2027 수특 영어독해연습 3강 변형문제

There is evidence that low self-esteem ____ are less evaluatively consistent in their self-descriptions.

When Campbell and Fehr examined how subjects rated themselves on sets of adjectives that were either uniformly positive or uniformly negative, subjects with low self-esteem not only gave ratings that were (on average) less positive or more negative, but their ratings within each set exhibited ____ individual scatter or greater variance.

High self-esteem subjects strongly and ____ endorsed the positive adjectives and rejected the negative adjectives.

Low self-esteem ____ did not, in contrast, strongly and consistently endorse the negative adjectives and reject the positive adjectives.

Rather, they gave more intermediate ratings and more variable ratings to ____ types of adjectives.

Therefore, it appears that low and high self-esteem individuals differ not only in the average positivity of their self-views, but also in the extent to which their self-views are ____ consistent with one another.

The power and value of being literate in a literate ____ are played out every day around the world.

Many ____, and in fact whole societies, make considerable sacrifices to become literate just as others take it for granted.

____ that do not practice literate behavior are often squalid, undernourished in mind and body, repressive of human rights and dignity, brutal, and harsh.

Present-day ____ are easy to list, but in fact this has always been the case.

As Samuel Johnson observed more than two centuries ago, "The mass of every people must be barbarous where ____ is no printing."

We admit that various forms of "barbarity" ____ be found in all societies, but they are much more prevalent where literate behavior is absent.

Literacy and ____ of life go hand in hand.

With literacy comes the power of belonging to a privileged group and the freedom that derives ____ that power.

Frederick Douglass, who struggled as a slave to ____ to read, said it best: "Once you learn to read, you will be forever free."

____ shared views of the self have been suggested to have profound influences on basic attention processes.

In Western cultures, individuals are encouraged to discover their internal attributes such as desires and personal goals, and ____ they may be expected to focus their attention on events that are relevant to such desires and goals.

As a result, their ____ may become focused.

This cognitive style, which is anchored in a focal object in lieu of ____ context, has been called analytic.

In contrast, in Eastern cultures individuals are more attuned to various aspects of ever-important social relations and, as a consequence, they may be expected to ____ more broadly to a focal object as well as to its surrounding context, drawing inferences about the relationship between the object and its context.

This mode of cognition has been called ____.

____ predictions have been borne out.

For example, when presented with an animated vignette of an underwater scene and subsequently asked to remember what they saw, ____ Americans were more likely to recall focal objects, whereas Japanese were more likely to refer to contextual information as well as relationships between the focal objects.

When a patient chooses to buy he or she ____ a part of demand.

Wanting to buy (drugs, plastic surgery, artificial hip, etc.) but not doing so ____ that potential patient invisible, part of latent demand that does not effectively participate in the market.

That extra demand ____ be revealed if the price goes low enough.

For example, consider the development of an ____ heart.

If each heart costs $1 million, they would only be used in matters of life and ____.

If further ____ reduced the cost of artificial hearts to $100,000 each, more people would get them.

The artificial hearts would still be used only for people with ____ illnesses, but they might be implanted long before a person's natural heart gave out.

If the cost of ____ an artificial heart dropped to $100, one would be readily available to anyone who needed it.

____ what would happen if the cost of an artificial heart dropped to $10 and could be easily implanted during a 15-minute visit to the doctor.

Some people who had never been ill but were just worried might have new ____ implanted.

____ do more than select and interpret evidence: they also organize the evidence in order to create an understandable (and, they hope, persuasive) narrative.

Chronological order is generally part of making history plausible, ____ when the causes of change are central, although in practice much historical writing must go back and forth in time in order to pick up various threads of a complex story.

____ also make events understandable by casting them in a particular light or giving their narrative a particular tone.

For example, a historian might highlight historical ironies, such as the way President George W. Bush once ____ "nation building," in which the U.S. rebuilds a country's economic and political structure when its government fails; but later, as a consequence of launching a war in Iraq, Bush had to attempt exactly that.

Historians can also romanticize events, as did those who described John F. Kennedy's term as President as "Camelot," ____ to a Broadway musical about the heroic King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table.

____, one historian may view a certain chain of events as improvement, while another may perceive it as a decline.

These are just a ____ of the ways historians may make narrative sense of history.

Prestige is a ____ form of status that only humans recognize.

Most animals observe the advantages of dominance, such as being the most powerful or ____ individual, and these are also important for humans: fearsome warriors are celebrated universally.

____ is almost the opposite.

Prestigious individuals are ones ____ of learning from — they are experts, older people.

And if someone has prestige in ____ field, they become high-status individuals and their influence won't be limited to their field; we are likely to copy all their decisions.

Indeed, prestige may have evolved as a ____ to enhance the benefits of cultural transmission.

Success in one area of life affords someone the status of ____ opinion leader.

