2027 수능특강 영어독해연습 2강 변형문제

To illustrate the benefits of simplifying the observer's job, consider psychologist William ____ research on "everyday mind reading."

One way he ____ such mind reading is by having two strangers interact.

He ____ the interaction and then has each participant view the tape.

____ are to stop the tape at different points and say what they are thinking.

Then, participants see the tape again and are to stop it at different points and write down what their interaction partner was ____ at that point.

Observers rate the degree to which the participant's guess about what the partner was thinking matches ____ the partner was actually thinking.

Ickes could have had observers make their judgments on a 0 (____ at all) to 100 (completely) scale.

However, he had observers use a 3-point ____ with "0" being "essentially different content," "1" being "similar, but not the same, content," and "2" being "essentially the same content."

By using fewer categories, raters found the job of rating easier and were able to make reliable ____.

Instinct is the most ____ of the motivation words to define.

At the everyday ____ it is used often.

For ____, a sports commentator might say, 'He made that pass instinctively.'

This means that the pass was made easily, automatically, with great skill and with a seemingly intuitive knowledge of the ____ of the game.

However, at a technical level the word refers to behaviours that are built in, always appear in a similar form, and are ____ to a species.

So, a ____ builds a web instinctively and a bird's mating display might be instinctive.

It is unlikely, though, that there is any equivalent instinctive behaviour in ____ beings.

Some people might argue that a mother's reaction to her newly born child is instinctive, but certainly not all mothers react in the ____ way and even when they do, they express it in myriad forms.

In general, instinct has been found to be a ____ very useful construct in giving accounts of the 'why' of behaviour.

An indication of the power of TV to "capture" people's memory is provided by the results of a study by James Ost and coworkers, who approached people in an English shopping center and asked if they would be willing to ____ in a study examining how well people can remember tragic events.

The target event involved Princess ____ and her companion Dodi Fayed, whose deaths in a car crash in Paris on August 31, 1997, were widely covered on British television.

Participants were asked to respond to the following statement: "Have you ____ the paparazzi's video-recording of the car crash in which Diana, Princess of Wales, and Dodi Fayed lost their lives?"

Of the 45 people who responded to this question, 20 said they had seen the ____.

This was, ____, impossible, because no such film exists.

The car crash was ____ on TV, but not actually shown.

The extensive ____ coverage of this event apparently caused some people to remember something ― seeing the film ― that didn't actually occur.

Our political decisions are determined by how the options are framed, and this mechanism can make a mockery of the feeling that our democratic choices proceed by ordering our desires or ____.

Political ____ evokes a range of loosely connected attitudes.

In three successive years, researchers ____ the General Social Survey asked whether we were spending "too much, too little, or about the right amount" on a variety of government programs.

In each year, 20 to 25 percent of the respondents said that too little was being spent on "welfare," but 63 to 65 percent said that too little was being spent on "____ to the poor."

Once again, if our democratic choices were based on the ranking of preferences, our decisions wouldn't be affected differently by the terms "welfare" and "____ to the poor."

But these two concepts could certainly tap into different aspects of our ____ toward this assistance.

And we may resist these findings because they conflict with a story we hold dear about free will and choice — in this case, ____ choice.

Computing the sum or average of several positive and negative values indeed lies within the normal repertoire of what elementary circuits of ____ can do without consciousness.

Even a ____ can learn to make a decision based on the total value brought about by a series of arbitrary shapes, and the firing of parietal neurons keeps track of the sum.

In my laboratory, we proved that approximate addition is ____ grasp of the human unconscious.

In one experiment, we flashed a series of five arrows and asked subjects whether ____ arrows were pointing right or pointing left.

When the arrows were made invisible by masking, participants were asked to guess, and indeed they thought that they were responding randomly, but in ____ they continued to do much better than chance would predict.

____ from their parietal cortex gave evidence that their brain was unconsciously computing the approximate sum of the overall evidence.

The arrows were subjectively invisible, but they still made their ____ into the brain's weighting and decision systems.

It has often been noted that men of genius have bad memories, and that persons having extraordinary memories, like Cardinal Mezzofanti, have little ____.

The truth is that there are two quite distinct kinds of memory: the memory for external facts and words, apart from their significance; and the memory for ____ facts and principles.

The man of ____, who may have no special reason for cultivating the lower kind of memory, may even find it rather a hindrance than a help.

His prayer is, "Let not my heart forget the things my ____ have seen."

So long as his heart retains the significance of the facts he has ____ and the words he has heard, he is willing to let the words and the facts go, as a man casts away the shells after he has eaten the oysters.

The "well-informed" person commonly differs from the man of genius in this: that he carries about with him all the shells of all the oysters he has ever eaten, and that his soul has grown ____ under the burden.

The ____ process is invariably non-linear and can be long and drawn out, with hypotheses sitting on the shelf until the time has come to dust them down, if that ever finally arrives.

