Week 6 제11강
Exercise 1 한 분야의 경계 정의하기
Defining the boundaries of a ____ is, perhaps, a foolish objective.
____ narrow definition risks excluding issues that should be included.
____ broad a definition, on the other hand, risks absorbing research problems that are just too irrelevant.
In either case, of course, scholars can ____ to ignore your definition.
There are several ____ one can proceed.
One tactic is ____ focus on which scholars define themselves in the field.
The problem with this approach ____ that the field of the sociology of markets is sufficiently diffuse that there may be multiple communities of scholars with differing concerns contained within it.
Even if one could draw a ____ around the field, one would still not understand what its focus or questions were.
The opposite ____ is to impose a theoretical definition of the field.
This approach has the advantage of focusing ____ a theoretical perspective, presumably of interest to a wide number of scholars.
But one ____ likely to leave out scholars and issues that are of relevance to the field.
You may quickly reduce your audience to those ____ agree with you.
Exercise 2 심해 개발의 영향
For most people, the ____ ocean is out of sight and out of mind.
Not long ago, common (even academic) thinking ____ that the ocean was so vast that humans were not capable of changing it substantially.
This was especially true ____ the deep sea away from coastal human concentrations.
The mistakenness of this idea is ____ increasingly clear.
As we ____ up coastal resources such as fisheries and fossil hydrocarbons, we have moved into increasingly deeper water to continue exploitation.
Also, new methods are being developed for extracting from the deep ocean new resources, ____ as important minerals rare on the continents, or for exploiting unusual biochemical characteristics of deep-sea organisms.
Meanwhile, as we explore, we are increasingly finding the results of human activities, including plastics and other pollution as well as temperature changes, oxygen depletion, and acidification from ____ carbon dioxide concentrations.
We are also learning how ____ long it would take ecosystems of the deep ocean to recover from damages we may cause.
Exercise 3 동물의 감정 능력에 대한 우리의 인식
Acknowledging that some animals can experience feelings ― although not necessarily in a way ____ humans can understand — directly affects the way that different animals are perceived and treated in many settings, not just research laboratories.
Animals are eaten, worn, deprived of their freedom and natural environments, legally and illegally sold, blamed ____ pandemics and used as a buffer to loneliness, to name just a few.
In all these scenarios, the existence and extent of their emotional capacity is perceived differently both between and within species, with a direct flow-on effect ____ their life experiences and wellbeing in a human-dominated world.
Questioning the basis for these at times contradictory perceptions of different species, or members of the same ____ in different environments, reveals the extent of human supremacy.
It also reveals that perception of emotion in animals is not ____ driven by biological facts.
In many cases, this perception is based on a social construct created and maintained by human beings as the more dominant ____
Human perceptions of animal emotions vary across species and contexts, shaping animals' wellbeing in ways that reveal human supremacy and ____ socially constructed beliefs rather than biological facts.
Exercise 4 통제 실험의 한계
____ are limits to the use of the experimental method when a scientist cannot control the situations that are significant for the solution of problems.
In ____ social sciences, less use can be made of the method of controlled experiment because the investigator cannot control the situations.
For example, one way to prove or disprove the proposition that high tariffs bring prosperity would be to apply very heavy tariffs to all goods entering the United States for a considerable period of time, while holding constant ____ other factors affecting business activity.
If ____ sustained increase in prosperity followed, we would then have substantial evidence to support the thesis that high duties are a cause of prosperity.
No investigator can control the country's tariff policy; and even if she ____ while the high tariff was in effect, many other social changes would be taking place, such as strikes, the establishment of new industries, and perhaps even wars.
Some of these other changes would doubtless have much more influence on the state of ____ prosperity than would the high tariff and would make it impossible to separate out the effects of the high tariff from the effects of all these other events.
Exercise 5-6 관광 및 환대 산업에서의 인적 자원 관리
The tourism and ____ industry is particularly sensitive to economic cycles and political trouble and can be badly affected in times of uncertainty.
For example, the global nature of ____ industry means that it is vulnerable to external events that cause fluctuations in tourist visits and spend.
The global 2001-2004 economic downturn, 9/11, the Iraq War and the outbreak of SARS all led to a drop ____ revenue in the industry.
These factors reduced the number of travellers internationally and left uncertainty and fragility ____ the tourism market.
Many of these aspects are ____ pronounced in the airline industry and trade unions have often railed against the manner in which employees are used as 'shock absorbers' to protect the industry from the cyclical nature of the market.
These hard approaches to HRM have seen major redundancy programmes in a number of airlines in ____ years, especially after 9/11.
On the other hand, a number of companies have sought a more soft approach to HRM which aimed at increasing the customer responsiveness of ____ front-line staff.
British Airways, for example, had a series of initiatives in the 1980s ____ 1990s such as 'Putting People First' and 'Winning for Customers'.
Among other things, ____ initiatives sought to introduce teamwork, implement extensive training programmes, enhance quality procedures, and develop multi-skilled staff.
