2027 수능특강 영어독해연습 2강 변형문제

To illustrate the benefits of simplifying the observer's job, consider psychologist William Ickes's ____ on "everyday mind reading."

One way he studies ____ mind reading is by having two strangers interact.

He tapes the interaction and then ____ each participant view the tape.

Participants are to stop ____ tape at different points and say what they are thinking.

Then, participants see the tape again and are to stop it at different points and write down ____ their interaction partner was thinking at that point.

Observers rate the degree to ____ the participant's guess about what the partner was thinking matches what the partner was actually thinking.

Ickes could have had observers ____ their judgments on a 0 (not at all) to 100 (completely) scale.

However, he had observers use a 3-point scale with "0" being "essentially different content," "1" being "similar, but not the same, content," and "2" being "essentially the same ____

By using fewer categories, raters found the job of rating easier and were able to make ____ ratings.

Instinct is the most difficult of the motivation ____ to define.

At ____ everyday level it is used often.

For example, a sports commentator might say, 'He ____ that pass instinctively.'

This means that the pass was made ____ automatically, with great skill and with a seemingly intuitive knowledge of the state of the game.

However, at a technical level the word refers to behaviours that are built in, always appear in a similar form, and ____ specific to a species.

So, a spider builds a web instinctively ____ a bird's mating display might be instinctive.

It is unlikely, though, that there is any ____ instinctive behaviour in human beings.

Some people might argue that a mother's reaction to her newly born child is instinctive, but certainly not all mothers react in the ____ way and even when they do, they express it in myriad forms.

In general, instinct has been found to be a not very ____ construct in giving accounts of the 'why' of behaviour.

An indication of the power of TV to "capture" people's memory is provided by the results of a study by James Ost and coworkers, who approached people in an English shopping center and asked if they would be willing to participate in a study ____ how well people can remember tragic events.

The target event involved Princess Diana and her companion Dodi Fayed, whose deaths in a car crash in Paris on ____ 31, 1997, were widely covered on British television.

Participants were asked to respond to the following statement: "Have you seen the paparazzi's video-recording of the car crash in which Diana, Princess of Wales, and Dodi ____ lost their lives?"

Of the 45 people ____ responded to this question, 20 said they had seen the film.

This ____ however, impossible, because no such film exists.

The ____ crash was reported on TV, but not actually shown.

The extensive media coverage of this event apparently caused some people to remember something ― seeing the film ― ____ didn't actually occur.

Our political decisions are determined by how the options are framed, and this mechanism can make a mockery of the feeling that our democratic choices proceed by ordering ____ desires or preferences.

Political ____ evokes a range of loosely connected attitudes.

In three successive years, researchers from the General Social Survey asked whether we were spending "too much, too little, or about the right amount" on ____ variety of government programs.

In each year, 20 to 25 percent of the respondents said that too little was being ____ on "welfare," but 63 to 65 percent said that too little was being spent on "assistance to the poor."

Once again, if our democratic choices were based on the ranking of preferences, ____ decisions wouldn't be affected differently by the terms "welfare" and "assistance to the poor."

But these two concepts could certainly tap into ____ aspects of our attitudes toward this assistance.

And we may resist these findings because they conflict with a ____ we hold dear about free will and choice — in this case, democratic choice.

Computing the sum or average of several positive and ____ values indeed lies within the normal repertoire of what elementary circuits of neurons can do without consciousness.

Even ____ monkey can learn to make a decision based on the total value brought about by a series of arbitrary shapes, and the firing of parietal neurons keeps track of the sum.

In my laboratory, we proved that approximate ____ is within grasp of the human unconscious.

In one experiment, we flashed a series of five arrows and ____ subjects whether more arrows were pointing right or pointing left.

When the arrows were made invisible by masking, participants were asked to guess, and indeed they thought that they were responding randomly, but in reality they continued to do much better ____ chance would predict.

Signals from their parietal cortex gave evidence ____ their brain was unconsciously computing the approximate sum of the overall evidence.

The arrows were subjectively invisible, but ____ still made their way into the brain's weighting and decision systems.

It has often ____ noted that men of genius have bad memories, and that persons having extraordinary memories, like Cardinal Mezzofanti, have little else.

The truth is that there are two quite distinct kinds of memory: the memory ____ external facts and words, apart from their significance; and the memory for spiritual facts and principles.

The man of genius, who may have no special reason ____ cultivating the lower kind of memory, may even find it rather a hindrance than a help.

His ____ is, "Let not my heart forget the things my eyes have seen."

So long as his ____ retains the significance of the facts he has seen and the words he has heard, he is willing to let the words and the facts go, as a man casts away the shells after he has eaten the oysters.

The "well-informed" person commonly differs from the man of genius in this: ____ he carries about with him all the shells of all the oysters he has ever eaten, and that his soul has grown thin under the burden.

