2027 수특 영독연 12강 빈칸 변형

Problems such as recency error occur because human memory is fallible, and it is challenging for raters to remember all of what happened during the appraisal ____.

One method of ____ with this is to keep performance logs.

As raters record instances of ____ and low performance, there will be more documentation of important performance incidents, and the actual appraisal will be a better reflection of important occurrences of the appraisal period.

Of course, the success of this method will depend on the rater's persistence in recording performance ____, which may be hard to do due to the time pressures that managers face.

Interestingly, diary keeping does not necessarily reduce the ____ of liking on performance ratings.

In fact, when ____ keep a performance diary for employees, there tends to be a stronger relationship between liking and ratings.

It ____ be that when they keep diaries, raters are more likely to note positive events for employees they like, and negative events for employees they dislike.

At the same time, researchers also showed that diary keeping improves rater reactions to the performance ____ system, probably because diary keeping improves recall and makes rating easier.

The most effective strategies for the compartmentalization of ____ have strong boundaries.

____ boundaries help entrepreneurs keep their identities as entrepreneurs and identities that are not related to work distinct.

In other words, interruptions ____ one identity to another are minimal.

These rare transitions between identities enable the individual to balance his or her distinctiveness and belonging ____.

For instance, moving from a family identity to a founder identity at the beginning of a day fulfills a founder's need for distinctiveness, and the transition from a founder identity to that of an athlete at the end of the day fulfills his or her need to ____.

Yet, trying to maintain separate identities with deliberately infrequent transitions ____ a compartmentalization strategy makes it challenging to establish synergies.

That is, two identities need to integrate for the effective ____ of synergies, so realizing potential synergies relies on the degree to which identities interact and are coordinated.

Therefore, entrepreneurs who utilize compartmentalization to manage multiple micro-identities have increased psychological well-being in the case of strong boundaries ____ identities but have decreased psychological well-being when there are weak boundaries.

Although older adults often notice their increased memory difficulties, there are also ____ to the way that older adults' brains record information.

While younger adults' brains may be drafting memory structures with lots of details — some of ____ unimportant — older adults' memory structures are more likely to include just the essential elements.

Remembering just the critical information can make it easier for older adults to avoid the common pitfall of "____ the forest for the trees," allowing them to grasp the overall importance of a situation.

The way older adults' brains build memory structures can also make it easier for them to see commonalities between different situations and to understand how knowledge acquired in one context ____ be applied to the situation at hand.

In fact, some of the wisdom that comes with aging may be attributable to changes in the way the ____ brain builds its memory structures.

Compared to the brains of younger adults, those of older adults tend to retain core ideas, enabling them to identify shared aspects in contexts and develop wisdom from accumulated ____ frameworks.

In an effort to appear easy-going, we may often avoid speaking out for the things that we want or need ____ life, whether that be in personal relationships or in our working lives.

This means we'll avoid ____, because it just doesn't feel natural.

Many of us assume that negotiating will endanger ongoing relationships with a ____ one or with an employer.

But in many cases, this assumption is wrong, and avoiding negotiation means everyone loses: the ____ in a relationship who never voices their needs may be taken for granted and decide to leave; the single parent who won't ask for flexible working may end up quitting a good job for a dead-end one that better fits the school day.

But by careful negotiation, such endings ____ be avoided.

The key is identifying, and striving for, areas of mutual advantage that ____ allow everyone to benefit in some way.

If this happens, both ____ can emerge intact.

Negotiating needn't necessarily entail conflict; there may be tough moments on the way to resolution, but by negotiating the problem side by side, you're actually ____ in the future relationship, rather than damaging it.

Consumers orient themselves in retail stores with the help of spatial references between objects ("The olive oil is on the right under the balsamic vinegar.") and ____ elements ("on the shelf opposite the red column").

Studies also ____ that consumers orient themselves to distinctive features in the store, such as the main aisles, large objects such as refrigerated counters or display units, as well as colored surfaces and advertising boards.

These objects are usually located in the ____ areas of the store.

Therefore, consumers better ____ the location of products that are located outside the store.

Product locations in the interior of the store are less ____ remembered because they offer fewer landmarks and are very similar in structure and layout.

To help consumers find their way around the space and to ease the burden on ____, some retailers are setting up touch screens and electronic info terminals.

Some retailers have ____ developed apps that navigate customers through the store.

Depending on the retailer, the apps offer additional value such as discounts, ____, and product info.

Newer developments include so-called beacons, small Bluetooth transmitters that are attached to shelves, ____, or doors, for example, and communicate with the customer's smartphone.

