Week 6 제11강
Exercise 1 한 분야의 경계 정의하기
Defining the boundaries of a field is, perhaps, a foolish ____.
A narrow definition risks excluding issues that ____ be included.
Too broad a definition, on the other hand, risks absorbing ____ problems that are just too irrelevant.
In either case, of course, ____ can choose to ignore your definition.
There are several ways ____ can proceed.
One tactic is to ____ on which scholars define themselves in the field.
The ____ with this approach is that the field of the sociology of markets is sufficiently diffuse that there may be multiple communities of scholars with differing concerns contained within it.
Even if one could draw a circle around the field, one would still not understand what its focus or ____ were.
The opposite strategy is to ____ a theoretical definition of the field.
This approach has the advantage of focusing on a ____ perspective, presumably of interest to a wide number of scholars.
But one is likely to leave ____ scholars and issues that are of relevance to the field.
You may quickly reduce your audience to those who ____ with you.
Exercise 2 심해 개발의 영향
For most people, the deep ____ is out of sight and out of mind.
Not long ago, common (even academic) thinking was that the ocean was so vast that humans were not capable of changing it ____.
This was especially ____ for the deep sea away from coastal human concentrations.
The mistakenness of this idea is ____ increasingly clear.
As we use up coastal resources such as fisheries and ____ hydrocarbons, we have moved into increasingly deeper water to continue exploitation.
Also, new methods are being developed for extracting from the deep ocean new resources, such as important minerals rare on the ____, or for exploiting unusual biochemical characteristics of deep-sea organisms.
Meanwhile, as we explore, we are increasingly ____ the results of human activities, including plastics and other pollution as well as temperature changes, oxygen depletion, and acidification from increasing carbon dioxide concentrations.
We are also learning how very long it would take ecosystems of the ____ ocean to recover from damages we may cause.
Exercise 3 동물의 감정 능력에 대한 우리의 인식
Acknowledging that some animals can experience feelings ― although not necessarily in a way that humans can understand — ____ affects the way that different animals are perceived and treated in many settings, not just research laboratories.
____ are eaten, worn, deprived of their freedom and natural environments, legally and illegally sold, blamed for pandemics and used as a buffer to loneliness, to name just a few.
In all these scenarios, the existence and extent of their emotional capacity is perceived differently both between and within species, with a direct flow-on ____ on their life experiences and wellbeing in a human-dominated world.
Questioning the basis for these at times ____ perceptions of different species, or members of the same species in different environments, reveals the extent of human supremacy.
It also reveals that perception of emotion in animals is not always driven by biological ____.
In many cases, this perception is based on a social construct created and maintained by ____ beings as the more dominant animal.
Human perceptions of animal emotions vary across species and contexts, shaping animals' wellbeing in ways that reveal human supremacy and reflect socially constructed ____ rather than biological facts.
Exercise 4 통제 실험의 한계
There are ____ to the use of the experimental method when a scientist cannot control the situations that are significant for the solution of problems.
In the social sciences, less use can be made of the method of controlled experiment because the investigator ____ control the situations.
For example, one ____ to prove or disprove the proposition that high tariffs bring prosperity would be to apply very heavy tariffs to all goods entering the United States for a considerable period of time, while holding constant all other factors affecting business activity.
If a sustained increase in prosperity followed, we ____ then have substantial evidence to support the thesis that high duties are a cause of prosperity.
No investigator can control the country's tariff policy; and even if she could, while the high tariff was in effect, many other social changes would be taking place, such as ____, the establishment of new industries, and perhaps even wars.
Some of these other changes would doubtless have much more ____ on the state of national prosperity than would the high tariff and would make it impossible to separate out the effects of the high tariff from the effects of all these other events.
Exercise 5-6 관광 및 환대 산업에서의 인적 자원 관리
The tourism and hospitality industry is particularly sensitive to economic cycles and ____ trouble and can be badly affected in times of uncertainty.
For ____, the global nature of the industry means that it is vulnerable to external events that cause fluctuations in tourist visits and spend.
The global 2001-2004 economic downturn, 9/11, the Iraq War and the outbreak of SARS all led to a drop in revenue in the ____.
____ factors reduced the number of travellers internationally and left uncertainty and fragility in the tourism market.
Many of these aspects are ____ pronounced in the airline industry and trade unions have often railed against the manner in which employees are used as 'shock absorbers' to protect the industry from the cyclical nature of the market.
These hard approaches to HRM have seen major redundancy programmes in a number of ____ in recent years, especially after 9/11.
On the other hand, a ____ of companies have sought a more soft approach to HRM which aimed at increasing the customer responsiveness of their front-line staff.
British Airways, for example, had a ____ of initiatives in the 1980s and 1990s such as 'Putting People First' and 'Winning for Customers'.
Among other things, these initiatives sought to introduce ____, implement extensive training programmes, enhance quality procedures, and develop multi-skilled staff.
