2027 수특 영독연 12강 빈칸 변형

Problems such as recency error occur because ____ memory is fallible, and it is challenging for raters to remember all of what happened during the appraisal period.

One method of dealing with this is to keep ____ logs.

As raters record ____ of high and low performance, there will be more documentation of important performance incidents, and the actual appraisal will be a better reflection of important occurrences of the appraisal period.

Of course, the success of this method will depend on the rater's persistence in recording performance information, which may be ____ to do due to the time pressures that managers face.

____, diary keeping does not necessarily reduce the effects of liking on performance ratings.

In fact, when raters keep a performance diary for employees, there tends to be a stronger relationship between ____ and ratings.

It could be that when they keep ____, raters are more likely to note positive events for employees they like, and negative events for employees they dislike.

At the same time, researchers also showed that diary ____ improves rater reactions to the performance appraisal system, probably because diary keeping improves recall and makes rating easier.

The most effective strategies for the compartmentalization of ____ have strong boundaries.

Strong boundaries help entrepreneurs keep their identities as entrepreneurs and identities that are not related to work ____.

In ____ words, interruptions from one identity to another are minimal.

These rare transitions between identities enable the individual to balance his or her distinctiveness and belonging ____.

For instance, moving from a family identity to a founder identity at the beginning of a ____ fulfills a founder's need for distinctiveness, and the transition from a founder identity to that of an athlete at the end of the day fulfills his or her need to belong.

Yet, trying to maintain separate identities with deliberately infrequent transitions ____ a compartmentalization strategy makes it challenging to establish synergies.

That is, two identities need to integrate for the effective realization of synergies, so realizing potential synergies ____ on the degree to which identities interact and are coordinated.

Therefore, entrepreneurs who utilize compartmentalization to ____ multiple micro-identities have increased psychological well-being in the case of strong boundaries between identities but have decreased psychological well-being when there are weak boundaries.

Although older adults often notice their increased memory difficulties, there are also ____ to the way that older adults' brains record information.

While younger adults' brains may be drafting memory structures with lots of details — some of them unimportant — older ____' memory structures are more likely to include just the essential elements.

Remembering just the critical information can make it easier for older adults to avoid the common pitfall of "missing the forest for the trees," allowing them to ____ the overall importance of a situation.

The way older adults' brains build memory structures can also make it easier for them to see commonalities between different situations and to understand how knowledge acquired in one context can be applied to the situation at ____.

In fact, some of the wisdom that comes with aging ____ be attributable to changes in the way the aging brain builds its memory structures.

Compared to the brains of younger adults, those of older adults tend to retain core ideas, enabling them to identify shared aspects in ____ and develop wisdom from accumulated mental frameworks.

In an effort to appear easy-going, we may often avoid speaking out for the things that we want or need from life, whether that be in personal relationships or in our ____ lives.

This means we'll avoid negotiation, ____ it just doesn't feel natural.

Many of us assume that ____ will endanger ongoing relationships with a loved one or with an employer.

But in many cases, this assumption is wrong, and avoiding negotiation means everyone loses: the ____ in a relationship who never voices their needs may be taken for granted and decide to leave; the single parent who won't ask for flexible working may end up quitting a good job for a dead-end one that better fits the school day.

But by ____ negotiation, such endings can be avoided.

The key is ____, and striving for, areas of mutual advantage that will allow everyone to benefit in some way.

If this happens, ____ relationships can emerge intact.

Negotiating needn't necessarily entail conflict; there may be tough moments on the way to resolution, but by negotiating the problem ____ by side, you're actually investing in the future relationship, rather than damaging it.

____ orient themselves in retail stores with the help of spatial references between objects ("The olive oil is on the right under the balsamic vinegar.") and pictorial elements ("on the shelf opposite the red column").

Studies also show that consumers orient themselves to distinctive features in the store, such as the main aisles, large objects such as refrigerated counters or ____ units, as well as colored surfaces and advertising boards.

These objects are usually located in the peripheral areas of the ____.

Therefore, consumers better remember the location of products that are ____ outside the store.

Product locations in the interior of the store are less well remembered because they ____ fewer landmarks and are very similar in structure and layout.

To help consumers find their way around the space and to ease the burden on employees, some retailers are ____ up touch screens and electronic info terminals.

Some retailers have also developed ____ that navigate customers through the store.

Depending on the retailer, the apps offer ____ value such as discounts, coupons, and product info.

Newer developments include so-called beacons, small Bluetooth transmitters that are attached to shelves, signs, or doors, for example, and ____ with the customer's smartphone.