With the help of the small transmitters, retailers can even determine the location of the consumers in the store, navigate them through the store to a special offer, or grant them an individual ____, and thus influence their consumer behaviors.

Dollarization refers to a ____ where a country adopts a foreign currency like the U.S. dollar as its own.

The main disadvantage of dollarization is the loss of ____.

By coming under the control of the U.S. Federal Reserve Board, a nation would lose control over its own monetary and to a certain extent even its fiscal ____.

Most nations will consider the cost of coming under another's ____ bank control too big a loss of autonomy to contemplate, though there have been times, such as in the case of Ecuador, where the instabilities were so great that this loss of economic sovereignty may well have been worthwhile.

The only way that the advantages of common currencies ____ be feasible and more widely acceptable is if we can think of central banks as being answerable to all the nations that use the common currency.

The European central bank does have this feature of multicountry democracy, and that is the reason why the euro, despite its recent ____, is expected to be a net gain for all the nations that have it as their currency.

Inuit used the stars as ____ of their navigation tools, making periodic adjustments for the star's apparent movement.

Their ____ involved a thorough knowledge of star and constellation positions in relation to their seasonal and nocturnal cycles.

However, depending entirely on observing the stars would be totally impractical as the stars were frequently obscured by cloud, ____, or blowing snow.

For almost five months a year, the stars could not be observed at all due to the extremely ____ days.

Consequently, star ____ were used as one aspect of the navigational methods along with wind direction, the set of snowdrifts, landmarks, sea currents and floating seaweed, cloud formations and movement, and atmospheric effects.

While often travelling on moving sea ice, wayfinders modified their direction, allowing for the movement of the ice and their own passage ____ it.

Hunters also drew navigational insight from the behaviour of their ____ dogs and other animals such as walruses and birds.

The urge to leave is easy to ____ from an animal perspective.

Mammals cluster ____ predators lurk and spread out when it's safe.

Tigers and orangutans are the only mammals with no predators and the only mammals who ____ alone.

____ space themselves out in pairs to prevent conflict.

It's easy to see how humans would try to avoid conflict by spacing themselves ____.

Not only does it improve access to resources, but it frees you from ____ at the bottom of the hierarchy.

If you persuade others to leave with you, you are suddenly in the one-up ____.

Some people surely perished when they left their natal groups, but others went on to create new settlements that would fissure themselves in ____.

Leaving is an ____ way to raise your status when you don't expect to win a direct conflict.

In order to avoid social conflict, ____ — like some other animals — may quit their original groups, which can eventually elevate their social standing.

The act of remembering something is a process of bringing back on line those neurons that were involved in the ____ experience.

The neurons represent the world to us as the thing is happening, and as we ____ it, those same neurons re-present the thing to us.

Once we get those neurons to become active in a fashion ____ to how they were during the original event, we experience the memory as a lower-resolution replay of the original event.

If only we could get every ____ of those original neurons active in exactly the same way they were the first time, our recollections would be strikingly vivid and realistic.

But remembering is imperfect; the instructions for which neurons need to be gathered and how exactly they ____ to fire are weak and degraded, leading to a representation that is only a dim and often inaccurate copy of the real experience.

____ is fiction.

It may present itself to us as fact but is highly susceptible to ____.

Memory is ____ just a replaying, but a rewriting.

Darwin said that there must be some sort of evolutionary advantage associated with humour, and it does indeed ____ that humans developed it directly because it has numerous positive properties, and very few negative ones.

Laughing uses up energy, perhaps, and the noise created by laughter might have made our ____ ancestors vulnerable to predators, but these potential problems are far outweighed by the benefits.

Some argue that the pleasure associated with humorous exchange replaced the pleasure derived from social grooming at some stage in our development: both laughter and social grooming release endogenous opiates and so the feelings of gratification ____ reinforce both types of behaviour.

Thus, it seems that one early function of humour was as a social lubricant, and the fundamental ____ purpose of humour and laughter was to facilitate cooperation between people; essentially, a laughing response signals that one is both ready and able to cooperate.

Observations of primates suggest that humour might be linked to our need to partake in mock-aggression and ____ safe spaces where social conflicts can be resolved.

Similarly, ____ note that humour in traditional societies often takes the form of joking relationships between people, or individual clowning, whose purpose is to avoid tensions.

____ can enable expressions of pseudo-violence and activities that allow the saving of face; it permits social hierarchies to be sustained, and can work to reinforce social bonds.