2027 수능특강 영어독해연습 2강 변형문제

To illustrate the ____ of simplifying the observer's job, consider psychologist William Ickes's research on "everyday mind reading."

One way he studies such mind reading is by ____ two strangers interact.

He tapes the interaction and ____ has each participant view the tape.

Participants are to stop the tape at different points and ____ what they are thinking.

____, participants see the tape again and are to stop it at different points and write down what their interaction partner was thinking at that point.

Observers rate the degree to which the participant's guess about what the partner was thinking matches ____ the partner was actually thinking.

Ickes could have had observers make their ____ on a 0 (not at all) to 100 (completely) scale.

However, he had observers use a 3-point scale with "0" being "essentially different content," "1" being "similar, but not the same, content," and "2" being "essentially the ____ content."

By using fewer categories, raters found the job of rating easier and were able to make reliable ____.

Instinct is the most difficult of the ____ words to define.

At the everyday ____ it is used often.

For example, a sports ____ might say, 'He made that pass instinctively.'

This means that the pass was ____ easily, automatically, with great skill and with a seemingly intuitive knowledge of the state of the game.

However, at a technical level the word refers to ____ that are built in, always appear in a similar form, and are specific to a species.

So, a spider builds a web instinctively and a bird's mating ____ might be instinctive.

It is unlikely, ____, that there is any equivalent instinctive behaviour in human beings.

Some people might argue that a mother's reaction to her newly born child is instinctive, but certainly not ____ mothers react in the same way and even when they do, they express it in myriad forms.

In general, instinct has been found to be a ____ very useful construct in giving accounts of the 'why' of behaviour.

An indication of the power of TV to "capture" people's memory is provided by the results of a study by James Ost and coworkers, who approached people in an English shopping center and asked if they would be willing to participate in a ____ examining how well people can remember tragic events.

The target event involved Princess Diana and her companion Dodi Fayed, whose deaths in a car crash in Paris on August 31, ____, were widely covered on British television.

Participants were asked to respond to the ____ statement: "Have you seen the paparazzi's video-recording of the car crash in which Diana, Princess of Wales, and Dodi Fayed lost their lives?"

Of the 45 ____ who responded to this question, 20 said they had seen the film.

This was, however, impossible, ____ no such film exists.

The ____ crash was reported on TV, but not actually shown.

The extensive ____ coverage of this event apparently caused some people to remember something ― seeing the film ― that didn't actually occur.

Our political decisions are determined by ____ the options are framed, and this mechanism can make a mockery of the feeling that our democratic choices proceed by ordering our desires or preferences.

Political conversation evokes a range of loosely ____ attitudes.

In three successive years, researchers from the General Social ____ asked whether we were spending "too much, too little, or about the right amount" on a variety of government programs.

In each year, 20 to 25 percent of the respondents said that too little was being spent on "welfare," but 63 to 65 percent said that too ____ was being spent on "assistance to the poor."

Once again, if our democratic choices were based on the ranking of preferences, our decisions ____ be affected differently by the terms "welfare" and "assistance to the poor."

But these two concepts could certainly tap into ____ aspects of our attitudes toward this assistance.

And we may resist these findings because they conflict with a story we ____ dear about free will and choice — in this case, democratic choice.

Computing the sum or average of several positive and negative values indeed lies within the normal repertoire of what elementary circuits of neurons can do ____ consciousness.

Even a monkey can learn to make a decision based on the ____ value brought about by a series of arbitrary shapes, and the firing of parietal neurons keeps track of the sum.

In my laboratory, we proved that approximate addition is within grasp of the ____ unconscious.

In one experiment, we flashed a series of five arrows and asked subjects whether more arrows were ____ right or pointing left.

When the arrows were made invisible by masking, participants were asked to guess, and indeed they thought that they were ____ randomly, but in reality they continued to do much better than chance would predict.

Signals from their parietal cortex gave evidence that their brain was unconsciously ____ the approximate sum of the overall evidence.

The arrows were subjectively invisible, but they still made their way into the brain's weighting and decision ____.

It has often been noted that men of genius have bad memories, and that ____ having extraordinary memories, like Cardinal Mezzofanti, have little else.

The truth is that there are two quite distinct kinds of memory: the memory for external facts and words, apart from their significance; and the memory for ____ facts and principles.

The man of genius, who may have no special reason for cultivating the lower kind of memory, ____ even find it rather a hindrance than a help.

His prayer is, "Let not my heart forget the things my eyes ____ seen."

So long as his heart retains the significance of the ____ he has seen and the words he has heard, he is willing to let the words and the facts go, as a man casts away the shells after he has eaten the oysters.

The "well-informed" person commonly differs ____ the man of genius in this: that he carries about with him all the shells of all the oysters he has ever eaten, and that his soul has grown thin under the burden.

