2027 수능특강 영어독해연습 2강 변형문제

To illustrate the benefits of simplifying the observer's job, consider psychologist William Ickes's research ____ "everyday mind reading."

One way ____ studies such mind reading is by having two strangers interact.

He tapes the interaction and then ____ each participant view the tape.

Participants are to stop the tape ____ different points and say what they are thinking.

Then, participants see the tape again and are to stop ____ at different points and write down what their interaction partner was thinking at that point.

Observers rate the degree to which the participant's guess about what the partner was thinking matches ____ the partner was actually thinking.

Ickes could have ____ observers make their judgments on a 0 (not at all) to 100 (completely) scale.

However, he had observers use a 3-point scale with "0" being "essentially different content," "1" being ____ but not the same, content," and "2" being "essentially the same content."

By using fewer categories, raters found the job of ____ easier and were able to make reliable ratings.

____ is the most difficult of the motivation words to define.

At the everyday level ____ is used often.

For example, a sports commentator ____ say, 'He made that pass instinctively.'

This means that the pass was ____ easily, automatically, with great skill and with a seemingly intuitive knowledge of the state of the game.

However, at a technical level the word refers to behaviours that are built in, always appear ____ a similar form, and are specific to a species.

So, a spider builds a web instinctively and a bird's ____ display might be instinctive.

It is unlikely, though, that there is any equivalent instinctive behaviour in human ____

Some people might argue that a mother's reaction to her newly born child is instinctive, ____ certainly not all mothers react in the same way and even when they do, they express it in myriad forms.

In general, instinct has been found to be a ____ very useful construct in giving accounts of the 'why' of behaviour.

An indication of the power of TV to "capture" people's memory is provided by the results of a study by James Ost and coworkers, who approached people in an English shopping center and asked if they would ____ willing to participate in a study examining how well people can remember tragic events.

____ target event involved Princess Diana and her companion Dodi Fayed, whose deaths in a car crash in Paris on August 31, 1997, were widely covered on British television.

Participants were asked to respond to the following statement: "Have you seen the paparazzi's video-recording of the car crash in which Diana, ____ of Wales, and Dodi Fayed lost their lives?"

Of the 45 ____ who responded to this question, 20 said they had seen the film.

This ____ however, impossible, because no such film exists.

The car crash was ____ on TV, but not actually shown.

____ extensive media coverage of this event apparently caused some people to remember something ― seeing the film ― that didn't actually occur.

Our political decisions are determined by how the options are framed, and this mechanism can make a ____ of the feeling that our democratic choices proceed by ordering our desires or preferences.

Political conversation evokes ____ range of loosely connected attitudes.

In three successive years, researchers from the General Social Survey asked whether we were spending "too much, too little, or about the right amount" ____ a variety of government programs.

In each year, 20 to ____ percent of the respondents said that too little was being spent on "welfare," but 63 to 65 percent said that too little was being spent on "assistance to the poor."

Once again, if our democratic choices were based ____ the ranking of preferences, our decisions wouldn't be affected differently by the terms "welfare" and "assistance to the poor."

But these ____ concepts could certainly tap into different aspects of our attitudes toward this assistance.

And we may resist these findings because they conflict with a story ____ hold dear about free will and choice — in this case, democratic choice.

Computing the sum or average of several positive and negative values indeed lies within the normal repertoire of what elementary ____ of neurons can do without consciousness.

Even a monkey can learn to make a decision based on the total value brought about by a series of arbitrary ____ and the firing of parietal neurons keeps track of the sum.

In my laboratory, we proved that approximate addition is within ____ of the human unconscious.

In one experiment, we flashed a series of ____ arrows and asked subjects whether more arrows were pointing right or pointing left.

When the arrows were made invisible by masking, participants were asked to guess, and indeed they thought that they were responding randomly, but in ____ they continued to do much better than chance would predict.

Signals from their parietal cortex gave evidence that ____ brain was unconsciously computing the approximate sum of the overall evidence.

The arrows were subjectively invisible, but they still made their way into the ____ weighting and decision systems.

It has often been noted that men of genius have bad memories, and that persons having extraordinary memories, like Cardinal ____ have little else.

The truth is that there are two quite distinct kinds of memory: the memory for external facts and words, apart from their significance; and ____ memory for spiritual facts and principles.

The man of genius, who may have no special reason for cultivating the lower kind of ____ may even find it rather a hindrance than a help.

His prayer is, "Let not my heart forget the things ____ eyes have seen."

____ long as his heart retains the significance of the facts he has seen and the words he has heard, he is willing to let the words and the facts go, as a man casts away the shells after he has eaten the oysters.

The "well-informed" person commonly differs from the man of genius in this: that he carries about with him all the shells of all the oysters he has ever ____ and that his soul has grown thin under the burden.

The scientific process is invariably non-linear and can be long and ____ out, with hypotheses sitting on the shelf until the time has come to dust them down, if that ever finally arrives.