Sometimes you sit waiting for the tide to come in, but it never actually ____.

For ____ new theory and paper, there are many that fell by the wayside for lack of time, funding or data.

Like the music industry, the hits are few and far between and don't always come when or from where you ____.

It's important not to be discouraged by this: the fact that not every idea comes to fruition ____ a good reason to have fewer of them.

Scientific breakthroughs ultimately depend on people working away without the ____ reward of achieving anything tangible: trying things that don't work (but might still be useful) and devising bits of a solution that won't be relevant until some undefined point in the future.

Such patience is the bedrock on which progress is eventually achieved — stitched together from all those loose bits of fabric that ____ so easily have been discarded.

Contingency implies ____ and uncertainty.

It ____ that there are a number of possible options to choose from, and our decisions could always be different.

However, algorithms by definition do not know uncertainty; they do not choose between possibilities, ____ are they creative, being designed to follow the instructions that program their behavior.

In this sense, algorithms are not contingent — which is why they can ____ so efficiently and reliably.

____ like traditional machines, we expect algorithms to be neither unpredictable nor idiosyncratic, even when they deliver information.

Different watches should ____ indicate the same time to all users, if they work properly.

As von Foerster observed, if the outcome of a traditional machine becomes ____, we do not think that it is creative or original — we think that it is broken.

We do not care about the moods nor the perspectives of machines, only about their ____.

We repair them precisely to ____ their predictability.

Pleasure as conscious enjoyment of our sensory endowment, enhanced by the capacity both to anticipate and to remember it, heightens enjoyment in the moment of listening to music, eating good ____, dancing, swimming, sunbathing, and so variously on.

____ 'in the moment' is the greater for not being subjected to intellectual analysis as it occurs; obviously, we do better to leave it to unfold as purely itself.

But it is equally obvious that reflection on the nature and sources of pleasure is not irrelevant to their best ____.

The pleasure of a half-hour listening to music is the greater because the music was ____, the quality of sound reproduction is good, anticipation and expectation were engaged, and one prepared oneself to listen.

Think of the informative contrast here, how pain or discomfort is exacerbated by fearful anticipation; the tense dental patient who has been dreading the ____ for days has a worse time than a relaxed patient.

The key to seeing pleasure as a good is to see how it fits into an overall ____ of the life worth living; this is how the ill consequences of certain types of pleasures-of-the-moment discount them as options.

The sciences do make ____ use of idealizations.

The ideal ____ law describes the relationship of pressure, volume, and temperature of gases under conditions that never perfectly obtain.

In particular, it makes simplifying assumptions about the molecules making up gases — for ____, that they do not attract or repel one another and do not themselves take up volume.

The molecules of real gases are not like this, but their ____ is nonetheless close enough to ideal ones that the gas law is useful.

Indeed, there are philosophers of science who argue that this is the best way to think about scientific theories in general; they are best ____ as models that are precisely accurate only under conditions that are never entirely realized.

Even on such views, however, the theories are still ____ to be descriptive.

They are to be used to ____ predictions and offer explanations about the behavior of gases or whatever phenomena are at issue in real situations.

There are, accordingly, constraints as to ____ idealized they can be.

They cannot be so far removed ____ real world systems as to be worthless in describing actual phenomena with acceptable degrees of accuracy.

What is true is that regret happens when we ____ a large-world problem like a small-world problem.

In a small world, where all choices, consequences, and probabilities are known, we can be certain about how much we ____ have won if only we had picked a different horse in a race or chosen different numbers in the lottery.

However, in a large world, where not all choices, consequences, and probabilities are known, we can never truly compare the choices we ____ with those we didn't make.

We can never know what would have ____ if we had taken another job, or married another person, or moved to another city because those scenarios don't play out without us.

So, when we conjure up regrets about what might have been, we are ____ what we know to what we don't know.

What's worse is that, much like the upward social ____ we make on social media, we torture ourselves with how the realities of our situation stack up against an imagined ideal.

The emotional tenor of our ____ may be particularly important in a child's early years.

Indeed, family dialogues from decades past may still be influencing your mental health ____.

To understand ____, we need a quick primer on the development of our autobiographical memories.

In the first few years of life, most children can remember only the slimmest pieces of their experiences — the feel of sand on the beach and the prick of a ____ in a doctor's surgery.

These may get more ____ as the child learns more and more vocabulary, but they are largely disconnected from each other; they remain isolated sketches of single events.

It is only after ____ of development that the child can slot their recollections into a narrative that has a coherent structure.

By the end of adolescence, that ____ may adopt the form of a novel.

The teen will start to recognise key ____ as turning points, with new 'chapters' that represent new eras.

The psychologist Dan McAdams at Northwestern ____ in Illinois describes this as the transition from 'actor' to 'author'.