2027 수능특강 영어독해연습 2강 변형문제

To illustrate the benefits of simplifying the observer's job, consider psychologist William Ickes's research on "____ mind reading."

One way he studies ____ mind reading is by having two strangers interact.

He tapes the interaction and then has ____ participant view the tape.

Participants are to ____ the tape at different points and say what they are thinking.

Then, participants see the tape again and are to stop it at ____ points and write down what their interaction partner was thinking at that point.

Observers rate the degree to which the participant's guess about what the partner was thinking matches ____ the partner was actually thinking.

Ickes ____ have had observers make their judgments on a 0 (not at all) to 100 (completely) scale.

However, he had observers use a 3-point scale with "0" being "essentially different content," "1" being "similar, but not the same, ____," and "2" being "essentially the same content."

By ____ fewer categories, raters found the job of rating easier and were able to make reliable ratings.

Instinct is the most difficult of the motivation words to ____.

At the ____ level it is used often.

For example, a ____ commentator might say, 'He made that pass instinctively.'

This means that the ____ was made easily, automatically, with great skill and with a seemingly intuitive knowledge of the state of the game.

However, at a technical level the word ____ to behaviours that are built in, always appear in a similar form, and are specific to a species.

So, a spider builds a web instinctively and a ____ mating display might be instinctive.

It is unlikely, ____, that there is any equivalent instinctive behaviour in human beings.

Some people might argue that a mother's reaction to her newly born child is ____, but certainly not all mothers react in the same way and even when they do, they express it in myriad forms.

In general, instinct has been found to be a not very useful construct in giving accounts of the '____' of behaviour.

An ____ of the power of TV to "capture" people's memory is provided by the results of a study by James Ost and coworkers, who approached people in an English shopping center and asked if they would be willing to participate in a study examining how well people can remember tragic events.

The target event involved Princess Diana and her companion Dodi Fayed, whose deaths in a car crash in Paris on August 31, 1997, were ____ covered on British television.

Participants were asked to respond to the following statement: "Have you seen the paparazzi's video-recording of the car ____ in which Diana, Princess of Wales, and Dodi Fayed lost their lives?"

Of the 45 people who responded to this question, 20 said they had seen the ____.

This was, however, ____, because no such film exists.

The car crash was reported on TV, but not ____ shown.

The extensive media ____ of this event apparently caused some people to remember something ― seeing the film ― that didn't actually occur.

Our political decisions are determined by how the options are framed, and this mechanism can make a mockery of the feeling that our democratic choices proceed by ordering our desires or ____.

Political conversation ____ a range of loosely connected attitudes.

In ____ successive years, researchers from the General Social Survey asked whether we were spending "too much, too little, or about the right amount" on a variety of government programs.

In each year, 20 to 25 percent of the respondents said that too little was being spent on "welfare," but 63 to 65 ____ said that too little was being spent on "assistance to the poor."

Once again, if our democratic choices were based on the ranking of ____, our decisions wouldn't be affected differently by the terms "welfare" and "assistance to the poor."

But these two concepts could ____ tap into different aspects of our attitudes toward this assistance.

And we ____ resist these findings because they conflict with a story we hold dear about free will and choice — in this case, democratic choice.

Computing the sum or average of several positive and negative values indeed lies within the normal repertoire of ____ elementary circuits of neurons can do without consciousness.

Even a monkey can learn to make a decision based on the total value brought ____ by a series of arbitrary shapes, and the firing of parietal neurons keeps track of the sum.

In my laboratory, we proved that approximate addition is within ____ of the human unconscious.

In one experiment, we flashed a series of five arrows and ____ subjects whether more arrows were pointing right or pointing left.

When the arrows were made invisible by masking, participants were asked to guess, and indeed they thought that they were responding randomly, but in reality they continued to do much better than chance would ____.

Signals from their parietal cortex gave evidence that their brain was ____ computing the approximate sum of the overall evidence.

The arrows were subjectively invisible, but they still ____ their way into the brain's weighting and decision systems.

It has often been noted that men of genius have bad memories, and that ____ having extraordinary memories, like Cardinal Mezzofanti, have little else.

The truth is that there are two quite distinct kinds of memory: the ____ for external facts and words, apart from their significance; and the memory for spiritual facts and principles.

The man of genius, who may have no special reason for cultivating the lower kind of memory, may even find it ____ a hindrance than a help.

His prayer is, "Let not my ____ forget the things my eyes have seen."

So long as his heart retains the significance of the facts he has seen and the words he has heard, he is willing to let the words and the facts go, as a man casts away the shells after he has ____ the oysters.

The "well-informed" person commonly differs ____ the man of genius in this: that he carries about with him all the shells of all the oysters he has ever eaten, and that his soul has grown thin under the burden.

