2027 수능특강 영어독해연습 2강 변형문제

To illustrate the benefits of ____ the observer's job, consider psychologist William Ickes's research on "everyday mind reading."

One way he studies such mind reading is by ____ two strangers interact.

He tapes ____ interaction and then has each participant view the tape.

Participants are to stop the tape at different points ____ say what they are thinking.

Then, participants ____ the tape again and are to stop it at different points and write down what their interaction partner was thinking at that point.

Observers rate the degree to which the participant's ____ about what the partner was thinking matches what the partner was actually thinking.

Ickes could have had observers make their ____ on a 0 (not at all) to 100 (completely) scale.

However, he had observers use a 3-point scale with "0" being "essentially different content," "1" being ____ but not the same, content," and "2" being "essentially the same content."

By using fewer categories, raters found the job of ____ easier and were able to make reliable ratings.

____ is the most difficult of the motivation words to define.

At the ____ level it is used often.

For example, a sports commentator might say, 'He ____ that pass instinctively.'

This means that the pass was made easily, automatically, with great skill and with a seemingly intuitive ____ of the state of the game.

However, at a technical level the word refers to behaviours ____ are built in, always appear in a similar form, and are specific to a species.

So, a spider ____ a web instinctively and a bird's mating display might be instinctive.

It ____ unlikely, though, that there is any equivalent instinctive behaviour in human beings.

Some people might argue that a mother's reaction to her newly born child is instinctive, but certainly not all mothers react in the same way and even when they do, ____ express it in myriad forms.

In general, instinct has been ____ to be a not very useful construct in giving accounts of the 'why' of behaviour.

An indication of the power of TV to "capture" people's memory is provided by ____ results of a study by James Ost and coworkers, who approached people in an English shopping center and asked if they would be willing to participate in a study examining how well people can remember tragic events.

The target event involved Princess Diana ____ her companion Dodi Fayed, whose deaths in a car crash in Paris on August 31, 1997, were widely covered on British television.

____ were asked to respond to the following statement: "Have you seen the paparazzi's video-recording of the car crash in which Diana, Princess of Wales, and Dodi Fayed lost their lives?"

Of the 45 ____ who responded to this question, 20 said they had seen the film.

This was, however, impossible, because no such ____ exists.

____ car crash was reported on TV, but not actually shown.

The extensive media coverage of this event apparently caused some people to remember something ― seeing the film ― that didn't actually ____

Our political decisions are determined by how the options are framed, and this mechanism can make a mockery ____ the feeling that our democratic choices proceed by ordering our desires or preferences.

Political conversation evokes a ____ of loosely connected attitudes.

In three successive years, researchers from the General Social Survey asked whether we were spending "too much, too little, or about the right amount" on a variety of government ____

In each year, 20 to 25 percent of the respondents said that too ____ was being spent on "welfare," but 63 to 65 percent said that too little was being spent on "assistance to the poor."

Once again, if our democratic choices were ____ on the ranking of preferences, our decisions wouldn't be affected differently by the terms "welfare" and "assistance to the poor."

But these two concepts could certainly tap into different aspects ____ our attitudes toward this assistance.

And we may resist these findings because they conflict with ____ story we hold dear about free will and choice — in this case, democratic choice.

Computing the sum or average of several ____ and negative values indeed lies within the normal repertoire of what elementary circuits of neurons can do without consciousness.

Even a monkey can learn to make a decision based on the total value brought about by a series of arbitrary shapes, and the firing of ____ neurons keeps track of the sum.

In my laboratory, we proved that approximate addition ____ within grasp of the human unconscious.

In one experiment, we flashed a series of five arrows ____ asked subjects whether more arrows were pointing right or pointing left.

____ the arrows were made invisible by masking, participants were asked to guess, and indeed they thought that they were responding randomly, but in reality they continued to do much better than chance would predict.

Signals from their parietal cortex ____ evidence that their brain was unconsciously computing the approximate sum of the overall evidence.

The arrows were subjectively invisible, but they still ____ their way into the brain's weighting and decision systems.

It has often been noted that men of genius have bad memories, and that persons having extraordinary memories, like Cardinal ____ have little else.

____ truth is that there are two quite distinct kinds of memory: the memory for external facts and words, apart from their significance; and the memory for spiritual facts and principles.

The man of genius, who may have no ____ reason for cultivating the lower kind of memory, may even find it rather a hindrance than a help.

His prayer is, "Let not my heart forget the things my eyes ____ seen."

So long as his ____ retains the significance of the facts he has seen and the words he has heard, he is willing to let the words and the facts go, as a man casts away the shells after he has eaten the oysters.

The "well-informed" person commonly differs from the man of genius in this: that he carries about with him all the shells of all the oysters he has ever ____ and that his soul has grown thin under the burden.

The scientific process is invariably non-linear and can be ____ and drawn out, with hypotheses sitting on the shelf until the time has come to dust them down, if that ever finally arrives.