With the help of the small transmitters, retailers can even determine the location of the consumers in the ____, navigate them through the store to a special offer, or grant them an individual discount, and thus influence their consumer behaviors.

Dollarization refers to a situation ____ a country adopts a foreign currency like the U.S. dollar as its own.

The main disadvantage of ____ is the loss of autonomy.

By coming under the control of the U.S. Federal Reserve ____, a nation would lose control over its own monetary and to a certain extent even its fiscal policy.

Most nations will consider the cost of coming under another's central ____ control too big a loss of autonomy to contemplate, though there have been times, such as in the case of Ecuador, where the instabilities were so great that this loss of economic sovereignty may well have been worthwhile.

The only way that the advantages of common currencies will be feasible and more widely acceptable is if we can think of ____ banks as being answerable to all the nations that use the common currency.

The European central bank does have this feature of multicountry democracy, and that is the reason why the ____, despite its recent instability, is expected to be a net gain for all the nations that have it as their currency.

Inuit used the stars as one of their navigation tools, making ____ adjustments for the star's apparent movement.

Their calculations involved a thorough knowledge of star and constellation positions in relation to their ____ and nocturnal cycles.

However, depending entirely on observing the stars would be totally impractical as the stars were frequently obscured by cloud, fog, or blowing ____.

For almost ____ months a year, the stars could not be observed at all due to the extremely long days.

Consequently, star observations were used as one aspect of the navigational methods along with wind direction, the set of snowdrifts, landmarks, ____ currents and floating seaweed, cloud formations and movement, and atmospheric effects.

While often travelling on moving sea ____, wayfinders modified their direction, allowing for the movement of the ice and their own passage over it.

Hunters also drew navigational insight from the behaviour of their sled dogs and other animals such as ____ and birds.

The urge to leave is easy to ____ from an animal perspective.

Mammals cluster when predators lurk and spread ____ when it's safe.

Tigers and orangutans are the only mammals with no predators and the only mammals ____ live alone.

Gibbons space ____ out in pairs to prevent conflict.

It's easy to see how humans would try to ____ conflict by spacing themselves out.

Not only does it improve access to ____, but it frees you from being at the bottom of the hierarchy.

If you persuade others to leave with you, you are ____ in the one-up position.

Some people surely perished when they left their natal groups, but ____ went on to create new settlements that would fissure themselves in time.

Leaving is an effective way to raise your ____ when you don't expect to win a direct conflict.

In order to avoid social conflict, humans — like some other ____ — may quit their original groups, which can eventually elevate their social standing.

The act of remembering something is a ____ of bringing back on line those neurons that were involved in the original experience.

The neurons represent the ____ to us as the thing is happening, and as we recall it, those same neurons re-present the thing to us.

Once we get those ____ to become active in a fashion similar to how they were during the original event, we experience the memory as a lower-resolution replay of the original event.

If only we could get every one of those original neurons active in exactly the same way they were the first time, our recollections would be strikingly ____ and realistic.

But remembering is imperfect; the instructions for which neurons need to be gathered and how exactly they need to fire are weak and degraded, leading to a representation that is ____ a dim and often inaccurate copy of the real experience.

____ is fiction.

It may ____ itself to us as fact but is highly susceptible to distortion.

Memory is not just a replaying, but a ____.

Darwin ____ that there must be some sort of evolutionary advantage associated with humour, and it does indeed appear that humans developed it directly because it has numerous positive properties, and very few negative ones.

Laughing uses up energy, perhaps, and the noise created by laughter might have made our early ancestors vulnerable to ____, but these potential problems are far outweighed by the benefits.

Some argue that the pleasure associated with humorous exchange replaced the pleasure derived from social grooming at some stage in our development: both ____ and social grooming release endogenous opiates and so the feelings of gratification positively reinforce both types of behaviour.

Thus, it seems that one early function of humour was as a social lubricant, and the fundamental evolutionary purpose of humour and laughter was to facilitate cooperation between ____; essentially, a laughing response signals that one is both ready and able to cooperate.

Observations of primates suggest that humour might be linked to our need to partake in mock-aggression and create ____ spaces where social conflicts can be resolved.

Similarly, anthropologists note that humour in traditional societies ____ takes the form of joking relationships between people, or individual clowning, whose purpose is to avoid tensions.

Humour can enable expressions of pseudo-violence and activities that allow the saving of face; it permits social hierarchies to be sustained, and can work to ____ social bonds.