Week 7 제12강
Exercise 1 성과 평가에서 발생하는 기억 오류와 개선 방법
Problems such as recency error occur because human memory is fallible, and it is ____ for raters to remember all of what happened during the appraisal period.
One method of dealing ____ this is to keep performance logs.
As raters record instances of high and low performance, there will be more documentation of important performance incidents, and the actual appraisal will be a better ____ of important occurrences of the appraisal period.
Of course, the success of this method will depend on the rater's persistence in recording performance information, which may be hard to do ____ to the time pressures that managers face.
Interestingly, diary ____ does not necessarily reduce the effects of liking on performance ratings.
In fact, when raters keep a performance diary for employees, there tends to be a stronger relationship between liking ____ ratings.
It could be that when they keep diaries, raters are more ____ to note positive events for employees they like, and negative events for employees they dislike.
At the same time, researchers also showed that diary keeping improves rater reactions to the performance appraisal system, probably ____ diary keeping improves recall and makes rating easier.
Exercise 2 미시적 정체성의 구획화 전략
____ most effective strategies for the compartmentalization of micro-identities have strong boundaries.
Strong boundaries ____ entrepreneurs keep their identities as entrepreneurs and identities that are not related to work distinct.
In other words, interruptions from one ____ to another are minimal.
These ____ transitions between identities enable the individual to balance his or her distinctiveness and belonging needs.
For instance, moving from a family identity to a founder identity at the beginning of a day fulfills a founder's need for distinctiveness, and the transition from a founder identity to that of ____ athlete at the end of the day fulfills his or her need to belong.
Yet, trying to ____ separate identities with deliberately infrequent transitions using a compartmentalization strategy makes it challenging to establish synergies.
That ____ two identities need to integrate for the effective realization of synergies, so realizing potential synergies relies on the degree to which identities interact and are coordinated.
Therefore, entrepreneurs who utilize compartmentalization to manage multiple micro-identities have increased psychological well-being in the case of strong boundaries between identities but have decreased psychological well-being when ____ are weak boundaries.
Exercise 3 노년기 기억 구조의 변화와 지혜 형성
Although older adults often notice their increased memory difficulties, there are also benefits ____ the way that older adults' brains record information.
While younger adults' brains may be drafting memory structures with lots of details — some of them unimportant ____ older adults' memory structures are more likely to include just the essential elements.
Remembering just the critical information can make it easier for older adults to avoid the common pitfall of "missing the forest for the trees," allowing them to grasp the overall ____ of a situation.
The way older adults' brains build memory structures can also make ____ easier for them to see commonalities between different situations and to understand how knowledge acquired in one context can be applied to the situation at hand.
In fact, some ____ the wisdom that comes with aging may be attributable to changes in the way the aging brain builds its memory structures.
Compared ____ the brains of younger adults, those of older adults tend to retain core ideas, enabling them to identify shared aspects in contexts and develop wisdom from accumulated mental frameworks.
Exercise 4 협상 회피의 결과와 관계 유지
In an effort to appear easy-going, we may often avoid speaking out for the things that we want or need from ____ whether that be in personal relationships or in our working lives.
This means we'll avoid ____ because it just doesn't feel natural.
Many of us assume that negotiating will ____ ongoing relationships with a loved one or with an employer.
But in many cases, this assumption is wrong, and avoiding negotiation means everyone loses: the partner in a relationship who never voices their needs may be taken for granted and decide to ____ the single parent who won't ask for flexible working may end up quitting a good job for a dead-end one that better fits the school day.
But ____ careful negotiation, such endings can be avoided.
The ____ is identifying, and striving for, areas of mutual advantage that will allow everyone to benefit in some way.
If this happens, ____ relationships can emerge intact.
Negotiating needn't necessarily entail conflict; there may be tough moments ____ the way to resolution, but by negotiating the problem side by side, you're actually investing in the future relationship, rather than damaging it.
Exercise 5-6 소매점 내 소비자 길 찾기 방식과 기술 활용
Consumers orient themselves in retail stores with the help of spatial references between objects ("The olive oil is on ____ right under the balsamic vinegar.") and pictorial elements ("on the shelf opposite the red column").
Studies also show that consumers orient themselves to distinctive features in the store, such ____ the main aisles, large objects such as refrigerated counters or display units, as well as colored surfaces and advertising boards.
These objects are usually located in the peripheral ____ of the store.
Therefore, consumers ____ remember the location of products that are located outside the store.
Product locations in the interior of the store are less well remembered ____ they offer fewer landmarks and are very similar in structure and layout.
To help consumers find their way around the space and to ease the ____ on employees, some retailers are setting up touch screens and electronic info terminals.
Some retailers have also developed ____ that navigate customers through the store.
Depending on the retailer, the apps ____ additional value such as discounts, coupons, and product info.
