Week 7 제12강
Exercise 1 성과 평가에서 발생하는 기억 오류와 개선 방법
Problems such as recency error occur because human memory is fallible, and it is challenging for raters to remember all of what ____ during the appraisal period.
One method of ____ with this is to keep performance logs.
As raters record instances of high and low performance, there will be more documentation of important performance incidents, and the actual appraisal will ____ a better reflection of important occurrences of the appraisal period.
Of course, the success of this method will depend on the rater's persistence in recording performance information, which may be hard to do due to the time pressures ____ managers face.
Interestingly, ____ keeping does not necessarily reduce the effects of liking on performance ratings.
In fact, when raters ____ a performance diary for employees, there tends to be a stronger relationship between liking and ratings.
It could be that when they keep diaries, raters are more likely to note positive events for employees they like, and negative ____ for employees they dislike.
At the same time, researchers also showed that diary keeping improves rater reactions to the performance appraisal system, ____ because diary keeping improves recall and makes rating easier.
Exercise 2 미시적 정체성의 구획화 전략
The most effective strategies for the compartmentalization ____ micro-identities have strong boundaries.
Strong boundaries help entrepreneurs keep their identities as entrepreneurs and identities that are ____ related to work distinct.
In other words, interruptions from ____ identity to another are minimal.
These rare transitions between identities enable the individual to balance his or her ____ and belonging needs.
____ instance, moving from a family identity to a founder identity at the beginning of a day fulfills a founder's need for distinctiveness, and the transition from a founder identity to that of an athlete at the end of the day fulfills his or her need to belong.
Yet, trying to maintain separate identities with deliberately infrequent transitions using a compartmentalization strategy makes it challenging ____ establish synergies.
____ is, two identities need to integrate for the effective realization of synergies, so realizing potential synergies relies on the degree to which identities interact and are coordinated.
Therefore, entrepreneurs ____ utilize compartmentalization to manage multiple micro-identities have increased psychological well-being in the case of strong boundaries between identities but have decreased psychological well-being when there are weak boundaries.
Exercise 3 노년기 기억 구조의 변화와 지혜 형성
Although older adults ____ notice their increased memory difficulties, there are also benefits to the way that older adults' brains record information.
While younger adults' brains may be drafting memory structures with lots of ____ — some of them unimportant — older adults' memory structures are more likely to include just the essential elements.
Remembering just the critical information can make it easier for older adults to avoid the common pitfall of "missing the forest for the ____ allowing them to grasp the overall importance of a situation.
The way older adults' brains build memory structures can also make it easier for them to see commonalities between different situations and to understand how knowledge acquired in ____ context can be applied to the situation at hand.
In fact, some of the wisdom that comes with aging may be ____ to changes in the way the aging brain builds its memory structures.
Compared to the brains of younger adults, those of older adults tend to retain core ideas, enabling them to identify shared aspects in ____ and develop wisdom from accumulated mental frameworks.
Exercise 4 협상 회피의 결과와 관계 유지
In an effort to appear easy-going, we may often avoid speaking out for the things that we want or need from life, whether ____ be in personal relationships or in our working lives.
This means we'll avoid negotiation, because it just ____ feel natural.
Many of us assume that negotiating will endanger ongoing relationships with a loved one ____ with an employer.
But in many cases, this assumption is wrong, and avoiding negotiation means everyone loses: the partner in a relationship who never voices their needs may be taken for granted and decide to leave; the single parent who won't ask for flexible working may end up quitting a ____ job for a dead-end one that better fits the school day.
But by careful negotiation, such endings can be ____
The key is identifying, and striving for, areas of mutual advantage that will ____ everyone to benefit in some way.
If this happens, both relationships can emerge ____
Negotiating needn't necessarily entail conflict; there may be tough moments on the way to resolution, but by negotiating the problem side by side, you're actually ____ in the future relationship, rather than damaging it.
Exercise 5-6 소매점 내 소비자 길 찾기 방식과 기술 활용
Consumers orient themselves in retail stores with the help of spatial references between objects ("The olive oil is on the right under the balsamic vinegar.") and pictorial elements ("on the shelf opposite the red ____
Studies also show that consumers orient themselves to distinctive features in the store, such as the main aisles, large objects such as refrigerated counters or ____ units, as well as colored surfaces and advertising boards.
These objects ____ usually located in the peripheral areas of the store.
Therefore, consumers ____ remember the location of products that are located outside the store.
Product locations in the interior of the store are less well remembered because they offer fewer landmarks ____ are very similar in structure and layout.
To help consumers find their way around the space and to ease the burden on employees, some retailers are setting up ____ screens and electronic info terminals.
Some retailers have ____ developed apps that navigate customers through the store.
Depending on ____ retailer, the apps offer additional value such as discounts, coupons, and product info.