The scientific process is invariably non-linear and can be long and drawn ____, with hypotheses sitting on the shelf until the time has come to dust them down, if that ever finally arrives.

____ you sit waiting for the tide to come in, but it never actually does.

For ____ new theory and paper, there are many that fell by the wayside for lack of time, funding or data.

Like the music industry, the hits are few and far between and don't ____ come when or from where you expect.

It's important not to be discouraged by this: the fact that not every idea comes to fruition ____ a good reason to have fewer of them.

Scientific breakthroughs ultimately depend on people working away without the immediate reward of achieving anything tangible: trying things that don't work (but might still be ____) and devising bits of a solution that won't be relevant until some undefined point in the future.

Such patience is the bedrock on which progress is eventually achieved — stitched together from all ____ loose bits of fabric that could so easily have been discarded.

____ implies selection and uncertainty.

It means that there are a number of possible options to choose from, and our decisions could always be ____.

____, algorithms by definition do not know uncertainty; they do not choose between possibilities, nor are they creative, being designed to follow the instructions that program their behavior.

In this sense, algorithms are not ____ — which is why they can operate so efficiently and reliably.

Just like ____ machines, we expect algorithms to be neither unpredictable nor idiosyncratic, even when they deliver information.

Different watches ____ all indicate the same time to all users, if they work properly.

As von Foerster observed, if the outcome of a ____ machine becomes unpredictable, we do not think that it is creative or original — we think that it is broken.

We do not care ____ the moods nor the perspectives of machines, only about their results.

We repair them ____ to restore their predictability.

____ as conscious enjoyment of our sensory endowment, enhanced by the capacity both to anticipate and to remember it, heightens enjoyment in the moment of listening to music, eating good food, dancing, swimming, sunbathing, and so variously on.

Enjoyment 'in the moment' is the greater for not being subjected to intellectual ____ as it occurs; obviously, we do better to leave it to unfold as purely itself.

But it is equally obvious that reflection on the nature and sources of pleasure is ____ irrelevant to their best enjoyment.

The pleasure of a half-hour listening to music is the greater because the music was chosen, the quality of sound reproduction is good, anticipation and expectation were engaged, and ____ prepared oneself to listen.

Think of the informative contrast here, how pain or discomfort is exacerbated by fearful anticipation; the tense ____ patient who has been dreading the drill for days has a worse time than a relaxed patient.

The key to seeing pleasure as a good is to see how it fits into an overall conception of the life worth living; this is how the ill consequences of certain types of ____ discount them as options.

The ____ do make extensive use of idealizations.

The ideal gas law describes the relationship of pressure, volume, and temperature of gases under conditions that ____ perfectly obtain.

In particular, it makes simplifying assumptions about the molecules making up gases — for example, that they do not attract or repel one another and do not themselves take up ____.

The ____ of real gases are not like this, but their behavior is nonetheless close enough to ideal ones that the gas law is useful.

Indeed, there are philosophers of science who argue that this is the best way to think about scientific theories in general; they are best regarded as models that are precisely accurate ____ under conditions that are never entirely realized.

Even on such views, however, the theories are still meant to be ____.

They are to be used to make predictions and offer explanations ____ the behavior of gases or whatever phenomena are at issue in real situations.

There are, accordingly, constraints as to how ____ they can be.

They cannot be so far removed from real world systems as to be worthless in describing actual phenomena with acceptable ____ of accuracy.

What is true is that regret happens when we view a large-world ____ like a small-world problem.

In a small world, where all choices, consequences, and probabilities are known, we can be certain about how much we would have won if only we had ____ a different horse in a race or chosen different numbers in the lottery.

However, in a large world, where not all choices, consequences, and probabilities are ____, we can never truly compare the choices we made with those we didn't make.

We can ____ know what would have happened if we had taken another job, or married another person, or moved to another city because those scenarios don't play out without us.

So, when we conjure up regrets about what might have been, we are comparing what we ____ to what we don't know.

What's worse is that, much like the upward social comparisons we make on social media, we ____ ourselves with how the realities of our situation stack up against an imagined ideal.

The emotional tenor of our conversations may be particularly important in a child's ____ years.

Indeed, family dialogues from ____ past may still be influencing your mental health today.

To understand why, we need a quick ____ on the development of our autobiographical memories.

In the first few years of life, most children can remember only the ____ pieces of their experiences — the feel of sand on the beach and the prick of a needle in a doctor's surgery.

These may get more detailed as the child ____ more and more vocabulary, but they are largely disconnected from each other; they remain isolated sketches of single events.

It is only after years of development that the child can slot their recollections into a narrative that has a ____ structure.

By the end of adolescence, that ____ may adopt the form of a novel.

The teen will start to recognise key events as turning ____, with new 'chapters' that represent new eras.

The ____ Dan McAdams at Northwestern University in Illinois describes this as the transition from 'actor' to 'author'.