Week 6 제11강
Exercise 1 한 분야의 경계 정의하기
Defining the boundaries of a field is, perhaps, a ____ objective.
A narrow definition risks excluding issues ____ should be included.
Too broad a definition, on the other hand, risks absorbing research ____ that are just too irrelevant.
In either case, of course, scholars can choose to ____ your definition.
____ are several ways one can proceed.
One tactic is to focus on which scholars define ____ in the field.
The problem with this approach is that the field of the sociology of markets ____ sufficiently diffuse that there may be multiple communities of scholars with differing concerns contained within it.
Even if one could draw a circle around the field, one would still not ____ what its focus or questions were.
____ opposite strategy is to impose a theoretical definition of the field.
____ approach has the advantage of focusing on a theoretical perspective, presumably of interest to a wide number of scholars.
But one is ____ to leave out scholars and issues that are of relevance to the field.
You may quickly reduce your audience to those who agree ____ you.
Exercise 2 심해 개발의 영향
For most people, the deep ocean is out of sight and ____ of mind.
Not long ago, common (even academic) thinking was that the ocean was so vast that humans ____ not capable of changing it substantially.
This was especially ____ for the deep sea away from coastal human concentrations.
The mistakenness of this idea is ____ increasingly clear.
____ we use up coastal resources such as fisheries and fossil hydrocarbons, we have moved into increasingly deeper water to continue exploitation.
Also, new methods are being developed for extracting from the deep ocean new resources, such as important minerals rare on the continents, or for exploiting ____ biochemical characteristics of deep-sea organisms.
Meanwhile, as we explore, we are increasingly finding the results of human activities, including plastics and other pollution as well as temperature changes, oxygen depletion, and ____ from increasing carbon dioxide concentrations.
We are also learning how very long it would ____ ecosystems of the deep ocean to recover from damages we may cause.
Exercise 3 동물의 감정 능력에 대한 우리의 인식
Acknowledging that some animals can ____ feelings ― although not necessarily in a way that humans can understand — directly affects the way that different animals are perceived and treated in many settings, not just research laboratories.
Animals are eaten, worn, deprived of their freedom and natural environments, legally and illegally sold, blamed for ____ and used as a buffer to loneliness, to name just a few.
In all these scenarios, the existence and extent of their emotional capacity is perceived differently both between and within species, with a direct flow-on effect on their life experiences and wellbeing in a human-dominated ____
Questioning the basis for these at times contradictory perceptions of different species, or members of the same species in different ____ reveals the extent of human supremacy.
It also reveals that perception of emotion in ____ is not always driven by biological facts.
In many cases, this perception is based on a social construct created and maintained by human beings as ____ more dominant animal.
Human perceptions of animal ____ vary across species and contexts, shaping animals' wellbeing in ways that reveal human supremacy and reflect socially constructed beliefs rather than biological facts.
Exercise 4 통제 실험의 한계
There are limits to the use of the experimental method when a ____ cannot control the situations that are significant for the solution of problems.
In the social sciences, less ____ can be made of the method of controlled experiment because the investigator cannot control the situations.
For example, one way to prove or disprove the proposition that high tariffs bring prosperity would be to apply very heavy tariffs to all goods entering the United States for a considerable period ____ time, while holding constant all other factors affecting business activity.
If a sustained ____ in prosperity followed, we would then have substantial evidence to support the thesis that high duties are a cause of prosperity.
No investigator can control the country's tariff policy; and even if she could, while ____ high tariff was in effect, many other social changes would be taking place, such as strikes, the establishment of new industries, and perhaps even wars.
Some of these ____ changes would doubtless have much more influence on the state of national prosperity than would the high tariff and would make it impossible to separate out the effects of the high tariff from the effects of all these other events.
Exercise 5-6 관광 및 환대 산업에서의 인적 자원 관리
The tourism and hospitality industry is particularly sensitive to economic cycles and political ____ and can be badly affected in times of uncertainty.
For example, the global nature of the industry means that it is vulnerable ____ external events that cause fluctuations in tourist visits and spend.
The global 2001-2004 economic downturn, 9/11, the Iraq War and the outbreak of SARS all led to ____ drop in revenue in the industry.
These factors reduced the number of travellers internationally and left uncertainty and fragility in ____ tourism market.
Many of these aspects are particularly pronounced in the airline industry and trade unions have often railed against the manner in which employees are used as 'shock absorbers' ____ protect the industry from the cyclical nature of the market.
These ____ approaches to HRM have seen major redundancy programmes in a number of airlines in recent years, especially after 9/11.
On the other hand, a number of companies ____ sought a more soft approach to HRM which aimed at increasing the customer responsiveness of their front-line staff.
____ Airways, for example, had a series of initiatives in the 1980s and 1990s such as 'Putting People First' and 'Winning for Customers'.
Among other things, these initiatives sought to introduce teamwork, ____ extensive training programmes, enhance quality procedures, and develop multi-skilled staff.