Newer developments include so-called beacons, small Bluetooth transmitters that are attached to shelves, signs, or doors, for example, and communicate with the customer's ____
With the help of the small transmitters, retailers can even determine the location of the consumers in the store, navigate them through the store ____ a special offer, or grant them an individual discount, and thus influence their consumer behaviors.
Exercise 7 달러화의 양면성
Dollarization refers ____ a situation where a country adopts a foreign currency like the U.S. dollar as its own.
The main disadvantage of ____ is the loss of autonomy.
By coming under the control of the U.S. Federal Reserve Board, a ____ would lose control over its own monetary and to a certain extent even its fiscal policy.
Most nations will consider the cost of coming under another's central bank control too big a loss of autonomy to contemplate, though there have been times, such as in the case of Ecuador, where the instabilities were so great that this ____ of economic sovereignty may well have been worthwhile.
The only way that the advantages of common currencies will be feasible ____ more widely acceptable is if we can think of central banks as being answerable to all the nations that use the common currency.
The European central bank does have this feature ____ multicountry democracy, and that is the reason why the euro, despite its recent instability, is expected to be a net gain for all the nations that have it as their currency.
Exercise 8 자연 현상을 활용한 이누이트 족의 항해법
Inuit used the stars as one of their navigation tools, making periodic adjustments for the star's apparent ____
Their ____ involved a thorough knowledge of star and constellation positions in relation to their seasonal and nocturnal cycles.
However, depending entirely on observing the stars ____ be totally impractical as the stars were frequently obscured by cloud, fog, or blowing snow.
For almost five ____ a year, the stars could not be observed at all due to the extremely long days.
Consequently, star observations were used as one aspect of the navigational ____ along with wind direction, the set of snowdrifts, landmarks, sea currents and floating seaweed, cloud formations and movement, and atmospheric effects.
While often travelling on moving sea ice, wayfinders ____ their direction, allowing for the movement of the ice and their own passage over it.
Hunters also drew navigational insight from the behaviour of their sled dogs and other animals such as walruses ____ birds.
Exercise 9 집단 이탈을 통한 생존 및 번성 전략
The urge to ____ is easy to understand from an animal perspective.
Mammals cluster when predators lurk and spread out ____ it's safe.
Tigers and orangutans are the ____ mammals with no predators and the only mammals who live alone.
Gibbons space themselves out ____ pairs to prevent conflict.
It's easy to see how humans would try to avoid conflict by spacing themselves ____
Not only does it improve access to resources, but it frees you from ____ at the bottom of the hierarchy.
If you persuade others to leave with you, you ____ suddenly in the one-up position.
____ people surely perished when they left their natal groups, but others went on to create new settlements that would fissure themselves in time.
Leaving is an effective way ____ raise your status when you don't expect to win a direct conflict.
In order to avoid social conflict, humans — like some other animals — may quit their ____ groups, which can eventually elevate their social standing.
Exercise 10 기억의 불완전성
The act of remembering something is a process of bringing back on line those neurons that were involved ____ the original experience.
____ neurons represent the world to us as the thing is happening, and as we recall it, those same neurons re-present the thing to us.
Once we get those neurons to become active in a fashion similar to how they were ____ the original event, we experience the memory as a lower-resolution replay of the original event.
If only we could get every one of those original neurons active in exactly the same way they were the first time, our recollections would be strikingly vivid ____ realistic.
But remembering is imperfect; the instructions for which neurons need to ____ gathered and how exactly they need to fire are weak and degraded, leading to a representation that is only a dim and often inaccurate copy of the real experience.
Memory is ____
It may present itself ____ us as fact but is highly susceptible to distortion.
Memory is not just a replaying, but a ____
Exercise 11-12 유머의 진화적 이점
Darwin said that there must be some sort of evolutionary advantage associated with humour, and it does indeed appear that humans developed it directly because it ____ numerous positive properties, and very few negative ones.
Laughing uses up energy, perhaps, and the noise created by laughter might have made our early ancestors vulnerable to ____ but these potential problems are far outweighed by the benefits.
Some argue that the pleasure associated with humorous exchange replaced the pleasure derived from social grooming at some stage in our ____ both laughter and social grooming release endogenous opiates and so the feelings of gratification positively reinforce both types of behaviour.
Thus, it seems that one early function of humour ____ as a social lubricant, and the fundamental evolutionary purpose of humour and laughter was to facilitate cooperation between people; essentially, a laughing response signals that one is both ready and able to cooperate.
Observations of primates ____ that humour might be linked to our need to partake in mock-aggression and create safe spaces where social conflicts can be resolved.
Similarly, anthropologists note that humour in traditional societies often takes the form of joking ____ between people, or individual clowning, whose purpose is to avoid tensions.
Humour can enable expressions of pseudo-violence and ____ that allow the saving of face; it permits social hierarchies to be sustained, and can work to reinforce social bonds.