Sometimes you sit waiting for the tide ____ come in, but it never actually does.

For every new theory and paper, there are many that fell by the wayside for lack of ____ funding or data.

Like the music industry, the ____ are few and far between and don't always come when or from where you expect.

It's important not to be discouraged by this: the fact that not every ____ comes to fruition isn't a good reason to have fewer of them.

Scientific breakthroughs ultimately depend on people working away without the immediate reward of achieving anything tangible: trying things that don't work (but ____ still be useful) and devising bits of a solution that won't be relevant until some undefined point in the future.

Such patience is ____ bedrock on which progress is eventually achieved — stitched together from all those loose bits of fabric that could so easily have been discarded.

Contingency implies selection ____ uncertainty.

It means that there are a number of possible ____ to choose from, and our decisions could always be different.

However, algorithms by definition do not know uncertainty; they do not choose between possibilities, ____ are they creative, being designed to follow the instructions that program their behavior.

In this sense, algorithms are not contingent — which is why they ____ operate so efficiently and reliably.

Just like traditional machines, we expect algorithms to be neither unpredictable nor idiosyncratic, even when ____ deliver information.

Different watches should all indicate the same time to all users, if ____ work properly.

As von Foerster observed, if the outcome of a traditional machine becomes unpredictable, we do not think that it is creative or original — we ____ that it is broken.

We do not care about the moods nor ____ perspectives of machines, only about their results.

We repair them precisely to restore their ____

Pleasure as conscious enjoyment of our sensory endowment, enhanced by the capacity both to anticipate ____ to remember it, heightens enjoyment in the moment of listening to music, eating good food, dancing, swimming, sunbathing, and so variously on.

Enjoyment 'in the moment' is the greater for not being ____ to intellectual analysis as it occurs; obviously, we do better to leave it to unfold as purely itself.

____ it is equally obvious that reflection on the nature and sources of pleasure is not irrelevant to their best enjoyment.

The pleasure of a half-hour listening to music is the greater because the music was chosen, the quality of sound reproduction is good, anticipation and expectation were ____ and one prepared oneself to listen.

Think of the informative contrast here, how pain or discomfort is exacerbated by fearful anticipation; the tense dental patient who has been dreading the drill for days ____ a worse time than a relaxed patient.

The key to seeing pleasure as a good is to ____ how it fits into an overall conception of the life worth living; this is how the ill consequences of certain types of pleasures-of-the-moment discount them as options.

The sciences do make extensive use ____ idealizations.

The ideal gas law describes ____ relationship of pressure, volume, and temperature of gases under conditions that never perfectly obtain.

In particular, it makes simplifying assumptions about the molecules making up gases — for example, that they do not attract ____ repel one another and do not themselves take up volume.

The molecules of real gases are not like this, but their behavior is nonetheless close enough to ideal ones that the gas ____ is useful.

Indeed, there are philosophers of science who argue that this is the best way to think about scientific theories in general; they are best regarded as models that are precisely accurate only under ____ that are never entirely realized.

Even on such views, however, the ____ are still meant to be descriptive.

They are to be used to make predictions and offer explanations about ____ behavior of gases or whatever phenomena are at issue in real situations.

There ____ accordingly, constraints as to how idealized they can be.

They cannot be so far removed from real world systems ____ to be worthless in describing actual phenomena with acceptable degrees of accuracy.

What is ____ is that regret happens when we view a large-world problem like a small-world problem.

In a small world, where all choices, consequences, and probabilities are known, we can be certain about how much we would have ____ if only we had picked a different horse in a race or chosen different numbers in the lottery.

However, in a large world, where not all choices, consequences, and ____ are known, we can never truly compare the choices we made with those we didn't make.

We can never know what would have ____ if we had taken another job, or married another person, or moved to another city because those scenarios don't play out without us.

So, when we conjure up regrets about what might have been, we are comparing what we ____ to what we don't know.

What's ____ is that, much like the upward social comparisons we make on social media, we torture ourselves with how the realities of our situation stack up against an imagined ideal.

The emotional tenor of our conversations may be particularly important in a child's early ____

Indeed, family dialogues from decades past may ____ be influencing your mental health today.

To understand why, we need a quick primer on the development ____ our autobiographical memories.

In the first few years of life, most children can remember only the slimmest pieces of their experiences — the feel of sand ____ the beach and the prick of a needle in a doctor's surgery.

These may get more detailed ____ the child learns more and more vocabulary, but they are largely disconnected from each other; they remain isolated sketches of single events.

It is only after years of development that the ____ can slot their recollections into a narrative that has a coherent structure.

By the end of adolescence, that narrative may adopt the form ____ a novel.

The teen will start to recognise key events as ____ points, with new 'chapters' that represent new eras.

The ____ Dan McAdams at Northwestern University in Illinois describes this as the transition from 'actor' to 'author'.