2026 수특 영독연 15강 변형문제 (12-18번)

For livestock, researchers are typically measuring ____ traits in groups of animals on experimental or commercial farms.

Compared to a more controlled experimental laboratory environment, these environments offer both ____ and constraints to measuring and understanding temperament traits.

Farms are a source of large numbers of animals whose pedigree links with others on the ____ and elsewhere are frequently known.

Within any given farm, animals may also have experienced a fairly standardized rearing ____

However, one farm differs from another in many respects, ____ as the quality of human interaction, the level of nutrition provided, and the social groups the animals are kept in, among others, all of which could affect temperament.

For instance, to assess aggressiveness in individual pigs when groups of pigs are mixed with others, a test must be used in which all animals are mixed with a standardized number of unfamiliar animals, within a controlled weight range, and into pens of the same size. Such standardization can ____ achieved only on some farms.

All ____ these factors mean that farms cannot be treated as statistical replicates, and each farm must be regarded as unique.

Storing and retrieving information is so key to survival that nature ____ evolved thousands of techniques to do so.

For instance, Venus flytraps can ____

To make sure that their traps don’t get sprung with a single raindrop, they require three touches to a trap within a certain short period ____ they expend the energy needed to close.

Thus, ____ must be able to count the touches as well as store the time interval between them.

We actually know ____ this is done. When a trap is touched, some calcium is released by the plant, which slowly — over seconds — dissipates. Subsequent touches release more calcium, and if it hits a certain threshold, the trap snaps shut.

Since the calcium is constantly dissipating, the sequential touches have to be within a certain ____ window to hit the threshold.

This capability is clearly encoded in DNA somewhere, but ____ information is being acted upon with hardly any cognition.

Philosopher of science Hans Reichenbach and others use the colour ____ crows to illustrate why inference based upon hypothesis tests cannot demonstrate with certainty that a circumstance always occurs.

____ the hypothesis that ‘all crows are black’.

Even if one has seen a million black crows and never seen a crow of another colour, there is no guarantee that the next crow will be ____

Even if one thinks one has seen every crow, one ____ be mistaken. Furthermore, one cannot see every future or past crow.

Thus, no matter how many crows have been studied, even if all of them have been consistent with ____ hypothesis that all crows are black, there is no way to be certain, to prove, that all crows are black.

Given the many crows I have seen and heard about, I am confident the great majority of crows are black, but I do not know ____ a fact that all crows are black.

This is the inherent limitation of ____ reasoning.

Our pets are very different from wild animals; millennia of domestication have changed them almost ____ recognition from their wild ancestors.

But not completely. At least with dogs and cats we can sit down, observe, and interact with them, and they are happy for ____ to observe and interact.

Real communication with our pets is not about teaching them human words (‘sit’, ‘lie down’, ‘drop ____ real communication is about observing the animal in them.

If you forget about any intention to train your dog to ____ what do you see when you spend time with him?

Very much what ____ would see were you to spend time with a pack of wolves.

Behaviours like expressing annoyance (perhaps just getting up and moving to another spot in the room) or expressing a desire for ____ interaction (licking your hand or lying next to you).

These concepts are the true vocabulary of animals — not words and sentences — and the more you spend time with your animals, the more ____ this true vocabulary you will notice.

Dias & Ressler conducted an experiment with mice where ____ trained male mice to be afraid of the scent of cherry blossoms.

Every time they introduced the smell of cherry blossoms, they would ____ the mice.

Three days ____ they had the mice mate with female mice.

The resultant pups were not electrocuted or ____ to the scent of cherry blossoms until adulthood.

When they eventually introduced the offspring ____ the scent of cherry blossoms, the pups started shaking and displaying other symptoms of anxiety.

These pups could also pick up subtle traces of cherry blossoms in the air, which changed the structure of their brains and certain areas lit up when ____ digitally.

This same behaviour was observed in the following generation of the ____ even though they had never been electrocuted.

This led researchers to ____ how we, as humans, carry our ancestors’ emotional reactions to traumatic situations and events.

In many cases, information about a target ____ is stored in one’s long-term memory.

Such information is more likely to involve an ____ of a target to a particular landmark than an association of a target to a particular viewer position.

For example, a ____ location of one’s keys may be on the chest of drawers near the door.

However, the viewer probably does not have a habitual location relative to the chest, so obtaining the keys involves knowing the position of ____ keys relative to the chest as well as one’s own position relative to that chest.

Of course, in some cases, a person does have a habitual position relative to a landmark in a certain spatial context ____ that position is directly associated with the target object.

For example, in a kitchen, the chef may have a habitual ____ relative to the stove, and the condiments may be in a specific location relative to that stove.

In this context, , and how much interest you have in ____ issue being discussed an inference about the relation of the condiments to the self via the stove will not be necessary.

Tough times and changing market conditions can severely affect the performance and survival of enterprises. Some enterprises view tough times as ____ opportunity to strengthen their businesses.

Therefore, they try to establish their advantage over their competitors by investing aggressively in marketing activities, ____ and development, and developing new products, whereas some enterprises cut their marketing expenditures and wait for the recession to pass.

____ challenging times, the most frequent response of enterprises to a recession is retrenchment of marketing investments in order to survive until the economy recovers.

Reducing the marketing expenses such as advertising and communication may ____ short-term relief to the enterprise.

However, in the long run, enterprises may risk losing their customer ____ and market share.