2027 수특 영어독해연습 3강 변형문제

There is evidence that low self-esteem people are less ____ consistent in their self-descriptions.

When Campbell and Fehr examined how subjects rated themselves on sets of adjectives that were either uniformly positive or uniformly negative, subjects with low self-esteem not only gave ____ that were (on average) less positive or more negative, but their ratings within each set exhibited more individual scatter or greater variance.

High ____ subjects strongly and consistently endorsed the positive adjectives and rejected the negative adjectives.

Low self-esteem subjects did not, in contrast, strongly and consistently endorse the negative ____ and reject the positive adjectives.

Rather, they ____ more intermediate ratings and more variable ratings to both types of adjectives.

Therefore, it appears that ____ and high self-esteem individuals differ not only in the average positivity of their self-views, but also in the extent to which their self-views are evaluatively consistent with one another.

The power and value of being literate in a literate society are played out every ____ around the world.

Many individuals, and in fact ____ societies, make considerable sacrifices to become literate just as others take it for granted.

Societies that do not ____ literate behavior are often squalid, undernourished in mind and body, repressive of human rights and dignity, brutal, and harsh.

Present-day examples are easy to ____, but in fact this has always been the case.

As Samuel Johnson observed more than two centuries ago, "The mass of ____ people must be barbarous where there is no printing."

We admit that various forms of "____" can be found in all societies, but they are much more prevalent where literate behavior is absent.

Literacy and ____ of life go hand in hand.

With literacy comes the power of belonging to a privileged group and the freedom that ____ from that power.

Frederick Douglass, who struggled as a slave to learn to read, said it best: "Once you learn to read, you will be forever ____."

Culturally shared views of the self ____ been suggested to have profound influences on basic attention processes.

In Western cultures, individuals are encouraged to discover their internal attributes such as desires and personal goals, and therefore they may be expected to ____ their attention on events that are relevant to such desires and goals.

As a result, their attention may become ____.

This cognitive ____, which is anchored in a focal object in lieu of its context, has been called analytic.

In contrast, in Eastern cultures ____ are more attuned to various aspects of ever-important social relations and, as a consequence, they may be expected to attend more broadly to a focal object as well as to its surrounding context, drawing inferences about the relationship between the object and its context.

This mode of cognition ____ been called holistic.

These ____ have been borne out.

For example, when presented with an animated vignette of an underwater scene and subsequently asked to remember what they saw, European Americans were more likely to recall focal objects, whereas Japanese were more likely to refer to ____ information as well as relationships between the focal objects.

When a patient chooses to ____ he or she becomes a part of demand.

Wanting to buy (drugs, plastic surgery, artificial hip, etc.) but not doing so leaves that potential patient invisible, part of latent demand that ____ not effectively participate in the market.

That extra demand will be revealed if the price goes low ____.

For ____, consider the development of an artificial heart.

If each heart costs $1 million, they would only be used in matters of life and ____.

If further development reduced the cost of artificial hearts to $100,000 each, more ____ would get them.

The artificial hearts would still be used only for people with serious illnesses, but they might be implanted long before a person's natural ____ gave out.

If the cost of making an artificial heart dropped to $100, one ____ be readily available to anyone who needed it.

Consider ____ would happen if the cost of an artificial heart dropped to $10 and could be easily implanted during a 15-minute visit to the doctor.

Some people ____ had never been ill but were just worried might have new hearts implanted.

Historians do more than select and ____ evidence: they also organize the evidence in order to create an understandable (and, they hope, persuasive) narrative.

Chronological order is generally part of making ____ plausible, especially when the causes of change are central, although in practice much historical writing must go back and forth in time in order to pick up various threads of a complex story.

Historians also make events understandable by ____ them in a particular light or giving their narrative a particular tone.

For example, a historian might highlight historical ____, such as the way President George W. Bush once criticized "nation building," in which the U.S. rebuilds a country's economic and political structure when its government fails; but later, as a consequence of launching a war in Iraq, Bush had to attempt exactly that.

Historians can also romanticize events, as did those who described John F. Kennedy's term as President as "Camelot," alluding to a Broadway musical ____ the heroic King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table.

Similarly, one historian may ____ a certain chain of events as improvement, while another may perceive it as a decline.

These are just a ____ of the ways historians may make narrative sense of history.

____ is a particular form of status that only humans recognize.

Most animals observe the advantages of dominance, such as being the most powerful or aggressive individual, and these are also important for ____: fearsome warriors are celebrated universally.

Prestige is ____ the opposite.

Prestigious individuals are ones ____ of learning from — they are experts, older people.

And if someone ____ prestige in one field, they become high-status individuals and their influence won't be limited to their field; we are likely to copy all their decisions.

Indeed, prestige ____ have evolved as a way to enhance the benefits of cultural transmission.