Sometimes you sit waiting for the tide to come in, but ____ never actually does.

For every new theory and paper, there are many that fell by the wayside for lack ____ time, funding or data.

Like the music industry, the hits are few and far between and don't always come when or ____ where you expect.

It's important not ____ be discouraged by this: the fact that not every idea comes to fruition isn't a good reason to have fewer of them.

Scientific breakthroughs ultimately depend on people working away without the immediate reward of achieving anything tangible: trying things that don't work (but might still be useful) and devising bits of a solution that won't ____ relevant until some undefined point in the future.

Such patience is the bedrock on ____ progress is eventually achieved — stitched together from all those loose bits of fabric that could so easily have been discarded.

____ implies selection and uncertainty.

It ____ that there are a number of possible options to choose from, and our decisions could always be different.

However, algorithms by definition ____ not know uncertainty; they do not choose between possibilities, nor are they creative, being designed to follow the instructions that program their behavior.

In this sense, algorithms are not contingent — which is why they can operate ____ efficiently and reliably.

Just like traditional machines, we expect algorithms to be neither unpredictable nor idiosyncratic, even when ____ deliver information.

Different watches should all indicate the same time to all users, if ____ work properly.

As von Foerster observed, if the outcome of a traditional machine becomes unpredictable, we do not think that it is creative or original — we ____ that it is broken.

____ do not care about the moods nor the perspectives of machines, only about their results.

We repair them precisely to restore their ____

Pleasure as conscious enjoyment of our sensory endowment, enhanced by the capacity both to anticipate and to remember it, heightens enjoyment in the moment of listening to music, eating good food, dancing, swimming, sunbathing, and so variously ____

Enjoyment 'in the ____ is the greater for not being subjected to intellectual analysis as it occurs; obviously, we do better to leave it to unfold as purely itself.

But it is ____ obvious that reflection on the nature and sources of pleasure is not irrelevant to their best enjoyment.

The pleasure of a half-hour listening to music is the greater because the music was chosen, the quality of sound reproduction is good, anticipation and expectation were engaged, and one prepared ____ to listen.

Think of the informative contrast here, how pain or discomfort is exacerbated by fearful anticipation; the tense dental patient who has been dreading the drill for days has a worse time ____ a relaxed patient.

The key to seeing pleasure as a good is to see how it fits into an overall conception of the life worth living; this is ____ the ill consequences of certain types of pleasures-of-the-moment discount them as options.

The sciences do ____ extensive use of idealizations.

The ideal gas law describes the relationship of pressure, volume, ____ temperature of gases under conditions that never perfectly obtain.

In particular, it makes simplifying assumptions about the molecules ____ up gases — for example, that they do not attract or repel one another and do not themselves take up volume.

The molecules of real ____ are not like this, but their behavior is nonetheless close enough to ideal ones that the gas law is useful.

Indeed, there are philosophers of science ____ argue that this is the best way to think about scientific theories in general; they are best regarded as models that are precisely accurate only under conditions that are never entirely realized.

Even on such views, however, the theories are still ____ to be descriptive.

They are to be used to make predictions and offer explanations about the behavior of gases or whatever phenomena are at issue in ____ situations.

There are, accordingly, constraints as ____ how idealized they can be.

____ cannot be so far removed from real world systems as to be worthless in describing actual phenomena with acceptable degrees of accuracy.

What is true is that regret happens ____ we view a large-world problem like a small-world problem.

In a small world, where all choices, ____ and probabilities are known, we can be certain about how much we would have won if only we had picked a different horse in a race or chosen different numbers in the lottery.

However, in a large world, where not all choices, consequences, and probabilities are known, we can never truly compare the choices we made with those we ____ make.

We ____ never know what would have happened if we had taken another job, or married another person, or moved to another city because those scenarios don't play out without us.

____ when we conjure up regrets about what might have been, we are comparing what we know to what we don't know.

What's worse is that, much like the upward social comparisons we make on social ____ we torture ourselves with how the realities of our situation stack up against an imagined ideal.

The emotional tenor of our conversations may ____ particularly important in a child's early years.

Indeed, family ____ from decades past may still be influencing your mental health today.

____ understand why, we need a quick primer on the development of our autobiographical memories.

In the first few years of life, most children can remember only the slimmest pieces of their experiences — the feel of sand on the beach and the ____ of a needle in a doctor's surgery.

These may get more detailed as the child learns more and more vocabulary, but they are largely disconnected from each other; they ____ isolated sketches of single events.

____ is only after years of development that the child can slot their recollections into a narrative that has a coherent structure.

By the end ____ adolescence, that narrative may adopt the form of a novel.

The teen will start to recognise ____ events as turning points, with new 'chapters' that represent new eras.

The psychologist Dan McAdams at Northwestern University in Illinois describes this as the transition from 'actor' ____ 'author'.