2027 수능특강 영어독해연습 2강 변형문제

To illustrate the benefits of simplifying the observer's job, consider psychologist William Ickes's research on "everyday mind ____

____ way he studies such mind reading is by having two strangers interact.

He tapes ____ interaction and then has each participant view the tape.

Participants are to stop the tape at different points and say what ____ are thinking.

Then, participants see the tape again and are to ____ it at different points and write down what their interaction partner was thinking at that point.

Observers rate the degree to which ____ participant's guess about what the partner was thinking matches what the partner was actually thinking.

Ickes could have had observers make their judgments on a ____ (not at all) to 100 (completely) scale.

However, he had ____ use a 3-point scale with "0" being "essentially different content," "1" being "similar, but not the same, content," and "2" being "essentially the same content."

By using fewer categories, raters ____ the job of rating easier and were able to make reliable ratings.

Instinct is the most difficult ____ the motivation words to define.

At the ____ level it is used often.

For example, a sports commentator might say, 'He ____ that pass instinctively.'

This means that the pass ____ made easily, automatically, with great skill and with a seemingly intuitive knowledge of the state of the game.

____ at a technical level the word refers to behaviours that are built in, always appear in a similar form, and are specific to a species.

So, a spider builds a web instinctively and a ____ mating display might be instinctive.

It is unlikely, though, that there is any equivalent instinctive behaviour in ____ beings.

Some ____ might argue that a mother's reaction to her newly born child is instinctive, but certainly not all mothers react in the same way and even when they do, they express it in myriad forms.

In general, instinct has been found to ____ a not very useful construct in giving accounts of the 'why' of behaviour.

An indication of the power of TV to "capture" people's memory is provided by the results of a study by James ____ and coworkers, who approached people in an English shopping center and asked if they would be willing to participate in a study examining how well people can remember tragic events.

The target event involved Princess Diana and her companion Dodi Fayed, whose deaths in a car crash in Paris on August 31, ____ were widely covered on British television.

Participants were asked to respond to the following statement: "Have you seen the paparazzi's video-recording of the car crash in which Diana, Princess of Wales, and Dodi Fayed lost their ____

Of the 45 people who responded to this ____ 20 said they had seen the film.

This was, however, impossible, because no such ____ exists.

The car ____ was reported on TV, but not actually shown.

The extensive media coverage of this event apparently caused some people to ____ something ― seeing the film ― that didn't actually occur.

Our political decisions are determined by how the options are framed, and this mechanism can make a mockery of ____ feeling that our democratic choices proceed by ordering our desires or preferences.

Political conversation evokes a range of loosely ____ attitudes.

In three successive years, researchers from the General Social Survey asked whether we were spending "too much, too little, or about the right amount" on a variety of government ____

In each year, 20 to 25 percent of the respondents ____ that too little was being spent on "welfare," but 63 to 65 percent said that too little was being spent on "assistance to the poor."

Once again, if our democratic choices were based on the ranking of preferences, our decisions wouldn't ____ affected differently by the terms "welfare" and "assistance to the poor."

But these two concepts could certainly tap ____ different aspects of our attitudes toward this assistance.

And we may resist these findings because they conflict with a story we hold dear ____ free will and choice — in this case, democratic choice.

Computing the sum or average of several positive and negative values indeed lies within the normal repertoire of what elementary circuits of neurons ____ do without consciousness.

Even a monkey can learn to make a decision ____ on the total value brought about by a series of arbitrary shapes, and the firing of parietal neurons keeps track of the sum.

In my laboratory, we proved that ____ addition is within grasp of the human unconscious.

In one experiment, we flashed a series of five arrows ____ asked subjects whether more arrows were pointing right or pointing left.

____ the arrows were made invisible by masking, participants were asked to guess, and indeed they thought that they were responding randomly, but in reality they continued to do much better than chance would predict.

Signals from their parietal cortex gave evidence that their brain was unconsciously computing the approximate sum ____ the overall evidence.

The arrows were ____ invisible, but they still made their way into the brain's weighting and decision systems.

It has often been noted that men ____ genius have bad memories, and that persons having extraordinary memories, like Cardinal Mezzofanti, have little else.

The truth is that there are two ____ distinct kinds of memory: the memory for external facts and words, apart from their significance; and the memory for spiritual facts and principles.

The man of genius, who may have no special reason for cultivating the lower kind of memory, may even find ____ rather a hindrance than a help.

His prayer is, "Let not my heart forget ____ things my eyes have seen."

So long as his heart retains the significance of the facts he has seen and the words he has heard, he is willing to let the words and the facts go, as ____ man casts away the shells after he has eaten the oysters.

The "well-informed" person commonly differs from the man of genius in this: that he carries about with him all the shells of all the oysters he has ever eaten, and that his soul has grown thin ____ the burden.

