Week 6 제11강
Exercise 1 한 분야의 경계 정의하기
Defining the boundaries of a field is, perhaps, a foolish ____.
A narrow definition ____ excluding issues that should be included.
Too ____ a definition, on the other hand, risks absorbing research problems that are just too irrelevant.
In either case, of course, scholars can choose to ____ your definition.
____ are several ways one can proceed.
One tactic is to ____ on which scholars define themselves in the field.
The problem with this approach is that the field of the sociology of markets is sufficiently diffuse that there may be multiple communities of scholars with ____ concerns contained within it.
Even if one could draw a circle around the field, one would still not understand ____ its focus or questions were.
The opposite strategy is to impose a ____ definition of the field.
This approach has the advantage of focusing on a theoretical perspective, presumably of interest to a wide number of ____.
But ____ is likely to leave out scholars and issues that are of relevance to the field.
You may quickly ____ your audience to those who agree with you.
Exercise 2 심해 개발의 영향
For most people, the deep ocean is ____ of sight and out of mind.
Not long ago, common (even academic) thinking was that the ocean was so vast that humans were ____ capable of changing it substantially.
This was especially true for the deep sea away from coastal human ____.
The mistakenness of this idea is ____ increasingly clear.
As we use up coastal resources such as fisheries and fossil hydrocarbons, we have moved into increasingly deeper water to ____ exploitation.
Also, new methods are being ____ for extracting from the deep ocean new resources, such as important minerals rare on the continents, or for exploiting unusual biochemical characteristics of deep-sea organisms.
Meanwhile, as we explore, we are increasingly finding the results of human activities, including plastics and other pollution as well as temperature changes, oxygen ____, and acidification from increasing carbon dioxide concentrations.
We are also learning how very long it ____ take ecosystems of the deep ocean to recover from damages we may cause.
Exercise 3 동물의 감정 능력에 대한 우리의 인식
Acknowledging that some animals can experience feelings ― although not necessarily in a way that humans can understand — directly affects the way that different animals are perceived and ____ in many settings, not just research laboratories.
Animals are eaten, worn, deprived of their freedom and natural environments, legally and illegally sold, blamed for pandemics and used as a buffer to ____, to name just a few.
In all these scenarios, the existence and extent of their emotional capacity is ____ differently both between and within species, with a direct flow-on effect on their life experiences and wellbeing in a human-dominated world.
Questioning the basis for these at times contradictory perceptions of different species, or members of the same species in different environments, ____ the extent of human supremacy.
It also ____ that perception of emotion in animals is not always driven by biological facts.
In many cases, this perception is based on a social construct ____ and maintained by human beings as the more dominant animal.
Human perceptions of animal emotions vary across ____ and contexts, shaping animals' wellbeing in ways that reveal human supremacy and reflect socially constructed beliefs rather than biological facts.
Exercise 4 통제 실험의 한계
There are limits to the use of the ____ method when a scientist cannot control the situations that are significant for the solution of problems.
In the social sciences, less use can be made of the method of controlled experiment because the ____ cannot control the situations.
For example, one way to prove or disprove the proposition that high tariffs bring prosperity would be to apply very heavy tariffs to all goods entering the United States for a considerable period of ____, while holding constant all other factors affecting business activity.
If a sustained increase in prosperity followed, we would ____ have substantial evidence to support the thesis that high duties are a cause of prosperity.
No investigator can control the country's ____ policy; and even if she could, while the high tariff was in effect, many other social changes would be taking place, such as strikes, the establishment of new industries, and perhaps even wars.
Some of these other changes would doubtless have much more influence on the state of national prosperity than would the high tariff and would make it impossible to separate out the effects of the ____ tariff from the effects of all these other events.
Exercise 5-6 관광 및 환대 산업에서의 인적 자원 관리
The ____ and hospitality industry is particularly sensitive to economic cycles and political trouble and can be badly affected in times of uncertainty.
For example, the global nature of the industry ____ that it is vulnerable to external events that cause fluctuations in tourist visits and spend.
The global 2001-2004 economic downturn, 9/11, the Iraq ____ and the outbreak of SARS all led to a drop in revenue in the industry.
____ factors reduced the number of travellers internationally and left uncertainty and fragility in the tourism market.
Many of these aspects are particularly pronounced in the airline industry and trade unions ____ often railed against the manner in which employees are used as 'shock absorbers' to protect the industry from the cyclical nature of the market.
These hard approaches to HRM have seen major redundancy programmes in a number of airlines in recent years, especially after ____
On the other hand, a number of companies have sought a more soft approach to HRM which ____ at increasing the customer responsiveness of their front-line staff.
____ Airways, for example, had a series of initiatives in the 1980s and 1990s such as 'Putting People First' and 'Winning for Customers'.
Among other things, these initiatives sought to ____ teamwork, implement extensive training programmes, enhance quality procedures, and develop multi-skilled staff.
