2027 수특 영어독해연습 3강 변형문제

There is evidence that low self-esteem ____ are less evaluatively consistent in their self-descriptions.

When Campbell and Fehr ____ how subjects rated themselves on sets of adjectives that were either uniformly positive or uniformly negative, subjects with low self-esteem not only gave ratings that were (on average) less positive or more negative, but their ratings within each set exhibited more individual scatter or greater variance.

High self-esteem subjects strongly and consistently endorsed the positive ____ and rejected the negative adjectives.

Low self-esteem subjects did not, in contrast, strongly and consistently endorse the ____ adjectives and reject the positive adjectives.

Rather, they gave more intermediate ratings and ____ variable ratings to both types of adjectives.

Therefore, it appears that low and high self-esteem individuals differ not only in the average positivity of their self-views, but also in the extent to which their self-views are evaluatively consistent ____ one another.

The power and ____ of being literate in a literate society are played out every day around the world.

Many individuals, and in fact whole societies, make considerable sacrifices to become literate just as ____ take it for granted.

Societies that do not practice literate behavior are often squalid, undernourished in mind and body, repressive of human rights ____ dignity, brutal, and harsh.

Present-day examples are easy to list, but in fact this has always been the ____

As Samuel Johnson observed more than two centuries ago, "The mass of every people must be barbarous where ____ is no printing."

We admit that various forms of "barbarity" can be found in all societies, ____ they are much more prevalent where literate behavior is absent.

Literacy and quality of life go ____ in hand.

With literacy comes the power of belonging to a privileged group and the freedom that ____ from that power.

Frederick Douglass, who struggled as a slave to learn to read, said it best: "Once you ____ to read, you will be forever free."

Culturally shared views of the self have been suggested to ____ profound influences on basic attention processes.

In Western cultures, individuals are encouraged to discover their internal attributes such as desires and personal goals, and therefore they may be expected to focus their attention on events that are relevant ____ such desires and goals.

As a result, their attention ____ become focused.

This cognitive style, which is anchored in a focal object ____ lieu of its context, has been called analytic.

In contrast, in Eastern cultures individuals are ____ attuned to various aspects of ever-important social relations and, as a consequence, they may be expected to attend more broadly to a focal object as well as to its surrounding context, drawing inferences about the relationship between the object and its context.

This mode of cognition has been ____ holistic.

These predictions have been borne ____

For example, when presented with an animated vignette of an underwater scene and subsequently asked to remember what they saw, European Americans were more likely to recall focal objects, whereas Japanese were more likely to refer to contextual information as well as relationships between the ____ objects.

When ____ patient chooses to buy he or she becomes a part of demand.

Wanting to buy (drugs, plastic ____ artificial hip, etc.) but not doing so leaves that potential patient invisible, part of latent demand that does not effectively participate in the market.

That extra demand ____ be revealed if the price goes low enough.

For example, consider the development of ____ artificial heart.

If each heart costs $1 million, they would only ____ used in matters of life and death.

If further development reduced the ____ of artificial hearts to $100,000 each, more people would get them.

____ artificial hearts would still be used only for people with serious illnesses, but they might be implanted long before a person's natural heart gave out.

If the cost ____ making an artificial heart dropped to $100, one would be readily available to anyone who needed it.

Consider what would happen if the cost of an artificial heart dropped to $10 and could be easily implanted during a 15-minute visit to the ____

Some people who had never been ill but were just worried ____ have new hearts implanted.

Historians do more than select and interpret evidence: they also organize the ____ in order to create an understandable (and, they hope, persuasive) narrative.

Chronological order is generally part of making history plausible, especially when the causes of change are central, although in practice much historical writing must go back and forth in time in order to pick up various threads of a ____ story.

Historians also make events understandable by casting them in a ____ light or giving their narrative a particular tone.

For example, a historian might highlight historical ironies, such as the way President George W. Bush once criticized "nation building," in which the U.S. rebuilds a country's economic and political structure when its government fails; but later, as a consequence of launching a war in Iraq, Bush had ____ attempt exactly that.

Historians can also romanticize events, as did those who described John F. Kennedy's term as President as "Camelot," alluding to a Broadway musical about the heroic King Arthur ____ the Knights of the Round Table.

Similarly, one historian may ____ a certain chain of events as improvement, while another may perceive it as a decline.

These are just a few of the ways historians may make narrative ____ of history.

Prestige is a particular form of status that ____ humans recognize.

Most animals observe the advantages of dominance, such as being the most powerful or aggressive individual, and ____ are also important for humans: fearsome warriors are celebrated universally.

Prestige is almost ____ opposite.

Prestigious individuals are ones worthy of learning ____ — they are experts, older people.

And if someone has prestige in one field, they become high-status individuals and their influence ____ be limited to their field; we are likely to copy all their decisions.

____ prestige may have evolved as a way to enhance the benefits of cultural transmission.

Success in one area of life ____ someone the status of general opinion leader.

