2026 수특 영독연 15강 변형문제 (12-18번)

For livestock, researchers are typically measuring temperament traits in groups of animals ____ experimental or commercial farms.

Compared to a more controlled experimental laboratory environment, these environments offer both opportunities and ____ to measuring and understanding temperament traits.

Farms are a source of large numbers of animals whose pedigree links with others on ____ farm and elsewhere are frequently known.

____ any given farm, animals may also have experienced a fairly standardized rearing process.

However, one farm differs from another in many respects, such ____ the quality of human interaction, the level of nutrition provided, and the social groups the animals are kept in, among others, all of which could affect temperament.

For instance, to assess aggressiveness in individual pigs when groups of pigs are mixed with others, a test must be used in which all animals are mixed with a standardized number of unfamiliar ____ within a controlled weight range, and into pens of the same size. Such standardization can be achieved only on some farms.

All of these factors mean that farms cannot be treated as ____ replicates, and each farm must be regarded as unique.

Storing and retrieving information is so key to survival that nature ____ evolved thousands of techniques to do so.

For instance, ____ flytraps can count.

To make sure that their traps don’t get sprung with a single raindrop, they require three touches to a trap within a certain short period before ____ expend the energy needed to close.

Thus, they must be able to count ____ touches as well as store the time interval between them.

We actually know how this is done. When a trap is touched, some calcium is ____ by the plant, which slowly — over seconds — dissipates. Subsequent touches release more calcium, and if it hits a certain threshold, the trap snaps shut.

Since the calcium is constantly dissipating, the sequential touches have to be within ____ certain time window to hit the threshold.

This capability is clearly encoded in DNA somewhere, but again, information is being acted upon ____ hardly any cognition.

Philosopher of science Hans Reichenbach and others use the colour of crows to illustrate why inference ____ upon hypothesis tests cannot demonstrate with certainty that a circumstance always occurs.

Consider the hypothesis ____ ‘all crows are black’.

Even if one ____ seen a million black crows and never seen a crow of another colour, there is no guarantee that the next crow will be black.

Even if one thinks one has seen every crow, one may ____ mistaken. Furthermore, one cannot see every future or past crow.

Thus, no matter how many crows have been studied, even if all of them have been ____ with the hypothesis that all crows are black, there is no way to be certain, to prove, that all crows are black.

Given the many crows I have seen and heard about, I am confident the great majority of crows are black, but I do not know for ____ fact that all crows are black.

This is ____ inherent limitation of inductive reasoning.

Our pets are very different from wild animals; millennia of domestication have changed them almost beyond recognition from their wild ____

But not completely. At least with dogs and cats we can sit ____ observe, and interact with them, and they are happy for us to observe and interact.

Real communication with our pets is not ____ teaching them human words (‘sit’, ‘lie down’, ‘drop it’); real communication is about observing the animal in them.

If you forget about any intention to train your dog to ‘sit’, what do you see when you spend time with ____

Very much what you would see were you to spend time with a ____ of wolves.

Behaviours like expressing annoyance (perhaps just getting up and moving to ____ spot in the room) or expressing a desire for social interaction (licking your hand or lying next to you).

These concepts are the true vocabulary of animals — not words and sentences — and the more you spend time with your animals, ____ more of this true vocabulary you will notice.

Dias & Ressler conducted an experiment with mice where they trained male mice to be ____ of the scent of cherry blossoms.

Every time they introduced the ____ of cherry blossoms, they would electrocute the mice.

Three ____ later, they had the mice mate with female mice.

The resultant pups ____ not electrocuted or introduced to the scent of cherry blossoms until adulthood.

When they eventually introduced the offspring to the scent of ____ blossoms, the pups started shaking and displaying other symptoms of anxiety.

These pups could also pick up subtle traces of cherry blossoms in ____ air, which changed the structure of their brains and certain areas lit up when monitored digitally.

This same behaviour was observed in the following generation of the mice even though they ____ never been electrocuted.

This ____ researchers to understand how we, as humans, carry our ancestors’ emotional reactions to traumatic situations and events.

In many cases, information about a target location is stored in ____ long-term memory.

Such information is more likely to involve an association of a target to a particular landmark than an association ____ a target to a particular viewer position.

For example, a frequent location of one’s keys may be on the chest of drawers ____ the door.

However, the viewer probably does not have a habitual location relative to the ____ so obtaining the keys involves knowing the position of the keys relative to the chest as well as one’s own position relative to that chest.

Of course, in some cases, a person does have a habitual position relative to a landmark in a certain spatial context and that position is directly associated with the target ____

For example, in a kitchen, the chef may have a habitual location relative to the stove, and the condiments may be in a specific ____ relative to that stove.

In this context, , and how much interest you have in ____ issue being discussed an inference about the relation of the condiments to the self via the stove will not be necessary.

Tough times and changing market conditions can severely affect the performance and survival of enterprises. Some enterprises view tough times as ____ opportunity to strengthen their businesses.

Therefore, they try to establish ____ advantage over their competitors by investing aggressively in marketing activities, research and development, and developing new products, whereas some enterprises cut their marketing expenditures and wait for the recession to pass.

In challenging times, the most frequent response of enterprises to a recession is retrenchment of marketing investments in ____ to survive until the economy recovers.

Reducing the marketing expenses such as ____ and communication may give short-term relief to the enterprise.

However, in the long run, enterprises may ____ losing their customer base and market share.