2027 수특 영어독해연습 3강 변형문제

There is evidence that low self-esteem people are less evaluatively ____ in their self-descriptions.

When Campbell and Fehr examined how subjects rated themselves on sets of adjectives that were ____ uniformly positive or uniformly negative, subjects with low self-esteem not only gave ratings that were (on average) less positive or more negative, but their ratings within each set exhibited more individual scatter or greater variance.

High self-esteem subjects strongly and consistently endorsed the positive adjectives ____ rejected the negative adjectives.

Low self-esteem subjects did not, in contrast, strongly and consistently endorse the negative adjectives and reject the ____ adjectives.

Rather, they gave more intermediate ____ and more variable ratings to both types of adjectives.

Therefore, it appears that low and high self-esteem individuals differ not only in the average positivity of their self-views, but also in the extent to which their self-views are evaluatively ____ with one another.

The power and ____ of being literate in a literate society are played out every day around the world.

Many individuals, and in fact whole societies, make ____ sacrifices to become literate just as others take it for granted.

Societies that do not practice literate behavior are often squalid, undernourished in mind and body, repressive of human ____ and dignity, brutal, and harsh.

Present-day examples are easy ____ list, but in fact this has always been the case.

As Samuel Johnson observed more than two centuries ago, "The mass ____ every people must be barbarous where there is no printing."

We admit that various forms of "barbarity" can be found in ____ societies, but they are much more prevalent where literate behavior is absent.

Literacy and quality of life go hand in ____

With literacy comes the power of belonging to a privileged group and ____ freedom that derives from that power.

Frederick Douglass, who struggled as a slave to learn to read, said it ____ "Once you learn to read, you will be forever free."

Culturally shared views of the self have been suggested to ____ profound influences on basic attention processes.

In Western cultures, individuals ____ encouraged to discover their internal attributes such as desires and personal goals, and therefore they may be expected to focus their attention on events that are relevant to such desires and goals.

As a ____ their attention may become focused.

This cognitive style, which ____ anchored in a focal object in lieu of its context, has been called analytic.

In contrast, in Eastern cultures individuals are more attuned ____ various aspects of ever-important social relations and, as a consequence, they may be expected to attend more broadly to a focal object as well as to its surrounding context, drawing inferences about the relationship between the object and its context.

This mode of cognition has been ____ holistic.

____ predictions have been borne out.

For example, when presented with an animated vignette of an underwater scene and subsequently asked to remember what they saw, European Americans ____ more likely to recall focal objects, whereas Japanese were more likely to refer to contextual information as well as relationships between the focal objects.

When a patient chooses to buy he or she ____ a part of demand.

Wanting to buy (drugs, plastic surgery, artificial ____ etc.) but not doing so leaves that potential patient invisible, part of latent demand that does not effectively participate in the market.

That extra demand will be revealed if the price goes low ____

____ example, consider the development of an artificial heart.

If each heart costs $1 million, ____ would only be used in matters of life and death.

If further development reduced the cost ____ artificial hearts to $100,000 each, more people would get them.

The artificial hearts would still ____ used only for people with serious illnesses, but they might be implanted long before a person's natural heart gave out.

If ____ cost of making an artificial heart dropped to $100, one would be readily available to anyone who needed it.

Consider what would happen if the cost of an artificial heart dropped to $10 and could be easily implanted during a 15-minute visit to ____ doctor.

Some people who had never been ill but ____ just worried might have new hearts implanted.

Historians do more than select and interpret evidence: they also organize the evidence in order ____ create an understandable (and, they hope, persuasive) narrative.

Chronological order is generally part of making history plausible, especially when the causes of change are central, although ____ practice much historical writing must go back and forth in time in order to pick up various threads of a complex story.

Historians also make events understandable by ____ them in a particular light or giving their narrative a particular tone.

For example, a historian might highlight historical ironies, such as the way President George W. Bush once criticized "nation building," in which the U.S. rebuilds a country's ____ and political structure when its government fails; but later, as a consequence of launching a war in Iraq, Bush had to attempt exactly that.

Historians can also romanticize events, as did those who described John F. Kennedy's term as President as "Camelot," alluding to a Broadway musical about the heroic King Arthur and ____ Knights of the Round Table.

Similarly, one historian ____ view a certain chain of events as improvement, while another may perceive it as a decline.

These are just a few of ____ ways historians may make narrative sense of history.

Prestige is a ____ form of status that only humans recognize.

Most animals observe the advantages of dominance, such ____ being the most powerful or aggressive individual, and these are also important for humans: fearsome warriors are celebrated universally.

Prestige is almost the ____

Prestigious individuals are ____ worthy of learning from — they are experts, older people.

And if someone ____ prestige in one field, they become high-status individuals and their influence won't be limited to their field; we are likely to copy all their decisions.

Indeed, prestige may have evolved as a way to enhance ____ benefits of cultural transmission.