We want to learn from successful individuals, or even simply be associated with them in some way, so that their reputation rubs ____ on us.

That's why a ____ hero can sell you a watch.

Emotions ____ be used to refer to the unconscious, neurobiological response, while feelings are the cognitive assignments we make to those emotions.

This is undoubtedly a much more complicated dynamic and there is a great degree of ____ detailed information explaining the interworking of these two.

However, the most noteworthy application of the ____ between emotion and feeling is that human beings have some ability to cognitively assign, that is, to think about and make a decision about, just what a given emotion we experience might mean.

This can be more easily grasped when thinking about a more concrete exemplar: ____ war drums.

Most would agree that hearing a beating ____ drum does not lead one to pick a side in a given conflict.

A beating war drum merely ____ one march more energetically on whichever side was chosen to begin with.

The ____ experience set off by the auditory sensation of the drums causes one to "feel" more energy toward a given end and step more quickly.

Perhaps Shakespeare knew something of this when he wrote Timon's words, "____ thy drum ...".

The key to unlocking the agricultural potential of ____ lay in irrigation.

Early Mesopotamians, particularly the Sumerians, were ____ in developing sophisticated irrigation techniques.

They constructed canals, dikes, and reservoirs to ____ the flow of the rivers, diverting water to their fields during dry periods and protecting their settlements from floods.

This monumental effort required cooperation and organization on a scale previously unseen, leading to the development of ____ social structures and the rise of powerful city-states.

____ irrigation was relatively small-scale, involving the digging of simple channels to divert water to nearby fields.

Over time, ____ systems became more elaborate, with complex networks of canals spanning vast distances.

The construction and maintenance of these systems required a significant labor force, which was often organized and directed by ____ priests or powerful leaders.

This centralized control over water resources provided a basis for ____ power and social hierarchy.

If ____ finds its metaphorical basis in agriculture, civilization finds it in exchange.

When our society is connected to other societies, we are connected to other people, and we can suddenly compare things and judge them in relation to ____ other.

As a result, we have a choice between better and cheaper options; we can pick the new and the ____.

Such choices broaden our ____ and improve our lives.

This is ____ civilization depends on the unencumbered circulation of goods, people, ideas, faiths, and ways of life.

The consequences of such ____ may be unsettling, but they can also be liberating.

We no longer have to be ____ to, and carry the burden of, our culture, and we no longer have to be who we are.

Civilization provides us with a ____ of escape.

Or, differently ____, exchange is the enemy of culture.

When ____ with alternatives, we give up our old ways.

We no longer do the things we used to do and we are no longer quite the ____ people as before.

This is how civilization undermines and destroys ____.

Science and democracy share ____ principles and ideals that oppose illegitimate claims for knowledge and power.

The authority of both scientific knowledge and democratic governance is ____ by representation.

It is only when this representation is accepted as legitimate that it ____ support the authority of the knowledge claims made, or the authority of particular forms of governance.

____ is, however, never perfect or complete.

Since both scientific practices and democratic governance, in principle, admit potential alternative representations, continuous struggles over what is represented and what is ____ can be foreseen.

To ____ means to simplify, which implies the existence of alternatives — alternative ways of simplifying complicated issues.

This further means that both science and democracy have inbuilt mechanisms for improvement, ____ are based on critical assessments of existing representations.

Differences in geology and climate make soils in different ____ more or less capable of sustained agriculture.

In particular, the abundant rainfall and high weathering rates on the ____ slopes of many tropical landscapes mean that after enough time, rainfall seeping into the ground leaches out almost all of the nutrients from both the soil and the weathered rocks beneath the soil.

____ this happens, the lush vegetation essentially feeds on itself, retaining and recycling nutrients inherited from rocks weathered long ago.

As ____ of the nutrients in these areas reside not in the soil but in the plants themselves, once the native vegetation disappears, so does the productive capacity of the soil.

Often too few nutrients remain to support ____ crops or livestock within decades of deforestation.

Nutrient-poor tropical soils illustrate the general ____ that life depends on recycling past life.

Knowledge is ____.

And one way to measure the amount of trust on a team is by looking at how much information people ____ to themselves (low trust) or share openly (high trust).

____ leaders signal that they trust their team when they share privileged information with them.

This could be ____ the team's finances, or the budget handed down from higher-ups, so that the whole team knows what they're working with and where the priorities are.

It could also be competitive data or customer trends that are widely ____ but rarely shared.

It could even be passing on information shared by ____ team.

In a meeting, any time someone says, "This ____ here," the atmosphere changes.

People know whatever follows is spoken in trust, and they respond to that feeling of ____ trusted with trustworthy behavior.

People begin to feel like ____ in the inner circle when they receive more information about their work or the environment than they usually do.

They start to see ____ their work fits into the larger organizational whole.