As ____ alternate between hard and soft approaches to HRM, employees may become confused as to what the company message is.
Ultimately, employees may well be a company's 'greatest asset', but in times of uncertainty and ____ are equally expendable as recent history suggests.
Exercise 7 예측 치안 시스템의 문제점
One of the most widely debated applications of AI in law enforcement is predictive policing, where algorithms ____ historical crime data to predict where crimes are likely to occur and who may be involved.
By identifying high-risk areas and individuals, predictive policing ____ to allocate law enforcement resources more efficiently and reduce crime.
However, predictive policing has been ____ for perpetuating bias and discrimination, particularly against minority communities.
If an AI system is trained on biased data that reflects historical patterns of over-policing in certain neighborhoods, it may disproportionately target those ____ for increased law enforcement presence, reinforcing existing inequalities.
This has raised concerns about the fairness and accuracy of ____ policing systems and the potential for unjust outcomes.
For example, a predictive policing system used by the Los Angeles Police Department was ____ to disproportionately target Black and Latino communities, leading to heightened surveillance and increased arrests in those areas.
Critics ____ that predictive policing systems must be carefully designed and rigorously tested to ensure that they do not perpetuate racial bias or undermine trust in law enforcement.
Exercise 8 바다에 대한 연구의 필요성
We use the ____ as a source of food.
However, ____ fishing methods have become so efficient that we have dangerously depleted fish stocks over large parts of the ocean.
We are only just beginning to develop the technology to grow ____ organisms as agriculture in the same way as we farm the land.
Indeed, this is probably the ____ major untapped food resource on the planet.
At the same time, we use the oceans as a ____ for our waste, often assuming the oceans are so large that they have an infinite capacity to absorb our pollutants.
____, it is clear from the increased incidence of toxic plankton blooms and other undesirable effects that this is not true.
For ____ these reasons, it is important that we study the oceans and understand how they operate.
Exercise 9 인간의 복제 경향과 밈(meme)의 확산
At the very minimum, genetic evolution has given all humans similarly programmed sense organs and brains, giving them a ____ bias called 'prepared learning'.
This means that humans are ____ prepared to learn certain behaviours and predisposed to avoid others.
Humans are innately set up to see and hear things and then to set about imitating ____.
Thus, useful things like multiplication tables and less useful things like the crazy frog ring-tone are ____ and spread.
Humans are the physical hosts needed for memes to ____.
The meme does not ____ to be useful to the host.
It does not even need to make ____ or be beneficial.
As an example, Blackmore argues that it was through infectious imitation, rather than an understanding of its long-term benefit, that agriculture ____ fashionable.
Farming uses far more energy and ____ than hunting and gathering.
Being tied to one location makes the farmer more ____ to drought, flood, disease or attack.
So the farmer seems to have chosen a risky life of endless toil for no ____ benefit.
Humans inherently learn some behaviours and avoid others, spreading ____ not for usefulness but by copying others' actions or reactions, as shown in agriculture.
Exercise 10 고대 그리스의 검열
Censorship is a ____ of preventing the expression of ideas, speech, or behaviour.
Social, religious, political, military, and other authorities practise censorship in the ____ of the common good of society, seeking to protect it from heresy, treason, or ideological error.
In one form or another, censorship ____ existed universally throughout Greek history.
Most of the censorship among the ____ Greeks occurred over religious and political ideas.
The ____ charge was impiety (asebeia).
Since they believed that the gods could actively help or harm the city state, impious behaviour that ____ invoke divine anger was punished.
Sparta imposed a ____ system of censorship to protect its militarism: books, music, and even learned men were banned.
Greek tyrants exercised ____ to silence and eliminate their opponents.
Generally speaking, under the tyrants, and many other rulers, ____ was identical with harsh repression.
Exercise 11-12 과학과 인문학
Curiously, it became rather trendy in the late 20th century to claim to ____ nothing about science or mathematics.
There was a popular belief that scientific knowledge was somehow at odds with being a cultured individual, when in ____ it is central to it.
In 1959, the English scientist and novelist C.P. Snow delivered a famous lecture in which he ____ of the distance and even animosity that existed between the 'two cultures' of science and the arts, or humanities.
This deep division in intellectual life was, he felt, ____ up human progress.
The divide remained, and ____ increased, in the following decades.
It might now be narrowing, but it's far from ____.
More people, ____, now recognize that knowing about science is not a mark of philistinism, but the very opposite.
An informed appreciation of the world around us, the laws it follows and how we can discover those laws, puts us in the best position to make the ____ of our individual lives and the resources the planet affords us as a species.
The loss of wild places was mourned poetically by 19th-century writers such as Wordsworth or Thoreau and demonstrated a need to find ____ how to renew and protect the environment.
But this deep regret for what humans have done to the world, ____ through the arts, can be used in helpful action through the application of science and understanding.