We want to learn from successful individuals, or even simply be ____ with them in some way, so that their reputation rubs off on us.

That's ____ a golfing hero can sell you a watch.

Emotions can be used to refer to ____ unconscious, neurobiological response, while feelings are the cognitive assignments we make to those emotions.

This is undoubtedly a much ____ complicated dynamic and there is a great degree of highly detailed information explaining the interworking of these two.

However, the most noteworthy application of the distinction between emotion and feeling is that human beings have some ability to cognitively assign, that is, to think about and make a decision about, just what a given emotion we ____ might mean.

This can be more easily grasped when ____ about a more concrete exemplar: ancient war drums.

Most would agree that hearing a beating war drum does ____ lead one to pick a side in a given conflict.

A beating war drum merely helps one march more energetically on whichever side was chosen ____ begin with.

The neurobiological experience set ____ by the auditory sensation of the drums causes one to "feel" more energy toward a given end and step more quickly.

Perhaps Shakespeare knew something of this when he wrote Timon's words, ____ thy drum ...".

____ key to unlocking the agricultural potential of Mesopotamia lay in irrigation.

Early Mesopotamians, particularly the Sumerians, were pioneers ____ developing sophisticated irrigation techniques.

They constructed canals, dikes, and reservoirs to control ____ flow of the rivers, diverting water to their fields during dry periods and protecting their settlements from floods.

This monumental effort required cooperation and organization on a scale previously ____ leading to the development of complex social structures and the rise of powerful city-states.

Early irrigation was relatively small-scale, ____ the digging of simple channels to divert water to nearby fields.

Over time, these systems ____ more elaborate, with complex networks of canals spanning vast distances.

The construction and maintenance ____ these systems required a significant labor force, which was often organized and directed by temple priests or powerful leaders.

This ____ control over water resources provided a basis for political power and social hierarchy.

If culture finds its metaphorical basis in agriculture, ____ finds it in exchange.

When our society is connected to other societies, we are connected to other people, and we can suddenly compare things and ____ them in relation to each other.

As a result, we have a choice between better and cheaper options; we can pick the new and the ____

Such choices ____ our horizons and improve our lives.

This is why civilization depends on the unencumbered circulation of goods, people, ideas, faiths, and ways of ____

The consequences of such interaction may be unsettling, but they can also ____ liberating.

We no longer have to be confined to, and carry the burden ____ our culture, and we no longer have to be who we are.

Civilization provides us with ____ means of escape.

Or, ____ put, exchange is the enemy of culture.

When ____ with alternatives, we give up our old ways.

We no longer do the things we used to do and we are no longer quite ____ same people as before.

This is how civilization ____ and destroys culture.

Science and democracy share important principles and ideals that oppose illegitimate claims ____ knowledge and power.

The authority of ____ scientific knowledge and democratic governance is legitimated by representation.

It is only when this representation is accepted as legitimate that it ____ support the authority of the knowledge claims made, or the authority of particular forms of governance.

____ is, however, never perfect or complete.

Since both scientific practices and democratic governance, in principle, admit potential ____ representations, continuous struggles over what is represented and what is not can be foreseen.

To represent means to simplify, which ____ the existence of alternatives — alternative ways of simplifying complicated issues.

This further means that both science and democracy have inbuilt mechanisms for improvement, ____ are based on critical assessments of existing representations.

Differences in geology and climate make soils in different ____ more or less capable of sustained agriculture.

In particular, the abundant rainfall and high weathering rates on the gentle slopes of many tropical landscapes ____ that after enough time, rainfall seeping into the ground leaches out almost all of the nutrients from both the soil and the weathered rocks beneath the soil.

Once this happens, the lush vegetation essentially feeds on itself, retaining and recycling ____ inherited from rocks weathered long ago.

As most ____ the nutrients in these areas reside not in the soil but in the plants themselves, once the native vegetation disappears, so does the productive capacity of the soil.

Often too few nutrients remain to support either crops or ____ within decades of deforestation.

Nutrient-poor ____ soils illustrate the general rule that life depends on recycling past life.

Knowledge is ____

And one way to measure the amount of trust on a team is by looking ____ how much information people keep to themselves (low trust) or share openly (high trust).

Team leaders signal that they trust their team when ____ share privileged information with them.

This could be sharing the team's finances, or the budget handed down from higher-ups, ____ that the whole team knows what they're working with and where the priorities are.

It could also be competitive data or customer trends that are ____ available but rarely shared.

It could even be ____ on information shared by another team.

In a meeting, ____ time someone says, "This stays here," the atmosphere changes.

People know whatever follows is spoken in trust, ____ they respond to that feeling of being trusted with trustworthy behavior.

People begin to feel like they're in the inner circle when they receive more information about their work ____ the environment than they usually do.

They start to see how their ____ fits into the larger organizational whole.