Week 6 제11강
Exercise 1 한 분야의 경계 정의하기
Defining the boundaries of a ____ is, perhaps, a foolish objective.
A narrow definition risks excluding issues that should ____ included.
Too broad a definition, on the other hand, risks absorbing ____ problems that are just too irrelevant.
In either case, ____ course, scholars can choose to ignore your definition.
There are ____ ways one can proceed.
One tactic is to focus on which scholars define ____ in the field.
The problem with this approach is that the field ____ the sociology of markets is sufficiently diffuse that there may be multiple communities of scholars with differing concerns contained within it.
Even ____ one could draw a circle around the field, one would still not understand what its focus or questions were.
The opposite strategy is to impose ____ theoretical definition of the field.
This approach has the advantage of focusing on a theoretical perspective, presumably of interest ____ a wide number of scholars.
But one is likely to leave out scholars and issues that ____ of relevance to the field.
You may quickly reduce your audience to those who agree ____ you.
Exercise 2 심해 개발의 영향
For most ____ the deep ocean is out of sight and out of mind.
Not long ago, common (even academic) thinking was that the ocean was so ____ that humans were not capable of changing it substantially.
This was especially true for the ____ sea away from coastal human concentrations.
The mistakenness of this idea is becoming increasingly ____
As we use ____ coastal resources such as fisheries and fossil hydrocarbons, we have moved into increasingly deeper water to continue exploitation.
Also, new methods are being developed for ____ from the deep ocean new resources, such as important minerals rare on the continents, or for exploiting unusual biochemical characteristics of deep-sea organisms.
Meanwhile, as we explore, we are increasingly finding the results of human activities, including plastics and other pollution as well as temperature changes, oxygen depletion, and ____ from increasing carbon dioxide concentrations.
____ are also learning how very long it would take ecosystems of the deep ocean to recover from damages we may cause.
Exercise 3 동물의 감정 능력에 대한 우리의 인식
Acknowledging that some animals can experience feelings ― although not necessarily in a way that humans can understand — directly affects the way that different animals are perceived and treated in many settings, not ____ research laboratories.
Animals are eaten, worn, deprived of their freedom and natural environments, ____ and illegally sold, blamed for pandemics and used as a buffer to loneliness, to name just a few.
In all these scenarios, the existence and extent of their emotional capacity is perceived differently both between and within species, with a direct flow-on effect ____ their life experiences and wellbeing in a human-dominated world.
Questioning the basis for these at times ____ perceptions of different species, or members of the same species in different environments, reveals the extent of human supremacy.
It also reveals that perception of emotion in animals is not always ____ by biological facts.
In many cases, this perception is based on a social construct created and ____ by human beings as the more dominant animal.
Human perceptions of animal ____ vary across species and contexts, shaping animals' wellbeing in ways that reveal human supremacy and reflect socially constructed beliefs rather than biological facts.
Exercise 4 통제 실험의 한계
There ____ limits to the use of the experimental method when a scientist cannot control the situations that are significant for the solution of problems.
In the social sciences, less use can be made of the method of controlled experiment because the investigator cannot control ____ situations.
For example, one way to ____ or disprove the proposition that high tariffs bring prosperity would be to apply very heavy tariffs to all goods entering the United States for a considerable period of time, while holding constant all other factors affecting business activity.
____ a sustained increase in prosperity followed, we would then have substantial evidence to support the thesis that high duties are a cause of prosperity.
No investigator can control the country's tariff policy; and even if she could, while the high tariff was in effect, many other ____ changes would be taking place, such as strikes, the establishment of new industries, and perhaps even wars.
Some of these other changes would doubtless have much more influence on ____ state of national prosperity than would the high tariff and would make it impossible to separate out the effects of the high tariff from the effects of all these other events.
Exercise 5-6 관광 및 환대 산업에서의 인적 자원 관리
The tourism and hospitality industry is particularly sensitive ____ economic cycles and political trouble and can be badly affected in times of uncertainty.
For example, the global nature of the industry means that it is vulnerable to external events that cause fluctuations in tourist ____ and spend.
The global 2001-2004 economic downturn, 9/11, the Iraq War and the outbreak of SARS all led to ____ drop in revenue in the industry.
These factors reduced the number ____ travellers internationally and left uncertainty and fragility in the tourism market.
Many of these aspects are particularly pronounced in the airline industry and trade unions have often railed against the manner ____ which employees are used as 'shock absorbers' to protect the industry from the cyclical nature of the market.
These hard approaches to HRM have ____ major redundancy programmes in a number of airlines in recent years, especially after 9/11.
On the other hand, a number of ____ have sought a more soft approach to HRM which aimed at increasing the customer responsiveness of their front-line staff.
British Airways, for example, had a series of ____ in the 1980s and 1990s such as 'Putting People First' and 'Winning for Customers'.
