Week 6 제11강
Exercise 1 한 분야의 경계 정의하기
Defining the ____ of a field is, perhaps, a foolish objective.
A narrow definition risks excluding issues that should be ____.
Too broad a definition, on the ____ hand, risks absorbing research problems that are just too irrelevant.
In either case, of course, scholars can choose to ignore your ____.
There are several ways ____ can proceed.
One tactic is to ____ on which scholars define themselves in the field.
The problem with this approach is that the field of the sociology of markets is sufficiently diffuse that there may be ____ communities of scholars with differing concerns contained within it.
Even if one could draw a circle around the field, one would still not understand what its focus or ____ were.
The opposite strategy is to impose a ____ definition of the field.
This approach ____ the advantage of focusing on a theoretical perspective, presumably of interest to a wide number of scholars.
But one is likely to leave ____ scholars and issues that are of relevance to the field.
You may ____ reduce your audience to those who agree with you.
Exercise 2 심해 개발의 영향
For most people, the deep ocean is out of ____ and out of mind.
Not long ago, common (even academic) ____ was that the ocean was so vast that humans were not capable of changing it substantially.
This was ____ true for the deep sea away from coastal human concentrations.
The mistakenness of this idea is becoming increasingly ____.
As we use up coastal resources such as fisheries and fossil hydrocarbons, we have moved ____ increasingly deeper water to continue exploitation.
Also, new methods are being developed for extracting from the deep ocean new resources, ____ as important minerals rare on the continents, or for exploiting unusual biochemical characteristics of deep-sea organisms.
Meanwhile, as we explore, we are increasingly finding the results of human activities, including plastics and other pollution as well as temperature changes, oxygen depletion, and acidification from increasing carbon dioxide ____.
We are also learning how ____ long it would take ecosystems of the deep ocean to recover from damages we may cause.
Exercise 3 동물의 감정 능력에 대한 우리의 인식
Acknowledging that some animals can experience feelings ― although not necessarily in a way that humans can ____ — directly affects the way that different animals are perceived and treated in many settings, not just research laboratories.
____ are eaten, worn, deprived of their freedom and natural environments, legally and illegally sold, blamed for pandemics and used as a buffer to loneliness, to name just a few.
In all these scenarios, the existence and extent of their emotional capacity is perceived differently both between and within species, with a direct flow-on effect on their life experiences and wellbeing in a ____ world.
Questioning the basis for these at times contradictory perceptions of different ____, or members of the same species in different environments, reveals the extent of human supremacy.
It also reveals that perception of emotion in ____ is not always driven by biological facts.
In many cases, this perception is based on a ____ construct created and maintained by human beings as the more dominant animal.
Human perceptions of ____ emotions vary across species and contexts, shaping animals' wellbeing in ways that reveal human supremacy and reflect socially constructed beliefs rather than biological facts.
Exercise 4 통제 실험의 한계
There are limits to the use of the experimental method when a ____ cannot control the situations that are significant for the solution of problems.
In the social ____, less use can be made of the method of controlled experiment because the investigator cannot control the situations.
For example, one way to prove or disprove the proposition that high tariffs bring prosperity would be to apply very heavy tariffs to all goods entering the United States for a considerable period of time, while holding constant ____ other factors affecting business activity.
If a sustained increase in prosperity followed, we would then have substantial ____ to support the thesis that high duties are a cause of prosperity.
No investigator can control the country's tariff policy; and even if she could, while the high tariff was in effect, many other social changes would be taking place, such as strikes, the establishment of ____ industries, and perhaps even wars.
Some of these other changes would doubtless have much more influence on the state of national prosperity than would the high tariff and ____ make it impossible to separate out the effects of the high tariff from the effects of all these other events.
Exercise 5-6 관광 및 환대 산업에서의 인적 자원 관리
The tourism and hospitality industry is particularly sensitive to economic cycles and political trouble and ____ be badly affected in times of uncertainty.
For example, the global nature of the ____ means that it is vulnerable to external events that cause fluctuations in tourist visits and spend.
The global 2001-2004 economic downturn, 9/11, the Iraq War and the outbreak of SARS all ____ to a drop in revenue in the industry.
These factors reduced the number of travellers ____ and left uncertainty and fragility in the tourism market.
Many of these aspects are particularly pronounced in the ____ industry and trade unions have often railed against the manner in which employees are used as 'shock absorbers' to protect the industry from the cyclical nature of the market.
These hard approaches to HRM ____ seen major redundancy programmes in a number of airlines in recent years, especially after 9/11.
On the other hand, a number of companies have sought a more soft approach to HRM which aimed at increasing the customer ____ of their front-line staff.
British Airways, for ____, had a series of initiatives in the 1980s and 1990s such as 'Putting People First' and 'Winning for Customers'.
Among other things, these initiatives sought to introduce teamwork, implement extensive training programmes, enhance quality ____, and develop multi-skilled staff.