The scientific process is invariably non-linear and can be ____ and drawn out, with hypotheses sitting on the shelf until the time has come to dust them down, if that ever finally arrives.

Sometimes you sit waiting for the ____ to come in, but it never actually does.

For every new theory and paper, there are many that fell by the wayside for ____ of time, funding or data.

Like the music industry, the hits are few and ____ between and don't always come when or from where you expect.

It's important not to be discouraged by this: the fact that not every idea comes to fruition isn't a ____ reason to have fewer of them.

Scientific breakthroughs ultimately depend on people working away without the immediate reward of achieving anything tangible: trying things that don't work (but ____ still be useful) and devising bits of a solution that won't be relevant until some undefined point in the future.

Such patience is the bedrock on which ____ is eventually achieved — stitched together from all those loose bits of fabric that could so easily have been discarded.

____ implies selection and uncertainty.

It means that there are a number of ____ options to choose from, and our decisions could always be different.

However, algorithms by definition do not know uncertainty; they do ____ choose between possibilities, nor are they creative, being designed to follow the instructions that program their behavior.

In this ____, algorithms are not contingent — which is why they can operate so efficiently and reliably.

Just like traditional machines, we expect algorithms to be neither unpredictable nor ____, even when they deliver information.

Different watches should all indicate the same ____ to all users, if they work properly.

As von Foerster observed, if the outcome of a traditional machine becomes unpredictable, we do not ____ that it is creative or original — we think that it is broken.

We do not care about the moods ____ the perspectives of machines, only about their results.

We repair them precisely to restore their ____.

Pleasure as conscious enjoyment of our sensory endowment, enhanced by the capacity both to anticipate and to ____ it, heightens enjoyment in the moment of listening to music, eating good food, dancing, swimming, sunbathing, and so variously on.

Enjoyment 'in the moment' is the greater for not being subjected to intellectual ____ as it occurs; obviously, we do better to leave it to unfold as purely itself.

But it is equally obvious that ____ on the nature and sources of pleasure is not irrelevant to their best enjoyment.

The pleasure of a half-hour listening to music is the greater because the music was chosen, the quality of sound reproduction is good, anticipation and expectation were engaged, and one prepared ____ to listen.

Think of the informative contrast here, how pain or discomfort is exacerbated by ____ anticipation; the tense dental patient who has been dreading the drill for days has a worse time than a relaxed patient.

The key to seeing pleasure as a good is to see how it fits into an ____ conception of the life worth living; this is how the ill consequences of certain types of pleasures-of-the-moment discount them as options.

The sciences do ____ extensive use of idealizations.

The ideal gas law describes the relationship of pressure, volume, and temperature of gases under ____ that never perfectly obtain.

In particular, it makes simplifying assumptions about the molecules making up gases — for example, that they do not attract or ____ one another and do not themselves take up volume.

The molecules of real gases are not like this, but their behavior is nonetheless close enough to ideal ones that the gas ____ is useful.

Indeed, there are philosophers of science who argue that this is the best ____ to think about scientific theories in general; they are best regarded as models that are precisely accurate only under conditions that are never entirely realized.

Even on such views, however, the theories are still ____ to be descriptive.

They are to be used to make predictions and offer explanations about the ____ of gases or whatever phenomena are at issue in real situations.

There are, accordingly, ____ as to how idealized they can be.

They ____ be so far removed from real world systems as to be worthless in describing actual phenomena with acceptable degrees of accuracy.

What is true is that regret ____ when we view a large-world problem like a small-world problem.

In a small world, where all choices, consequences, and probabilities are known, we can be certain about ____ much we would have won if only we had picked a different horse in a race or chosen different numbers in the lottery.

However, in a large world, where not all choices, consequences, and probabilities are known, we can never truly ____ the choices we made with those we didn't make.

We can never know what would have happened if we had taken another job, or married another person, or moved to another city because those ____ don't play out without us.

So, when we conjure up regrets about what might have been, we are comparing ____ we know to what we don't know.

What's worse is that, much like the upward social comparisons we make on social media, we ____ ourselves with how the realities of our situation stack up against an imagined ideal.

The emotional tenor of our conversations may be particularly important in a child's early ____.

Indeed, family dialogues from decades past may still be influencing your mental ____ today.

To understand why, we need a quick primer on the development of our ____ memories.

In the first few years of life, most children can remember only the slimmest pieces of their experiences — the feel of ____ on the beach and the prick of a needle in a doctor's surgery.

These may get more detailed as the child learns more and more vocabulary, but they are largely disconnected ____ each other; they remain isolated sketches of single events.

It is only after years of development that the child ____ slot their recollections into a narrative that has a coherent structure.

By the end of adolescence, that narrative may ____ the form of a novel.

The teen will start to recognise key events as ____ points, with new 'chapters' that represent new eras.

The psychologist ____ McAdams at Northwestern University in Illinois describes this as the transition from 'actor' to 'author'.