Among other things, these initiatives sought to introduce teamwork, implement extensive training programmes, enhance quality procedures, and develop multi-skilled ____
____ companies alternate between hard and soft approaches to HRM, employees may become confused as to what the company message is.
Ultimately, employees may well be a company's 'greatest asset', but in times of uncertainty and ____ are equally expendable as recent history suggests.
Exercise 7 예측 치안 시스템의 문제점
One of the ____ widely debated applications of AI in law enforcement is predictive policing, where algorithms analyze historical crime data to predict where crimes are likely to occur and who may be involved.
By identifying high-risk areas and individuals, predictive policing aims to allocate law enforcement resources more efficiently and reduce ____
However, predictive policing has been criticized for perpetuating ____ and discrimination, particularly against minority communities.
If an AI system is trained on biased data that reflects historical patterns of over-policing in certain ____ it may disproportionately target those areas for increased law enforcement presence, reinforcing existing inequalities.
This has raised concerns about the fairness and ____ of predictive policing systems and the potential for unjust outcomes.
For example, a predictive policing system used by the Los Angeles Police Department was found to disproportionately target Black and Latino communities, leading to heightened surveillance and increased arrests in those ____
Critics argue that predictive policing systems must be carefully designed and rigorously tested to ensure that they do not perpetuate racial bias or undermine trust in law ____
Exercise 8 바다에 대한 연구의 필요성
We use the oceans as ____ source of food.
However, present fishing methods have become so efficient that we ____ dangerously depleted fish stocks over large parts of the ocean.
We are only just beginning to develop the technology to grow marine ____ as agriculture in the same way as we farm the land.
Indeed, ____ is probably the last major untapped food resource on the planet.
At the ____ time, we use the oceans as a repository for our waste, often assuming the oceans are so large that they have an infinite capacity to absorb our pollutants.
Yet, it is clear from the increased incidence of toxic plankton blooms and other ____ effects that this is not true.
For all these reasons, it is important that ____ study the oceans and understand how they operate.
Exercise 9 인간의 복제 경향과 밈(meme)의 확산
At the very minimum, genetic evolution has given ____ humans similarly programmed sense organs and brains, giving them a developmental bias called 'prepared learning'.
This means that humans are ____ prepared to learn certain behaviours and predisposed to avoid others.
Humans are innately set up ____ see and hear things and then to set about imitating them.
____ useful things like multiplication tables and less useful things like the crazy frog ring-tone are replicated and spread.
Humans are the ____ hosts needed for memes to spread.
The meme does not need to be ____ to the host.
It ____ not even need to make sense or be beneficial.
As an example, Blackmore argues that it was through infectious ____ rather than an understanding of its long-term benefit, that agriculture became fashionable.
Farming uses ____ more energy and time than hunting and gathering.
Being tied to one location makes the ____ more vulnerable to drought, flood, disease or attack.
So the farmer seems to have chosen a risky life of endless toil for no ____ benefit.
Humans inherently learn some behaviours and avoid others, spreading memes not for usefulness but by ____ others' actions or reactions, as shown in agriculture.
Exercise 10 고대 그리스의 검열
Censorship is a ____ of preventing the expression of ideas, speech, or behaviour.
Social, ____ political, military, and other authorities practise censorship in the name of the common good of society, seeking to protect it from heresy, treason, or ideological error.
In one form or another, censorship has existed universally throughout ____ history.
____ of the censorship among the ancient Greeks occurred over religious and political ideas.
The ____ charge was impiety (asebeia).
Since they believed that the gods could actively help or harm the city state, impious behaviour that might invoke divine anger was ____
Sparta imposed a rigid system of censorship to protect its militarism: books, music, and even learned ____ were banned.
Greek tyrants exercised censorship to ____ and eliminate their opponents.
Generally speaking, ____ the tyrants, and many other rulers, censorship was identical with harsh repression.
Exercise 11-12 과학과 인문학
Curiously, it became rather trendy in the late 20th century to claim to ____ nothing about science or mathematics.
There was a popular belief that scientific knowledge was somehow at odds with being a cultured individual, when in fact it is central to ____
In 1959, the English scientist and novelist C.P. Snow delivered a famous lecture in which he spoke of the distance and even animosity that existed between the 'two cultures' of science ____ the arts, or humanities.
This deep division in intellectual life ____ he felt, holding up human progress.
The divide ____ and even increased, in the following decades.
It might now be narrowing, but it's far ____ closed.
More people, though, now recognize that knowing about science is not a mark of philistinism, but the ____ opposite.
An informed appreciation of the world around us, the laws it follows and how we can discover those laws, puts us in the best position to make the most of our individual lives and the resources the planet affords ____ as a species.
The loss of wild places was mourned poetically by 19th-century writers such as Wordsworth or Thoreau and demonstrated a need ____ find out how to renew and protect the environment.
But this deep regret for what humans have done to the world, invoked through the arts, can be used in helpful action through the application of science and ____