As companies alternate between hard and soft approaches ____ HRM, employees may become confused as to what the company message is.
Ultimately, employees may well be a company's 'greatest asset', but in times ____ uncertainty and downturn are equally expendable as recent history suggests.
Exercise 7 예측 치안 시스템의 문제점
One of the most widely debated applications of AI in law enforcement is predictive policing, where algorithms analyze historical crime data to predict where crimes are ____ to occur and who may be involved.
By identifying high-risk areas and individuals, predictive policing aims to allocate ____ enforcement resources more efficiently and reduce crime.
However, predictive policing has been criticized for perpetuating bias and discrimination, particularly against ____ communities.
If an ____ system is trained on biased data that reflects historical patterns of over-policing in certain neighborhoods, it may disproportionately target those areas for increased law enforcement presence, reinforcing existing inequalities.
____ has raised concerns about the fairness and accuracy of predictive policing systems and the potential for unjust outcomes.
For example, a predictive policing system used by the Los Angeles Police Department was found to disproportionately target Black and Latino communities, leading to heightened surveillance and increased ____ in those areas.
Critics argue that predictive policing systems must be carefully designed ____ rigorously tested to ensure that they do not perpetuate racial bias or undermine trust in law enforcement.
Exercise 8 바다에 대한 연구의 필요성
We ____ the oceans as a source of food.
However, ____ fishing methods have become so efficient that we have dangerously depleted fish stocks over large parts of the ocean.
We ____ only just beginning to develop the technology to grow marine organisms as agriculture in the same way as we farm the land.
Indeed, this is probably the ____ major untapped food resource on the planet.
At the same time, we use the oceans as a repository ____ our waste, often assuming the oceans are so large that they have an infinite capacity to absorb our pollutants.
Yet, it is clear from the increased incidence of toxic plankton ____ and other undesirable effects that this is not true.
For all these reasons, it ____ important that we study the oceans and understand how they operate.
Exercise 9 인간의 복제 경향과 밈(meme)의 확산
At the very minimum, genetic evolution ____ given all humans similarly programmed sense organs and brains, giving them a developmental bias called 'prepared learning'.
This means that humans ____ innately prepared to learn certain behaviours and predisposed to avoid others.
Humans are innately set up to see and hear ____ and then to set about imitating them.
Thus, useful things like multiplication tables and less useful things like the crazy frog ring-tone are ____ and spread.
Humans are ____ physical hosts needed for memes to spread.
____ meme does not need to be useful to the host.
It does not even need to make sense ____ be beneficial.
As an example, Blackmore argues that it was through infectious imitation, rather than an understanding of its long-term benefit, that agriculture became ____
Farming uses far more energy and time than hunting ____ gathering.
Being tied to one location makes the farmer ____ vulnerable to drought, flood, disease or attack.
So the farmer ____ to have chosen a risky life of endless toil for no obvious benefit.
Humans inherently learn some behaviours and avoid others, spreading memes not for usefulness but by copying ____ actions or reactions, as shown in agriculture.
Exercise 10 고대 그리스의 검열
Censorship is a means of preventing the expression of ____ speech, or behaviour.
Social, religious, political, military, and other authorities practise censorship in the name of the common good ____ society, seeking to protect it from heresy, treason, or ideological error.
In ____ form or another, censorship has existed universally throughout Greek history.
Most of the censorship among the ancient Greeks occurred over religious and ____ ideas.
The common charge was impiety ____
Since they believed that the gods could actively help or harm the city state, impious ____ that might invoke divine anger was punished.
Sparta imposed a rigid system of censorship to protect ____ militarism: books, music, and even learned men were banned.
Greek tyrants exercised ____ to silence and eliminate their opponents.
Generally speaking, under the tyrants, and many other rulers, ____ was identical with harsh repression.
Exercise 11-12 과학과 인문학
Curiously, it became rather trendy in the late 20th century to claim to know nothing about science ____ mathematics.
There was a popular belief ____ scientific knowledge was somehow at odds with being a cultured individual, when in fact it is central to it.
In 1959, the English scientist and novelist C.P. Snow delivered a famous lecture in which he spoke of the distance ____ even animosity that existed between the 'two cultures' of science and the arts, or humanities.
This deep division in ____ life was, he felt, holding up human progress.
The divide remained, and even increased, in the following ____
It ____ now be narrowing, but it's far from closed.
More people, though, now recognize that knowing about science is not a ____ of philistinism, but the very opposite.
____ informed appreciation of the world around us, the laws it follows and how we can discover those laws, puts us in the best position to make the most of our individual lives and the resources the planet affords us as a species.
The loss of wild places was mourned poetically by 19th-century writers such as Wordsworth or Thoreau and demonstrated a need to ____ out how to renew and protect the environment.
But this deep regret for what humans have done to the world, invoked through the arts, can be used in helpful action through the application of science ____ understanding.