The scientific process is invariably non-linear and can be long and drawn out, with ____ sitting on the shelf until the time has come to dust them down, if that ever finally arrives.

Sometimes you sit waiting for the tide to come ____ but it never actually does.

For every new theory and ____ there are many that fell by the wayside for lack of time, funding or data.

Like the music industry, the hits are ____ and far between and don't always come when or from where you expect.

It's important not to be discouraged by this: the fact that not ____ idea comes to fruition isn't a good reason to have fewer of them.

Scientific breakthroughs ultimately depend on people working away without the immediate reward of achieving anything tangible: trying ____ that don't work (but might still be useful) and devising bits of a solution that won't be relevant until some undefined point in the future.

Such patience is the bedrock on which ____ is eventually achieved — stitched together from all those loose bits of fabric that could so easily have been discarded.

Contingency implies ____ and uncertainty.

It means that there are a number of possible options to choose from, ____ our decisions could always be different.

However, algorithms by definition do not know ____ they do not choose between possibilities, nor are they creative, being designed to follow the instructions that program their behavior.

In this sense, algorithms are not contingent — which is why they can operate so efficiently and ____

Just like ____ machines, we expect algorithms to be neither unpredictable nor idiosyncratic, even when they deliver information.

Different watches should all ____ the same time to all users, if they work properly.

As von Foerster ____ if the outcome of a traditional machine becomes unpredictable, we do not think that it is creative or original — we think that it is broken.

We ____ not care about the moods nor the perspectives of machines, only about their results.

We repair them precisely to restore their ____

Pleasure as conscious enjoyment of our sensory endowment, enhanced by ____ capacity both to anticipate and to remember it, heightens enjoyment in the moment of listening to music, eating good food, dancing, swimming, sunbathing, and so variously on.

____ 'in the moment' is the greater for not being subjected to intellectual analysis as it occurs; obviously, we do better to leave it to unfold as purely itself.

But it is equally obvious that reflection on the nature and sources of pleasure is not irrelevant to their best ____

The pleasure of a half-hour listening to ____ is the greater because the music was chosen, the quality of sound reproduction is good, anticipation and expectation were engaged, and one prepared oneself to listen.

Think of the informative contrast here, how pain or ____ is exacerbated by fearful anticipation; the tense dental patient who has been dreading the drill for days has a worse time than a relaxed patient.

The key to seeing pleasure as a good is to see how it fits into an overall conception of the life worth living; ____ is how the ill consequences of certain types of pleasures-of-the-moment discount them as options.

The ____ do make extensive use of idealizations.

The ideal gas law describes the relationship of pressure, volume, and temperature of gases under conditions that never perfectly ____

In particular, it makes simplifying assumptions about the molecules making up gases — for example, that they do not attract or repel one another and do not themselves take up ____

The molecules of real gases are not like this, but their behavior ____ nonetheless close enough to ideal ones that the gas law is useful.

____ there are philosophers of science who argue that this is the best way to think about scientific theories in general; they are best regarded as models that are precisely accurate only under conditions that are never entirely realized.

Even on such views, however, ____ theories are still meant to be descriptive.

They are to be used to make predictions and offer explanations ____ the behavior of gases or whatever phenomena are at issue in real situations.

There are, accordingly, constraints as to how idealized they can ____

They cannot be so far removed from real world systems as ____ be worthless in describing actual phenomena with acceptable degrees of accuracy.

What is true is that regret happens when ____ view a large-world problem like a small-world problem.

In a small world, where all choices, consequences, and probabilities are known, we can be certain about how much ____ would have won if only we had picked a different horse in a race or chosen different numbers in the lottery.

____ in a large world, where not all choices, consequences, and probabilities are known, we can never truly compare the choices we made with those we didn't make.

We can never know what would have happened if we had taken another job, or married ____ person, or moved to another city because those scenarios don't play out without us.

So, when we conjure up regrets about what might have been, we are comparing what ____ know to what we don't know.

What's worse is that, much like the upward social comparisons ____ make on social media, we torture ourselves with how the realities of our situation stack up against an imagined ideal.

The emotional tenor of our conversations may be particularly important in a child's early ____

Indeed, family dialogues from ____ past may still be influencing your mental health today.

To understand ____ we need a quick primer on the development of our autobiographical memories.

In the first few years of life, most children can remember only the slimmest ____ of their experiences — the feel of sand on the beach and the prick of a needle in a doctor's surgery.

These may get more detailed as the child learns more and more vocabulary, but they are largely disconnected from each other; they remain isolated sketches of single ____

It is only after years of development that the child can slot their recollections into a narrative that has a ____ structure.

By the end of adolescence, that narrative may ____ the form of a novel.

The ____ will start to recognise key events as turning points, with new 'chapters' that represent new eras.

The psychologist Dan ____ at Northwestern University in Illinois describes this as the transition from 'actor' to 'author'.