Week 6 제11강
Exercise 1 한 분야의 경계 정의하기
Defining the boundaries of a field is, perhaps, a foolish ____.
A narrow definition ____ excluding issues that should be included.
Too broad a definition, on the other hand, risks ____ research problems that are just too irrelevant.
In either case, of course, scholars can choose to ____ your definition.
There are several ways ____ can proceed.
One tactic is to focus on which scholars ____ themselves in the field.
The problem with this approach is that the field of the sociology of markets is sufficiently diffuse that there may be multiple communities of scholars with differing ____ contained within it.
Even if one ____ draw a circle around the field, one would still not understand what its focus or questions were.
The opposite ____ is to impose a theoretical definition of the field.
This ____ has the advantage of focusing on a theoretical perspective, presumably of interest to a wide number of scholars.
But one is ____ to leave out scholars and issues that are of relevance to the field.
You may quickly reduce your ____ to those who agree with you.
Exercise 2 심해 개발의 영향
For most people, the deep ocean is out of sight and out of ____.
Not long ____, common (even academic) thinking was that the ocean was so vast that humans were not capable of changing it substantially.
This was especially true for the deep sea away from ____ human concentrations.
The mistakenness of this idea is becoming increasingly ____.
As we use up coastal resources such as fisheries and fossil hydrocarbons, we have moved into ____ deeper water to continue exploitation.
Also, new methods are being developed for extracting from the deep ____ new resources, such as important minerals rare on the continents, or for exploiting unusual biochemical characteristics of deep-sea organisms.
Meanwhile, as we explore, we are increasingly ____ the results of human activities, including plastics and other pollution as well as temperature changes, oxygen depletion, and acidification from increasing carbon dioxide concentrations.
We are also learning how very long it would take ____ of the deep ocean to recover from damages we may cause.
Exercise 3 동물의 감정 능력에 대한 우리의 인식
Acknowledging that some animals can experience feelings ― ____ not necessarily in a way that humans can understand — directly affects the way that different animals are perceived and treated in many settings, not just research laboratories.
Animals are eaten, worn, deprived of their freedom and natural environments, legally and illegally sold, ____ for pandemics and used as a buffer to loneliness, to name just a few.
In all these scenarios, the existence and extent of their emotional capacity is perceived differently both between and ____ species, with a direct flow-on effect on their life experiences and wellbeing in a human-dominated world.
Questioning the basis for these at times contradictory perceptions of ____ species, or members of the same species in different environments, reveals the extent of human supremacy.
It also reveals that perception of emotion in ____ is not always driven by biological facts.
In many cases, this perception is based on a social construct created and maintained by human beings as the more dominant ____.
Human perceptions of animal emotions vary across species and contexts, shaping animals' wellbeing in ____ that reveal human supremacy and reflect socially constructed beliefs rather than biological facts.
Exercise 4 통제 실험의 한계
There are limits to the use of the ____ method when a scientist cannot control the situations that are significant for the solution of problems.
In the social ____, less use can be made of the method of controlled experiment because the investigator cannot control the situations.
For example, one way to prove or disprove the proposition that high tariffs ____ prosperity would be to apply very heavy tariffs to all goods entering the United States for a considerable period of time, while holding constant all other factors affecting business activity.
If a sustained increase in ____ followed, we would then have substantial evidence to support the thesis that high duties are a cause of prosperity.
No investigator ____ control the country's tariff policy; and even if she could, while the high tariff was in effect, many other social changes would be taking place, such as strikes, the establishment of new industries, and perhaps even wars.
Some of these other changes would doubtless have much more influence on the state of national prosperity than would the high tariff and would make it impossible to separate out the effects of the ____ tariff from the effects of all these other events.
Exercise 5-6 관광 및 환대 산업에서의 인적 자원 관리
The tourism and hospitality industry is particularly ____ to economic cycles and political trouble and can be badly affected in times of uncertainty.
For example, the global nature of the ____ means that it is vulnerable to external events that cause fluctuations in tourist visits and spend.
The global 2001-2004 economic downturn, 9/11, the Iraq War and the outbreak of SARS all ____ to a drop in revenue in the industry.
These factors reduced the number of ____ internationally and left uncertainty and fragility in the tourism market.
Many of these aspects are particularly pronounced in the airline industry and ____ unions have often railed against the manner in which employees are used as 'shock absorbers' to protect the industry from the cyclical nature of the market.
These hard approaches to HRM have seen major redundancy programmes in a number of airlines in ____ years, especially after 9/11.
On the other hand, a number of companies ____ sought a more soft approach to HRM which aimed at increasing the customer responsiveness of their front-line staff.
British Airways, for example, had a series of ____ in the 1980s and 1990s such as 'Putting People First' and 'Winning for Customers'.
Among other things, these initiatives sought to introduce teamwork, implement extensive training programmes, enhance ____ procedures, and develop multi-skilled staff.
