys may be on the chest of drawers near the door.

However, the viewer probably does not have a habitual location relative to the chest, so obtaining the keys involves knowing the position of the keys relative to the chest as well as one’s own position ____ to that chest.

Of course, in some cases, a person does ____ a habitual position relative to a landmark in a certain spatial context and that position is directly associated with the target object.

For example, in a kitchen, the chef may ____ a habitual location relative to the stove, and the condiments may be in a specific location relative to that stove.

In this context, , and how much interest you have in the issue ____ discussed an inference about the relation of the condiments to the self via the stove will not be necessary.

Tough times and changing market conditions can severely affect the performance and survival of enterprises. Some enterprises view tough times as an opportunity to strengthen their ____.

Therefore, they try to establish their advantage over their competitors by investing aggressively in marketing activities, ____ and development, and developing new products, whereas some enterprises cut their marketing expenditures and wait for the recession to pass.

In challenging times, the most frequent response of enterprises to a recession is retrenchment of marketing investments in order to survive until the economy ____.

Reducing the marketing ____ such as advertising and communication may give short-term relief to the enterprise.

However, in the long run, enterprises may risk losing their customer ____ and market share.