As companies alternate between hard and soft approaches to HRM, employees may become confused as ____ what the company message is.
Ultimately, employees may well be a ____ 'greatest asset', but in times of uncertainty and downturn are equally expendable as recent history suggests.
Exercise 7 예측 치안 시스템의 문제점
One of the most widely debated applications of AI in law enforcement is predictive policing, where algorithms analyze historical crime data ____ predict where crimes are likely to occur and who may be involved.
By ____ high-risk areas and individuals, predictive policing aims to allocate law enforcement resources more efficiently and reduce crime.
However, predictive policing has been criticized for perpetuating bias and ____ particularly against minority communities.
If an AI system is ____ on biased data that reflects historical patterns of over-policing in certain neighborhoods, it may disproportionately target those areas for increased law enforcement presence, reinforcing existing inequalities.
This has raised concerns about the fairness and ____ of predictive policing systems and the potential for unjust outcomes.
For example, a predictive policing system used by the Los Angeles Police Department was found to disproportionately ____ Black and Latino communities, leading to heightened surveillance and increased arrests in those areas.
Critics argue that predictive policing ____ must be carefully designed and rigorously tested to ensure that they do not perpetuate racial bias or undermine trust in law enforcement.
Exercise 8 바다에 대한 연구의 필요성
We use the oceans as a source ____ food.
However, present fishing methods have become so efficient that we have dangerously depleted fish stocks ____ large parts of the ocean.
We are only just beginning to develop ____ technology to grow marine organisms as agriculture in the same way as we farm the land.
Indeed, ____ is probably the last major untapped food resource on the planet.
At the same time, we use the oceans as a repository for our waste, often ____ the oceans are so large that they have an infinite capacity to absorb our pollutants.
Yet, it is clear from the increased ____ of toxic plankton blooms and other undesirable effects that this is not true.
For all these reasons, it is important that ____ study the oceans and understand how they operate.
Exercise 9 인간의 복제 경향과 밈(meme)의 확산
At the very minimum, genetic evolution has given all humans similarly ____ sense organs and brains, giving them a developmental bias called 'prepared learning'.
This means that humans are innately prepared to learn certain behaviours and predisposed ____ avoid others.
Humans are innately set up to see and hear things and then to ____ about imitating them.
Thus, useful things like multiplication tables and less useful things ____ the crazy frog ring-tone are replicated and spread.
Humans are ____ physical hosts needed for memes to spread.
____ meme does not need to be useful to the host.
It does not ____ need to make sense or be beneficial.
As an example, Blackmore argues that it was through infectious imitation, rather ____ an understanding of its long-term benefit, that agriculture became fashionable.
Farming uses far more energy ____ time than hunting and gathering.
Being tied to one location makes the farmer more vulnerable to ____ flood, disease or attack.
So the farmer seems to have chosen a risky ____ of endless toil for no obvious benefit.
Humans inherently ____ some behaviours and avoid others, spreading memes not for usefulness but by copying others' actions or reactions, as shown in agriculture.
Exercise 10 고대 그리스의 검열
Censorship is a ____ of preventing the expression of ideas, speech, or behaviour.
Social, religious, political, military, and other authorities practise censorship ____ the name of the common good of society, seeking to protect it from heresy, treason, or ideological error.
In one form or another, censorship ____ existed universally throughout Greek history.
Most of the censorship among the ancient ____ occurred over religious and political ideas.
The ____ charge was impiety (asebeia).
Since they believed that the gods could actively ____ or harm the city state, impious behaviour that might invoke divine anger was punished.
Sparta imposed a rigid system of censorship to protect its militarism: books, music, and even learned men ____ banned.
Greek tyrants exercised ____ to silence and eliminate their opponents.
Generally speaking, under the tyrants, and many other rulers, censorship was identical with harsh ____
Exercise 11-12 과학과 인문학
Curiously, it became rather trendy in the late 20th century to claim to know nothing about science or ____
There was a popular belief that scientific knowledge was somehow at odds with being a cultured individual, when in fact ____ is central to it.
In 1959, the English scientist and novelist C.P. ____ delivered a famous lecture in which he spoke of the distance and even animosity that existed between the 'two cultures' of science and the arts, or humanities.
This deep division in intellectual life was, he felt, holding up ____ progress.
The divide remained, and even increased, in the ____ decades.
It might now be narrowing, but it's ____ from closed.
More people, though, now recognize that knowing about science is not a mark of philistinism, but ____ very opposite.
An informed appreciation of the world around us, the laws it follows and how ____ can discover those laws, puts us in the best position to make the most of our individual lives and the resources the planet affords us as a species.
The loss of wild places was mourned poetically by 19th-century writers such as Wordsworth or Thoreau and demonstrated a need to find out how to renew ____ protect the environment.
But ____ deep regret for what humans have done to the world, invoked through the arts, can be used in helpful action through the application of science and understanding.