The scientific process is invariably non-linear and can be long and drawn out, with hypotheses sitting on the ____ until the time has come to dust them down, if that ever finally arrives.

Sometimes ____ sit waiting for the tide to come in, but it never actually does.

For every new theory and ____ there are many that fell by the wayside for lack of time, funding or data.

Like the music industry, the hits are few and far between and don't ____ come when or from where you expect.

It's important not to be discouraged by this: the fact that not every idea comes to fruition isn't a good reason to have ____ of them.

Scientific breakthroughs ultimately depend on people working away without the immediate reward of achieving anything tangible: trying things that don't work (but might still be useful) and devising bits of a solution that won't be relevant until some undefined ____ in the future.

Such patience is the bedrock on which progress is eventually achieved — stitched together from all those loose bits of fabric that could so easily ____ been discarded.

Contingency implies selection and ____

It means that there are a number ____ possible options to choose from, and our decisions could always be different.

However, algorithms by definition do not know uncertainty; they do not choose between possibilities, nor are they creative, being designed to follow the ____ that program their behavior.

In this sense, ____ are not contingent — which is why they can operate so efficiently and reliably.

Just like traditional machines, we expect algorithms ____ be neither unpredictable nor idiosyncratic, even when they deliver information.

Different watches should all indicate the ____ time to all users, if they work properly.

As von Foerster observed, if the outcome of a traditional machine becomes unpredictable, we do not think that it is creative or original — we think that it ____ broken.

We do not care about the moods nor the perspectives ____ machines, only about their results.

We repair them precisely ____ restore their predictability.

Pleasure as conscious enjoyment of our sensory endowment, enhanced by the capacity both to anticipate and to ____ it, heightens enjoyment in the moment of listening to music, eating good food, dancing, swimming, sunbathing, and so variously on.

Enjoyment 'in the moment' is the greater for not being subjected to intellectual analysis as it occurs; obviously, we do better to leave it to ____ as purely itself.

But it is equally ____ that reflection on the nature and sources of pleasure is not irrelevant to their best enjoyment.

____ pleasure of a half-hour listening to music is the greater because the music was chosen, the quality of sound reproduction is good, anticipation and expectation were engaged, and one prepared oneself to listen.

Think of the informative contrast here, how pain or discomfort is exacerbated by fearful anticipation; the tense dental ____ who has been dreading the drill for days has a worse time than a relaxed patient.

The key to seeing pleasure as a good is to see how it fits into an overall conception of the life worth living; this is how the ill consequences ____ certain types of pleasures-of-the-moment discount them as options.

____ sciences do make extensive use of idealizations.

The ideal gas law describes the relationship of pressure, ____ and temperature of gases under conditions that never perfectly obtain.

In particular, it ____ simplifying assumptions about the molecules making up gases — for example, that they do not attract or repel one another and do not themselves take up volume.

The molecules of real gases are not like this, but their behavior ____ nonetheless close enough to ideal ones that the gas law is useful.

Indeed, there are philosophers of science who argue that this is the best way to think about scientific ____ in general; they are best regarded as models that are precisely accurate only under conditions that are never entirely realized.

Even on such views, however, the theories are still ____ to be descriptive.

They are to be used to make predictions and offer explanations about the behavior of gases or whatever phenomena are at issue in ____ situations.

There are, accordingly, constraints as ____ how idealized they can be.

They cannot be so far removed from real world systems as to be worthless in describing actual phenomena with ____ degrees of accuracy.

What is true is that regret happens when we view a large-world problem ____ a small-world problem.

In a small world, where all choices, consequences, and probabilities are known, we can be certain about how much we would have won if only we had picked a different horse in a race or chosen different ____ in the lottery.

However, ____ a large world, where not all choices, consequences, and probabilities are known, we can never truly compare the choices we made with those we didn't make.

We can never ____ what would have happened if we had taken another job, or married another person, or moved to another city because those scenarios don't play out without us.

So, when we conjure up regrets about what might have been, we are ____ what we know to what we don't know.

What's worse is that, much like the upward social comparisons we make on social media, we torture ourselves with how the realities of our situation stack ____ against an imagined ideal.

The emotional tenor of our conversations may be particularly important in a child's early ____

Indeed, family dialogues from decades past may ____ be influencing your mental health today.

To understand why, we ____ a quick primer on the development of our autobiographical memories.

In the first few years of life, most children can remember only the slimmest pieces of their experiences — the feel of ____ on the beach and the prick of a needle in a doctor's surgery.

These may get more detailed as the child learns more ____ more vocabulary, but they are largely disconnected from each other; they remain isolated sketches of single events.

It is ____ after years of development that the child can slot their recollections into a narrative that has a coherent structure.

By the end of adolescence, that narrative may ____ the form of a novel.

The teen will start to recognise key events as turning points, with ____ 'chapters' that represent new eras.

The psychologist ____ McAdams at Northwestern University in Illinois describes this as the transition from 'actor' to 'author'.