Success in one area of life affords someone the ____ of general opinion leader.

We want to learn from successful individuals, or even ____ be associated with them in some way, so that their reputation rubs off on us.

____ why a golfing hero can sell you a watch.

Emotions ____ be used to refer to the unconscious, neurobiological response, while feelings are the cognitive assignments we make to those emotions.

This is undoubtedly a much more complicated ____ and there is a great degree of highly detailed information explaining the interworking of these two.

However, the ____ noteworthy application of the distinction between emotion and feeling is that human beings have some ability to cognitively assign, that is, to think about and make a decision about, just what a given emotion we experience might mean.

This can be more easily grasped ____ thinking about a more concrete exemplar: ancient war drums.

Most would agree that hearing a beating war drum does ____ lead one to pick a side in a given conflict.

A beating war ____ merely helps one march more energetically on whichever side was chosen to begin with.

The neurobiological experience set off by the auditory sensation of the drums causes one to "feel" more energy toward a given end and step ____ quickly.

____ Shakespeare knew something of this when he wrote Timon's words, "follow thy drum ...".

The key to ____ the agricultural potential of Mesopotamia lay in irrigation.

Early Mesopotamians, particularly the ____, were pioneers in developing sophisticated irrigation techniques.

They constructed canals, dikes, and reservoirs to control the flow of the rivers, diverting water to their ____ during dry periods and protecting their settlements from floods.

This monumental ____ required cooperation and organization on a scale previously unseen, leading to the development of complex social structures and the rise of powerful city-states.

Early irrigation was relatively small-scale, involving the digging of simple channels to divert water to ____ fields.

Over time, these systems became more elaborate, with complex networks of canals spanning vast ____.

The construction and maintenance of these systems required a significant labor force, which was often ____ and directed by temple priests or powerful leaders.

This centralized control over water resources provided a ____ for political power and social hierarchy.

If culture finds its metaphorical ____ in agriculture, civilization finds it in exchange.

When our society is connected to other societies, we are connected to other people, and we can suddenly compare things and judge them in relation to each ____.

As a result, we have a choice between better and cheaper options; we can pick the ____ and the never-before-tried.

____ choices broaden our horizons and improve our lives.

This is why civilization depends on the unencumbered circulation of goods, people, ideas, faiths, and ways of ____.

The consequences of such interaction ____ be unsettling, but they can also be liberating.

We no longer have to be confined to, and carry the burden of, our culture, and we no longer have to be ____ we are.

____ provides us with a means of escape.

Or, differently put, exchange is the enemy of ____.

When ____ with alternatives, we give up our old ways.

We no longer do the things we used to do and we are no longer quite the ____ people as before.

This is how civilization undermines and destroys ____.

Science and democracy share important ____ and ideals that oppose illegitimate claims for knowledge and power.

The authority of both scientific knowledge and democratic governance is ____ by representation.

It is only when this representation is accepted as legitimate that it can support the authority of the knowledge ____ made, or the authority of particular forms of governance.

Representation is, however, never perfect or ____.

Since both scientific practices and democratic governance, in principle, admit potential alternative representations, continuous struggles over ____ is represented and what is not can be foreseen.

To represent ____ to simplify, which implies the existence of alternatives — alternative ways of simplifying complicated issues.

This further means that both science and democracy have inbuilt mechanisms for improvement, which are based on critical ____ of existing representations.

Differences in ____ and climate make soils in different regions more or less capable of sustained agriculture.

In particular, the ____ rainfall and high weathering rates on the gentle slopes of many tropical landscapes mean that after enough time, rainfall seeping into the ground leaches out almost all of the nutrients from both the soil and the weathered rocks beneath the soil.

Once this happens, the lush vegetation essentially ____ on itself, retaining and recycling nutrients inherited from rocks weathered long ago.

As most of the nutrients in these areas reside not in the soil but in the plants themselves, once the native vegetation disappears, so does the productive ____ of the soil.

Often too few nutrients remain to support either crops or livestock within decades of ____.

____ tropical soils illustrate the general rule that life depends on recycling past life.

Knowledge is ____.

And one way to ____ the amount of trust on a team is by looking at how much information people keep to themselves (low trust) or share openly (high trust).

Team leaders signal that they trust their ____ when they share privileged information with them.

This could be sharing the ____ finances, or the budget handed down from higher-ups, so that the whole team knows what they're working with and where the priorities are.

It ____ also be competitive data or customer trends that are widely available but rarely shared.

It could even be passing on information shared by ____ team.

In a meeting, any time someone says, "This stays here," the ____ changes.

People know whatever follows is spoken in trust, and they respond to that feeling of being ____ with trustworthy behavior.

People begin to feel like they're in the inner circle ____ they receive more information about their work or the environment than they usually do.

They start to see how their work fits into the larger organizational ____.