Week 7 제12강
Exercise 1 성과 평가에서 발생하는 기억 오류와 개선 방법
Problems such ____ recency error occur because human memory is fallible, and it is challenging for raters to remember all of what happened during the appraisal period.
____ method of dealing with this is to keep performance logs.
As raters record instances of high and low ____ there will be more documentation of important performance incidents, and the actual appraisal will be a better reflection of important occurrences of the appraisal period.
Of course, the success of this method will depend on the rater's persistence in recording performance information, which ____ be hard to do due to the time pressures that managers face.
Interestingly, diary keeping does not necessarily reduce the effects of liking on performance ____
In fact, when raters keep a performance diary for employees, there tends to be a stronger ____ between liking and ratings.
It could be that when they keep diaries, ____ are more likely to note positive events for employees they like, and negative events for employees they dislike.
At the same time, researchers also showed that diary keeping improves rater reactions to the ____ appraisal system, probably because diary keeping improves recall and makes rating easier.
Exercise 2 미시적 정체성의 구획화 전략
The most effective ____ for the compartmentalization of micro-identities have strong boundaries.
____ boundaries help entrepreneurs keep their identities as entrepreneurs and identities that are not related to work distinct.
In other words, interruptions from ____ identity to another are minimal.
These rare transitions between identities enable the individual to balance his ____ her distinctiveness and belonging needs.
For instance, moving from a family identity to a founder identity at the beginning of a day fulfills a founder's need for distinctiveness, ____ the transition from a founder identity to that of an athlete at the end of the day fulfills his or her need to belong.
Yet, trying to maintain separate identities with deliberately infrequent transitions using a compartmentalization strategy makes it ____ to establish synergies.
That is, ____ identities need to integrate for the effective realization of synergies, so realizing potential synergies relies on the degree to which identities interact and are coordinated.
Therefore, entrepreneurs ____ utilize compartmentalization to manage multiple micro-identities have increased psychological well-being in the case of strong boundaries between identities but have decreased psychological well-being when there are weak boundaries.
Exercise 3 노년기 기억 구조의 변화와 지혜 형성
Although older adults often notice their increased memory difficulties, there are also benefits to the way ____ older adults' brains record information.
While younger adults' brains may be drafting memory structures with lots of details — some of them unimportant — older adults' ____ structures are more likely to include just the essential elements.
____ just the critical information can make it easier for older adults to avoid the common pitfall of "missing the forest for the trees," allowing them to grasp the overall importance of a situation.
____ way older adults' brains build memory structures can also make it easier for them to see commonalities between different situations and to understand how knowledge acquired in one context can be applied to the situation at hand.
In fact, some of the wisdom that comes with aging may be attributable to changes in the way the ____ brain builds its memory structures.
Compared to the brains of younger adults, those of older adults tend to retain core ideas, enabling them to identify shared aspects in contexts ____ develop wisdom from accumulated mental frameworks.
Exercise 4 협상 회피의 결과와 관계 유지
____ an effort to appear easy-going, we may often avoid speaking out for the things that we want or need from life, whether that be in personal relationships or in our working lives.
____ means we'll avoid negotiation, because it just doesn't feel natural.
Many of ____ assume that negotiating will endanger ongoing relationships with a loved one or with an employer.
But in many cases, this assumption is wrong, and avoiding negotiation means everyone loses: the partner in a relationship who never voices their needs may be taken for granted and decide ____ leave; the single parent who won't ask for flexible working may end up quitting a good job for a dead-end one that better fits the school day.
But by careful negotiation, ____ endings can be avoided.
The key is identifying, and striving for, areas of mutual advantage that will allow everyone to benefit ____ some way.
If this happens, both relationships can ____ intact.
Negotiating needn't necessarily ____ conflict; there may be tough moments on the way to resolution, but by negotiating the problem side by side, you're actually investing in the future relationship, rather than damaging it.
Exercise 5-6 소매점 내 소비자 길 찾기 방식과 기술 활용
Consumers orient themselves in retail stores with the help of spatial references between objects ("The olive oil is on the right under the balsamic vinegar.") and pictorial elements ("on ____ shelf opposite the red column").
Studies also ____ that consumers orient themselves to distinctive features in the store, such as the main aisles, large objects such as refrigerated counters or display units, as well as colored surfaces and advertising boards.
These objects are usually located in the peripheral areas ____ the store.
Therefore, consumers better remember the location of products that ____ located outside the store.
Product locations in the interior of the ____ are less well remembered because they offer fewer landmarks and are very similar in structure and layout.
To help consumers find their way around the space and to ease the burden on employees, some retailers are setting up touch screens and electronic ____ terminals.
____ retailers have also developed apps that navigate customers through the store.
Depending on the retailer, the apps offer additional value such as ____ coupons, and product info.