As companies ____ between hard and soft approaches to HRM, employees may become confused as to what the company message is.
Ultimately, employees may well be a company's 'greatest asset', but in times of uncertainty and downturn are ____ expendable as recent history suggests.
Exercise 7 예측 치안 시스템의 문제점
One of the most widely debated applications of AI in law enforcement is predictive policing, where algorithms analyze historical crime data to predict where crimes are likely to ____ and who may be involved.
By identifying high-risk areas and individuals, predictive policing aims to allocate law enforcement resources more efficiently and ____ crime.
However, predictive policing has been criticized for ____ bias and discrimination, particularly against minority communities.
If an AI ____ is trained on biased data that reflects historical patterns of over-policing in certain neighborhoods, it may disproportionately target those areas for increased law enforcement presence, reinforcing existing inequalities.
This has raised concerns about the fairness and accuracy of predictive policing systems and the potential for unjust ____.
For example, a predictive policing system used by the Los Angeles Police Department was found to disproportionately target Black and Latino communities, leading to heightened surveillance and increased ____ in those areas.
Critics argue that predictive policing systems must be ____ designed and rigorously tested to ensure that they do not perpetuate racial bias or undermine trust in law enforcement.
Exercise 8 바다에 대한 연구의 필요성
We use the oceans as a ____ of food.
However, ____ fishing methods have become so efficient that we have dangerously depleted fish stocks over large parts of the ocean.
We are only just beginning to develop the technology to grow marine organisms as agriculture in the same ____ as we farm the land.
Indeed, this is probably the last major untapped ____ resource on the planet.
At the same time, we use the oceans as a repository for our waste, often assuming the oceans are so large that they have an infinite capacity to absorb our ____.
Yet, it is clear from the increased incidence of toxic plankton blooms and other undesirable effects that this is ____ true.
For all ____ reasons, it is important that we study the oceans and understand how they operate.
Exercise 9 인간의 복제 경향과 밈(meme)의 확산
At the very minimum, ____ evolution has given all humans similarly programmed sense organs and brains, giving them a developmental bias called 'prepared learning'.
This means that humans are innately ____ to learn certain behaviours and predisposed to avoid others.
Humans are innately set up to see and hear things and then to set about ____ them.
Thus, useful things like multiplication tables and less useful ____ like the crazy frog ring-tone are replicated and spread.
Humans are the physical hosts needed for ____ to spread.
The meme does not need to be useful to the ____.
It does not even ____ to make sense or be beneficial.
As an example, ____ argues that it was through infectious imitation, rather than an understanding of its long-term benefit, that agriculture became fashionable.
Farming uses far more energy and time than ____ and gathering.
Being tied to one location makes the ____ more vulnerable to drought, flood, disease or attack.
So the farmer seems to ____ chosen a risky life of endless toil for no obvious benefit.
Humans inherently learn some behaviours and avoid others, spreading memes not for usefulness but by copying others' ____ or reactions, as shown in agriculture.
Exercise 10 고대 그리스의 검열
Censorship is a means of preventing the expression of ____, speech, or behaviour.
Social, religious, political, military, and other authorities practise censorship in the name of the common good of society, seeking to protect it ____ heresy, treason, or ideological error.
In one form or another, censorship ____ existed universally throughout Greek history.
Most of the censorship among the ancient Greeks occurred over religious and political ____.
The common ____ was impiety (asebeia).
Since they believed that the ____ could actively help or harm the city state, impious behaviour that might invoke divine anger was punished.
Sparta imposed a rigid system of ____ to protect its militarism: books, music, and even learned men were banned.
Greek tyrants exercised ____ to silence and eliminate their opponents.
Generally speaking, under the tyrants, and many other rulers, censorship was ____ with harsh repression.
Exercise 11-12 과학과 인문학
Curiously, it became rather trendy in the late 20th ____ to claim to know nothing about science or mathematics.
There was a popular belief that scientific knowledge was somehow at odds with being a cultured ____, when in fact it is central to it.
In 1959, the English scientist and novelist C.P. Snow delivered a famous ____ in which he spoke of the distance and even animosity that existed between the 'two cultures' of science and the arts, or humanities.
This deep ____ in intellectual life was, he felt, holding up human progress.
The divide ____, and even increased, in the following decades.
It might now be narrowing, but it's ____ from closed.
More people, though, now recognize that knowing about ____ is not a mark of philistinism, but the very opposite.
An informed appreciation of the world around us, the laws it follows and how we can discover ____ laws, puts us in the best position to make the most of our individual lives and the resources the planet affords us as a species.
The loss of ____ places was mourned poetically by 19th-century writers such as Wordsworth or Thoreau and demonstrated a need to find out how to renew and protect the environment.
But this deep regret for what ____ have done to the world, invoked through the arts, can be used in helpful action through the application of science and understanding.