Week 6 제11강
Exercise 1 한 분야의 경계 정의하기
Defining the boundaries of a field is, perhaps, ____ foolish objective.
A narrow definition ____ excluding issues that should be included.
Too broad a ____ on the other hand, risks absorbing research problems that are just too irrelevant.
In either case, of ____ scholars can choose to ignore your definition.
There are several ____ one can proceed.
One ____ is to focus on which scholars define themselves in the field.
The problem with this approach is that ____ field of the sociology of markets is sufficiently diffuse that there may be multiple communities of scholars with differing concerns contained within it.
Even if one could ____ a circle around the field, one would still not understand what its focus or questions were.
The opposite strategy is to impose a theoretical definition of the ____
This approach has the advantage of focusing on a theoretical ____ presumably of interest to a wide number of scholars.
But ____ is likely to leave out scholars and issues that are of relevance to the field.
You may quickly reduce your audience to ____ who agree with you.
Exercise 2 심해 개발의 영향
For most people, the deep ocean is ____ of sight and out of mind.
Not ____ ago, common (even academic) thinking was that the ocean was so vast that humans were not capable of changing it substantially.
This was especially true for the deep sea away from ____ human concentrations.
The mistakenness of this idea is becoming ____ clear.
As we use up coastal resources ____ as fisheries and fossil hydrocarbons, we have moved into increasingly deeper water to continue exploitation.
Also, new methods are being developed for extracting from the deep ocean new resources, such as important ____ rare on the continents, or for exploiting unusual biochemical characteristics of deep-sea organisms.
Meanwhile, as we explore, we are increasingly finding ____ results of human activities, including plastics and other pollution as well as temperature changes, oxygen depletion, and acidification from increasing carbon dioxide concentrations.
We are ____ learning how very long it would take ecosystems of the deep ocean to recover from damages we may cause.
Exercise 3 동물의 감정 능력에 대한 우리의 인식
Acknowledging that some animals can experience feelings ― although not necessarily in ____ way that humans can understand — directly affects the way that different animals are perceived and treated in many settings, not just research laboratories.
Animals are eaten, worn, deprived of their freedom ____ natural environments, legally and illegally sold, blamed for pandemics and used as a buffer to loneliness, to name just a few.
In all these scenarios, the existence and extent of their emotional capacity is perceived differently both between and within species, with a direct flow-on effect on their life experiences and wellbeing in a human-dominated ____
Questioning the basis for these at times contradictory perceptions of different species, or members of the same species in different ____ reveals the extent of human supremacy.
It also reveals that ____ of emotion in animals is not always driven by biological facts.
In many cases, this perception is based on a social construct created ____ maintained by human beings as the more dominant animal.
Human perceptions of animal emotions vary across species and contexts, shaping animals' wellbeing in ways that reveal ____ supremacy and reflect socially constructed beliefs rather than biological facts.
Exercise 4 통제 실험의 한계
There are limits to the use of ____ experimental method when a scientist cannot control the situations that are significant for the solution of problems.
In the social sciences, less use can be made of the method of ____ experiment because the investigator cannot control the situations.
For example, one way to prove or disprove the proposition that high tariffs bring prosperity would ____ to apply very heavy tariffs to all goods entering the United States for a considerable period of time, while holding constant all other factors affecting business activity.
If a sustained increase in prosperity followed, we would then have ____ evidence to support the thesis that high duties are a cause of prosperity.
No investigator can control the country's tariff policy; and even if she could, while the high tariff was in ____ many other social changes would be taking place, such as strikes, the establishment of new industries, and perhaps even wars.
Some of these other changes would doubtless have much more influence on the state of national prosperity than would the high ____ and would make it impossible to separate out the effects of the high tariff from the effects of all these other events.
Exercise 5-6 관광 및 환대 산업에서의 인적 자원 관리
The tourism and hospitality industry is particularly ____ to economic cycles and political trouble and can be badly affected in times of uncertainty.
For example, ____ global nature of the industry means that it is vulnerable to external events that cause fluctuations in tourist visits and spend.
The global 2001-2004 economic downturn, 9/11, the Iraq War and the outbreak ____ SARS all led to a drop in revenue in the industry.
These factors reduced the number of travellers internationally and left uncertainty ____ fragility in the tourism market.
Many of these aspects are particularly pronounced in the airline industry and trade unions ____ often railed against the manner in which employees are used as 'shock absorbers' to protect the industry from the cyclical nature of the market.
These ____ approaches to HRM have seen major redundancy programmes in a number of airlines in recent years, especially after 9/11.
On the other hand, a number of companies have sought a more soft approach to ____ which aimed at increasing the customer responsiveness of their front-line staff.
British Airways, for example, had a series of initiatives in the 1980s and 1990s such as 'Putting People First' ____ 'Winning for Customers'.
Among other things, these initiatives sought to introduce teamwork, ____ extensive training programmes, enhance quality procedures, and develop multi-skilled staff.