As companies alternate between hard and soft approaches to HRM, ____ may become confused as to what the company message is.
Ultimately, ____ may well be a company's 'greatest asset', but in times of uncertainty and downturn are equally expendable as recent history suggests.
Exercise 7 예측 치안 시스템의 문제점
One of the ____ widely debated applications of AI in law enforcement is predictive policing, where algorithms analyze historical crime data to predict where crimes are likely to occur and who may be involved.
By identifying high-risk areas and individuals, predictive policing aims to allocate law enforcement resources more efficiently and reduce ____.
However, predictive ____ has been criticized for perpetuating bias and discrimination, particularly against minority communities.
If an AI system is trained on biased data that reflects historical patterns of over-policing in certain neighborhoods, it may disproportionately ____ those areas for increased law enforcement presence, reinforcing existing inequalities.
This has raised concerns about the fairness and accuracy of predictive ____ systems and the potential for unjust outcomes.
For example, a predictive policing system used by the Los Angeles Police Department was found to disproportionately target Black and Latino ____, leading to heightened surveillance and increased arrests in those areas.
Critics argue that predictive policing systems must be ____ designed and rigorously tested to ensure that they do not perpetuate racial bias or undermine trust in law enforcement.
Exercise 8 바다에 대한 연구의 필요성
We ____ the oceans as a source of food.
However, present fishing methods have become so ____ that we have dangerously depleted fish stocks over large parts of the ocean.
We are ____ just beginning to develop the technology to grow marine organisms as agriculture in the same way as we farm the land.
____, this is probably the last major untapped food resource on the planet.
At the same time, we use the oceans as a repository for our waste, often assuming the oceans are so large that they ____ an infinite capacity to absorb our pollutants.
Yet, it is clear from the increased incidence of toxic plankton blooms and other undesirable effects that this is not ____.
For ____ these reasons, it is important that we study the oceans and understand how they operate.
Exercise 9 인간의 복제 경향과 밈(meme)의 확산
At the ____ minimum, genetic evolution has given all humans similarly programmed sense organs and brains, giving them a developmental bias called 'prepared learning'.
This means that humans are innately prepared to learn ____ behaviours and predisposed to avoid others.
Humans are innately set up to see and hear things and then to ____ about imitating them.
Thus, useful things like multiplication tables and less useful things ____ the crazy frog ring-tone are replicated and spread.
Humans are the physical hosts needed for memes to ____.
The ____ does not need to be useful to the host.
It does ____ even need to make sense or be beneficial.
As an example, Blackmore argues that it was through infectious imitation, ____ than an understanding of its long-term benefit, that agriculture became fashionable.
____ uses far more energy and time than hunting and gathering.
Being tied to one location makes the ____ more vulnerable to drought, flood, disease or attack.
So the farmer seems to have chosen a ____ life of endless toil for no obvious benefit.
Humans inherently learn some behaviours and avoid others, spreading memes ____ for usefulness but by copying others' actions or reactions, as shown in agriculture.
Exercise 10 고대 그리스의 검열
Censorship is a means of preventing the expression of ____, speech, or behaviour.
Social, religious, political, ____, and other authorities practise censorship in the name of the common good of society, seeking to protect it from heresy, treason, or ideological error.
In one form or another, censorship has ____ universally throughout Greek history.
Most of the censorship among the ancient Greeks occurred ____ religious and political ideas.
The ____ charge was impiety (asebeia).
Since they believed that the gods could actively help or harm the city state, impious behaviour that might invoke divine anger was ____.
Sparta imposed a rigid system of ____ to protect its militarism: books, music, and even learned men were banned.
Greek tyrants exercised censorship to ____ and eliminate their opponents.
Generally speaking, under the tyrants, and many other rulers, censorship was identical with ____ repression.
Exercise 11-12 과학과 인문학
Curiously, it became rather trendy in the late 20th century to ____ to know nothing about science or mathematics.
There was a popular belief that scientific ____ was somehow at odds with being a cultured individual, when in fact it is central to it.
In 1959, the English scientist and novelist C.P. Snow ____ a famous lecture in which he spoke of the distance and even animosity that existed between the 'two cultures' of science and the arts, or humanities.
This deep division in intellectual life was, he ____, holding up human progress.
The ____ remained, and even increased, in the following decades.
It might ____ be narrowing, but it's far from closed.
More people, though, now recognize that knowing about science is not a mark of ____, but the very opposite.
An informed appreciation of the world around us, the laws it follows and how we can discover those laws, puts us in the best position to ____ the most of our individual lives and the resources the planet affords us as a species.
The loss of wild places was mourned poetically by 19th-century writers such as ____ or Thoreau and demonstrated a need to find out how to renew and protect the environment.
But this deep regret for what humans have done to the world, invoked through the arts, can be used in helpful action ____ the application of science and understanding.