Success in one ____ of life affords someone the status of general opinion leader.

We want to learn from successful individuals, ____ even simply be associated with them in some way, so that their reputation rubs off on us.

That's why ____ golfing hero can sell you a watch.

Emotions can be used to refer to the unconscious, neurobiological response, while feelings are the ____ assignments we make to those emotions.

This is undoubtedly a much more complicated dynamic and there is a great degree ____ highly detailed information explaining the interworking of these two.

However, the most noteworthy application of the distinction between emotion and feeling is that human beings have some ability to cognitively assign, ____ is, to think about and make a decision about, just what a given emotion we experience might mean.

This can be more easily grasped when thinking about a more concrete exemplar: ____ war drums.

Most would agree that hearing a beating war drum does not ____ one to pick a side in a given conflict.

A beating war drum merely helps one march more ____ on whichever side was chosen to begin with.

The neurobiological experience set off by the auditory sensation of the drums causes one to "feel" more energy toward a given end and step more ____

Perhaps Shakespeare knew something of this when he wrote Timon's words, ____ thy drum ...".

The key to ____ the agricultural potential of Mesopotamia lay in irrigation.

Early Mesopotamians, particularly the Sumerians, were ____ in developing sophisticated irrigation techniques.

They constructed canals, dikes, and reservoirs to control the flow of the rivers, diverting water ____ their fields during dry periods and protecting their settlements from floods.

This monumental effort required cooperation and organization on a scale previously ____ leading to the development of complex social structures and the rise of powerful city-states.

Early irrigation was relatively small-scale, involving the digging of simple channels to divert water to ____ fields.

Over time, these systems became more elaborate, ____ complex networks of canals spanning vast distances.

The construction and maintenance of these systems required a significant labor force, which was often organized and directed by temple priests or powerful ____

This centralized control over water resources provided ____ basis for political power and social hierarchy.

If culture finds its metaphorical ____ in agriculture, civilization finds it in exchange.

When our society is connected to other societies, we are connected to other people, ____ we can suddenly compare things and judge them in relation to each other.

As a ____ we have a choice between better and cheaper options; we can pick the new and the never-before-tried.

Such choices broaden ____ horizons and improve our lives.

This is why civilization depends on the unencumbered ____ of goods, people, ideas, faiths, and ways of life.

The ____ of such interaction may be unsettling, but they can also be liberating.

We no longer ____ to be confined to, and carry the burden of, our culture, and we no longer have to be who we are.

Civilization provides us with a ____ of escape.

Or, ____ put, exchange is the enemy of culture.

When presented with alternatives, we give ____ our old ways.

We no longer do the things we used to do and ____ are no longer quite the same people as before.

This is how civilization undermines and ____ culture.

Science and democracy share important principles ____ ideals that oppose illegitimate claims for knowledge and power.

The authority of both scientific knowledge and democratic governance is legitimated ____ representation.

It is ____ when this representation is accepted as legitimate that it can support the authority of the knowledge claims made, or the authority of particular forms of governance.

Representation is, ____ never perfect or complete.

Since both scientific practices and democratic governance, in principle, admit potential alternative ____ continuous struggles over what is represented and what is not can be foreseen.

To represent means ____ simplify, which implies the existence of alternatives — alternative ways of simplifying complicated issues.

This further means that both ____ and democracy have inbuilt mechanisms for improvement, which are based on critical assessments of existing representations.

Differences in geology and climate make soils in ____ regions more or less capable of sustained agriculture.

In particular, the abundant rainfall and high weathering rates on the gentle slopes of many tropical landscapes mean that after enough time, rainfall seeping into the ground leaches out almost all of the nutrients ____ both the soil and the weathered rocks beneath the soil.

Once this happens, the lush vegetation essentially ____ on itself, retaining and recycling nutrients inherited from rocks weathered long ago.

As most of the nutrients in these areas reside not in the soil but in the plants themselves, once the native vegetation disappears, so does ____ productive capacity of the soil.

Often too ____ nutrients remain to support either crops or livestock within decades of deforestation.

Nutrient-poor tropical soils ____ the general rule that life depends on recycling past life.

____ is power.

And ____ way to measure the amount of trust on a team is by looking at how much information people keep to themselves (low trust) or share openly (high trust).

Team leaders signal that they trust their team when they share privileged information with ____

This could be sharing the team's finances, or the budget handed down from higher-ups, ____ that the whole team knows what they're working with and where the priorities are.

It could also be competitive data or customer trends that are widely available but ____ shared.

It could even be passing ____ information shared by another team.

In a meeting, any time someone ____ "This stays here," the atmosphere changes.

People know whatever follows is spoken ____ trust, and they respond to that feeling of being trusted with trustworthy behavior.

People begin to feel like they're in the inner circle when they receive more information about their ____ or the environment than they usually do.

They start to see how their work fits into the larger organizational ____