Newer developments include so-called beacons, ____ Bluetooth transmitters that are attached to shelves, signs, or doors, for example, and communicate with the customer's smartphone.
With the help of the small ____ retailers can even determine the location of the consumers in the store, navigate them through the store to a special offer, or grant them an individual discount, and thus influence their consumer behaviors.
Exercise 7 달러화의 양면성
Dollarization refers to a situation where a country adopts ____ foreign currency like the U.S. dollar as its own.
The main disadvantage of dollarization is the loss of ____
By coming under the control ____ the U.S. Federal Reserve Board, a nation would lose control over its own monetary and to a certain extent even its fiscal policy.
Most nations will consider the cost of coming under another's central bank control too big ____ loss of autonomy to contemplate, though there have been times, such as in the case of Ecuador, where the instabilities were so great that this loss of economic sovereignty may well have been worthwhile.
The only way that the advantages of common currencies will be feasible ____ more widely acceptable is if we can think of central banks as being answerable to all the nations that use the common currency.
The European central bank does have this feature of multicountry democracy, and ____ is the reason why the euro, despite its recent instability, is expected to be a net gain for all the nations that have it as their currency.
Exercise 8 자연 현상을 활용한 이누이트 족의 항해법
Inuit used the stars as one of their navigation ____ making periodic adjustments for the star's apparent movement.
Their calculations involved a thorough knowledge of star and constellation positions in relation ____ their seasonal and nocturnal cycles.
However, depending entirely on ____ the stars would be totally impractical as the stars were frequently obscured by cloud, fog, or blowing snow.
For almost five months a year, the stars could not ____ observed at all due to the extremely long days.
Consequently, star observations were ____ as one aspect of the navigational methods along with wind direction, the set of snowdrifts, landmarks, sea currents and floating seaweed, cloud formations and movement, and atmospheric effects.
While often travelling on moving sea ice, wayfinders modified their direction, allowing for the movement of the ice and their own passage over ____
Hunters also drew navigational insight from the behaviour of their ____ dogs and other animals such as walruses and birds.
Exercise 9 집단 이탈을 통한 생존 및 번성 전략
The urge to leave is easy to ____ from an animal perspective.
Mammals cluster when predators lurk and ____ out when it's safe.
Tigers and orangutans are the only mammals with no predators and the only mammals ____ live alone.
Gibbons space themselves out in ____ to prevent conflict.
____ easy to see how humans would try to avoid conflict by spacing themselves out.
Not only does it improve access to resources, but it frees you from being ____ the bottom of the hierarchy.
If you persuade others to leave with you, you are suddenly in ____ one-up position.
Some people surely perished when they left their natal groups, ____ others went on to create new settlements that would fissure themselves in time.
Leaving is ____ effective way to raise your status when you don't expect to win a direct conflict.
In order to avoid social conflict, humans — like ____ other animals — may quit their original groups, which can eventually elevate their social standing.
Exercise 10 기억의 불완전성
____ act of remembering something is a process of bringing back on line those neurons that were involved in the original experience.
The neurons represent the world to us as the thing is happening, and as we ____ it, those same neurons re-present the thing to us.
Once we get those neurons to become active in a fashion similar to how they were during the original event, we experience the memory as a lower-resolution replay of ____ original event.
If only we could get every one of those original neurons active in exactly the ____ way they were the first time, our recollections would be strikingly vivid and realistic.
But remembering is imperfect; the instructions for which neurons need to be gathered and how exactly they need to fire are weak and degraded, leading to a representation that is only a dim ____ often inaccurate copy of the real experience.
Memory ____ fiction.
It may present itself to us as ____ but is highly susceptible to distortion.
____ is not just a replaying, but a rewriting.
Exercise 11-12 유머의 진화적 이점
Darwin said that there must be some sort of evolutionary advantage associated with humour, and it does indeed appear that humans ____ it directly because it has numerous positive properties, and very few negative ones.
Laughing uses up energy, perhaps, and the noise created by ____ might have made our early ancestors vulnerable to predators, but these potential problems are far outweighed by the benefits.
Some argue that the pleasure associated with humorous exchange replaced the pleasure derived from social grooming at some stage in our development: both laughter and ____ grooming release endogenous opiates and so the feelings of gratification positively reinforce both types of behaviour.
Thus, it seems that one ____ function of humour was as a social lubricant, and the fundamental evolutionary purpose of humour and laughter was to facilitate cooperation between people; essentially, a laughing response signals that one is both ready and able to cooperate.
Observations of primates suggest that humour ____ be linked to our need to partake in mock-aggression and create safe spaces where social conflicts can be resolved.
Similarly, anthropologists note that humour in traditional societies often takes ____ form of joking relationships between people, or individual clowning, whose purpose is to avoid tensions.
Humour can enable expressions of pseudo-violence and activities that allow the saving of face; ____ permits social hierarchies to be sustained, and can work to reinforce social bonds.