Newer developments include so-called beacons, small Bluetooth transmitters that are attached to shelves, signs, or doors, for example, and communicate with the ____ smartphone.
With the help of the small transmitters, retailers can even determine the location of the ____ in the store, navigate them through the store to a special offer, or grant them an individual discount, and thus influence their consumer behaviors.
Exercise 7 달러화의 양면성
Dollarization refers to a situation where a country adopts ____ foreign currency like the U.S. dollar as its own.
The ____ disadvantage of dollarization is the loss of autonomy.
By coming under the ____ of the U.S. Federal Reserve Board, a nation would lose control over its own monetary and to a certain extent even its fiscal policy.
Most nations will consider the cost of coming under another's central bank control too big a loss of autonomy to contemplate, though there have been times, such as in the case of Ecuador, where the instabilities were so great that this loss ____ economic sovereignty may well have been worthwhile.
The only way that the advantages of common currencies will be ____ and more widely acceptable is if we can think of central banks as being answerable to all the nations that use the common currency.
The ____ central bank does have this feature of multicountry democracy, and that is the reason why the euro, despite its recent instability, is expected to be a net gain for all the nations that have it as their currency.
Exercise 8 자연 현상을 활용한 이누이트 족의 항해법
Inuit used ____ stars as one of their navigation tools, making periodic adjustments for the star's apparent movement.
Their calculations involved a ____ knowledge of star and constellation positions in relation to their seasonal and nocturnal cycles.
However, depending entirely on observing ____ stars would be totally impractical as the stars were frequently obscured by cloud, fog, or blowing snow.
For almost five months a year, the stars could not be observed at all due to the ____ long days.
Consequently, star observations were used ____ one aspect of the navigational methods along with wind direction, the set of snowdrifts, landmarks, sea currents and floating seaweed, cloud formations and movement, and atmospheric effects.
While often travelling on moving sea ____ wayfinders modified their direction, allowing for the movement of the ice and their own passage over it.
Hunters also drew navigational insight from the behaviour of their sled dogs and other ____ such as walruses and birds.
Exercise 9 집단 이탈을 통한 생존 및 번성 전략
The urge to leave is easy to understand from ____ animal perspective.
Mammals cluster when predators lurk and spread out when ____ safe.
____ and orangutans are the only mammals with no predators and the only mammals who live alone.
Gibbons ____ themselves out in pairs to prevent conflict.
____ easy to see how humans would try to avoid conflict by spacing themselves out.
____ only does it improve access to resources, but it frees you from being at the bottom of the hierarchy.
If you persuade others to ____ with you, you are suddenly in the one-up position.
Some people surely perished when they left their natal groups, but others went on to create new settlements ____ would fissure themselves in time.
Leaving is an effective way to raise your status when you don't expect to win a ____ conflict.
In ____ to avoid social conflict, humans — like some other animals — may quit their original groups, which can eventually elevate their social standing.
Exercise 10 기억의 불완전성
The act of remembering something is a process of bringing back on line those neurons that were involved in the ____ experience.
The neurons represent the ____ to us as the thing is happening, and as we recall it, those same neurons re-present the thing to us.
Once we get those neurons to become active in a fashion similar to how they were during the original event, we ____ the memory as a lower-resolution replay of the original event.
If only we could get every one of those original neurons active in exactly the same ____ they were the first time, our recollections would be strikingly vivid and realistic.
But remembering is imperfect; the instructions for which neurons need to be gathered and how exactly they need to fire are weak and degraded, leading to a representation that is only a dim and often inaccurate copy of the ____ experience.
Memory is ____
____ may present itself to us as fact but is highly susceptible to distortion.
Memory is ____ just a replaying, but a rewriting.
Exercise 11-12 유머의 진화적 이점
Darwin said that there must be some sort of evolutionary advantage associated with humour, and it does indeed appear that humans ____ it directly because it has numerous positive properties, and very few negative ones.
Laughing uses up energy, perhaps, and the noise ____ by laughter might have made our early ancestors vulnerable to predators, but these potential problems are far outweighed by the benefits.
Some argue that the pleasure associated with humorous exchange replaced the pleasure derived from social grooming at some stage in our development: both ____ and social grooming release endogenous opiates and so the feelings of gratification positively reinforce both types of behaviour.
Thus, it seems that one early function of humour was as a social lubricant, ____ the fundamental evolutionary purpose of humour and laughter was to facilitate cooperation between people; essentially, a laughing response signals that one is both ready and able to cooperate.
Observations of primates ____ that humour might be linked to our need to partake in mock-aggression and create safe spaces where social conflicts can be resolved.
Similarly, anthropologists note that humour in traditional societies often takes the form of joking relationships between people, or individual clowning, whose purpose is ____ avoid tensions.
Humour can enable expressions of pseudo-violence and activities that allow the saving of face; it permits social hierarchies to be sustained, and can work to ____ social bonds.