As companies alternate between hard and soft approaches to HRM, employees ____ become confused as to what the company message is.
Ultimately, employees may well be a company's 'greatest asset', but in times of uncertainty and downturn are equally ____ as recent history suggests.
Exercise 7 예측 치안 시스템의 문제점
One of the ____ widely debated applications of AI in law enforcement is predictive policing, where algorithms analyze historical crime data to predict where crimes are likely to occur and who may be involved.
By identifying high-risk areas and individuals, predictive policing aims to allocate law enforcement ____ more efficiently and reduce crime.
However, predictive policing has been criticized for perpetuating bias and discrimination, particularly ____ minority communities.
If an AI system is trained on biased data that reflects historical patterns of over-policing in certain neighborhoods, it may disproportionately target those areas for increased law enforcement ____, reinforcing existing inequalities.
This has raised ____ about the fairness and accuracy of predictive policing systems and the potential for unjust outcomes.
For ____, a predictive policing system used by the Los Angeles Police Department was found to disproportionately target Black and Latino communities, leading to heightened surveillance and increased arrests in those areas.
Critics argue that predictive policing systems must be carefully ____ and rigorously tested to ensure that they do not perpetuate racial bias or undermine trust in law enforcement.
Exercise 8 바다에 대한 연구의 필요성
We use the ____ as a source of food.
However, present fishing methods have ____ so efficient that we have dangerously depleted fish stocks over large parts of the ocean.
We are only just beginning to develop the technology to grow marine ____ as agriculture in the same way as we farm the land.
Indeed, this is probably the last major ____ food resource on the planet.
At the same time, we ____ the oceans as a repository for our waste, often assuming the oceans are so large that they have an infinite capacity to absorb our pollutants.
Yet, it is clear from the increased incidence of toxic plankton blooms and ____ undesirable effects that this is not true.
For all these reasons, it is important that we study the oceans and understand ____ they operate.
Exercise 9 인간의 복제 경향과 밈(meme)의 확산
At the very minimum, genetic evolution has given all humans similarly programmed sense organs and brains, giving them a developmental bias ____ 'prepared learning'.
This means that ____ are innately prepared to learn certain behaviours and predisposed to avoid others.
Humans are innately set up to see and hear things and ____ to set about imitating them.
Thus, useful things like multiplication tables and less useful things like the crazy frog ____ are replicated and spread.
____ are the physical hosts needed for memes to spread.
The meme does not need to be ____ to the host.
It does not even need to make sense or be ____.
As an example, Blackmore argues that it was through ____ imitation, rather than an understanding of its long-term benefit, that agriculture became fashionable.
Farming uses far more energy and ____ than hunting and gathering.
Being tied to one location makes the farmer more vulnerable to drought, flood, ____ or attack.
So the ____ seems to have chosen a risky life of endless toil for no obvious benefit.
Humans inherently learn some behaviours and avoid others, spreading memes not for ____ but by copying others' actions or reactions, as shown in agriculture.
Exercise 10 고대 그리스의 검열
Censorship is a means of preventing the expression of ____, speech, or behaviour.
Social, religious, political, ____, and other authorities practise censorship in the name of the common good of society, seeking to protect it from heresy, treason, or ideological error.
In one form or another, censorship has existed universally ____ Greek history.
Most of the censorship ____ the ancient Greeks occurred over religious and political ideas.
The ____ charge was impiety (asebeia).
Since they believed that the gods ____ actively help or harm the city state, impious behaviour that might invoke divine anger was punished.
Sparta imposed a rigid system of censorship to protect its militarism: books, music, and ____ learned men were banned.
Greek tyrants ____ censorship to silence and eliminate their opponents.
Generally speaking, under the tyrants, and many other rulers, censorship was ____ with harsh repression.
Exercise 11-12 과학과 인문학
Curiously, it became rather trendy in the late 20th century to claim to know nothing about science or ____.
There was a popular belief that ____ knowledge was somehow at odds with being a cultured individual, when in fact it is central to it.
In 1959, the English scientist and novelist C.P. Snow delivered a famous lecture in ____ he spoke of the distance and even animosity that existed between the 'two cultures' of science and the arts, or humanities.
This deep division in intellectual life was, he felt, holding up human ____.
The ____ remained, and even increased, in the following decades.
It might now be narrowing, but it's far from ____.
____ people, though, now recognize that knowing about science is not a mark of philistinism, but the very opposite.
An informed appreciation of the world around us, the laws it follows and how we can discover those laws, puts us in the best position to make the most of our individual lives and the resources the ____ affords us as a species.
The loss of wild places was mourned poetically by 19th-century writers such as Wordsworth or ____ and demonstrated a need to find out how to renew and protect the environment.
But this deep regret for what humans have done to the world, invoked ____ the arts, can be used in helpful action through the application of science and understanding.