As companies alternate between hard and soft approaches to HRM, employees may become confused ____ to what the company message is.
Ultimately, employees ____ well be a company's 'greatest asset', but in times of uncertainty and downturn are equally expendable as recent history suggests.
Exercise 7 예측 치안 시스템의 문제점
One of the most widely debated applications of AI in law enforcement is predictive policing, where algorithms analyze historical crime ____ to predict where crimes are likely to occur and who may be involved.
By identifying ____ areas and individuals, predictive policing aims to allocate law enforcement resources more efficiently and reduce crime.
However, predictive policing has been criticized for perpetuating bias and discrimination, particularly against ____ communities.
If an AI system is trained on biased data that reflects historical patterns of over-policing in certain neighborhoods, ____ may disproportionately target those areas for increased law enforcement presence, reinforcing existing inequalities.
This has ____ concerns about the fairness and accuracy of predictive policing systems and the potential for unjust outcomes.
For example, a predictive ____ system used by the Los Angeles Police Department was found to disproportionately target Black and Latino communities, leading to heightened surveillance and increased arrests in those areas.
Critics argue that predictive policing ____ must be carefully designed and rigorously tested to ensure that they do not perpetuate racial bias or undermine trust in law enforcement.
Exercise 8 바다에 대한 연구의 필요성
We use ____ oceans as a source of food.
However, present fishing methods ____ become so efficient that we have dangerously depleted fish stocks over large parts of the ocean.
We are only just beginning to develop the technology to grow marine organisms as ____ in the same way as we farm the land.
Indeed, this is probably the ____ major untapped food resource on the planet.
At the same time, we use the oceans as a repository for our waste, often assuming the oceans are so ____ that they have an infinite capacity to absorb our pollutants.
Yet, it is clear from the increased incidence of toxic plankton blooms and other ____ effects that this is not true.
For all these reasons, it is important that we study the ____ and understand how they operate.
Exercise 9 인간의 복제 경향과 밈(meme)의 확산
At the very minimum, ____ evolution has given all humans similarly programmed sense organs and brains, giving them a developmental bias called 'prepared learning'.
This means that humans are innately ____ to learn certain behaviours and predisposed to avoid others.
Humans are innately set up to see and hear things ____ then to set about imitating them.
Thus, useful things like ____ tables and less useful things like the crazy frog ring-tone are replicated and spread.
Humans are the physical hosts needed for memes to ____
____ meme does not need to be useful to the host.
It does not even need to make ____ or be beneficial.
As an example, Blackmore argues that it was through infectious imitation, rather than an understanding of its long-term benefit, that agriculture became ____
Farming ____ far more energy and time than hunting and gathering.
Being tied to one location makes the farmer more vulnerable to drought, flood, ____ or attack.
So the farmer seems to have chosen a risky life of endless toil for no ____ benefit.
Humans inherently learn some behaviours and avoid others, spreading memes not for usefulness but by copying others' actions or reactions, ____ shown in agriculture.
Exercise 10 고대 그리스의 검열
Censorship is a ____ of preventing the expression of ideas, speech, or behaviour.
Social, religious, political, military, and other authorities practise censorship in the name of the common ____ of society, seeking to protect it from heresy, treason, or ideological error.
In one form or another, ____ has existed universally throughout Greek history.
Most of the censorship among the ancient Greeks occurred over religious and ____ ideas.
The common charge was impiety ____
Since they believed that the gods could actively help or harm the city state, impious behaviour that might invoke divine ____ was punished.
Sparta imposed a rigid system of censorship to protect ____ militarism: books, music, and even learned men were banned.
Greek tyrants ____ censorship to silence and eliminate their opponents.
____ speaking, under the tyrants, and many other rulers, censorship was identical with harsh repression.
Exercise 11-12 과학과 인문학
Curiously, it became rather trendy in the late 20th century to claim to know ____ about science or mathematics.
There was a popular belief that scientific knowledge was somehow at odds with being a cultured ____ when in fact it is central to it.
In 1959, the English scientist and novelist C.P. Snow delivered a famous lecture in which he spoke of ____ distance and even animosity that existed between the 'two cultures' of science and the arts, or humanities.
This deep division in intellectual life was, he ____ holding up human progress.
The ____ remained, and even increased, in the following decades.
It might now be narrowing, ____ it's far from closed.
____ people, though, now recognize that knowing about science is not a mark of philistinism, but the very opposite.
An informed appreciation of the world around us, the laws it follows and how we can discover those laws, puts us in the best position to make the most of our ____ lives and the resources the planet affords us as a species.
The loss of wild places was mourned poetically ____ 19th-century writers such as Wordsworth or Thoreau and demonstrated a need to find out how to renew and protect the environment.
But this deep regret for what humans have done ____ the world, invoked through the arts, can be used in helpful action through the application of science and understanding.