2027 수능특강 영어독해연습 2강 변형문제

To illustrate the benefits of simplifying the observer's job, consider ____ William Ickes's research on "everyday mind reading."

One way he studies ____ mind reading is by having two strangers interact.

He tapes the ____ and then has each participant view the tape.

Participants are to stop the tape at different points and say what they are ____.

Then, participants ____ the tape again and are to stop it at different points and write down what their interaction partner was thinking at that point.

Observers rate the degree to which the participant's guess about what the partner was thinking matches ____ the partner was actually thinking.

Ickes could have ____ observers make their judgments on a 0 (not at all) to 100 (completely) scale.

However, he had observers ____ a 3-point scale with "0" being "essentially different content," "1" being "similar, but not the same, content," and "2" being "essentially the same content."

By using fewer categories, raters found the job of ____ easier and were able to make reliable ratings.

Instinct is the most difficult of the ____ words to define.

At the ____ level it is used often.

For example, a sports commentator might ____, 'He made that pass instinctively.'

This means that the pass was made easily, automatically, with great ____ and with a seemingly intuitive knowledge of the state of the game.

However, at a technical level the ____ refers to behaviours that are built in, always appear in a similar form, and are specific to a species.

So, a spider builds a web instinctively and a bird's mating display ____ be instinctive.

It is unlikely, though, that there is any ____ instinctive behaviour in human beings.

Some people might argue that a mother's ____ to her newly born child is instinctive, but certainly not all mothers react in the same way and even when they do, they express it in myriad forms.

In general, instinct has been found to be a not very useful construct in giving ____ of the 'why' of behaviour.

An indication of the power of TV to "capture" people's memory is provided by the results of a study by James Ost and coworkers, ____ approached people in an English shopping center and asked if they would be willing to participate in a study examining how well people can remember tragic events.

The target event involved Princess Diana and her companion ____ Fayed, whose deaths in a car crash in Paris on August 31, 1997, were widely covered on British television.

Participants were asked to respond to the following statement: "____ you seen the paparazzi's video-recording of the car crash in which Diana, Princess of Wales, and Dodi Fayed lost their lives?"

Of the 45 people who responded to this question, 20 said they had ____ the film.

This was, however, impossible, because no such film ____.

The car crash was ____ on TV, but not actually shown.

The extensive media coverage of this event apparently ____ some people to remember something ― seeing the film ― that didn't actually occur.

Our political decisions are determined by ____ the options are framed, and this mechanism can make a mockery of the feeling that our democratic choices proceed by ordering our desires or preferences.

____ conversation evokes a range of loosely connected attitudes.

In three successive years, researchers from the General Social Survey asked whether we were spending "too much, too little, or about the right amount" on a variety of ____ programs.

In each year, 20 to 25 percent of the respondents said that too little was being spent on "welfare," but 63 to 65 percent said that too little was being spent on "assistance to the ____."

Once again, if our democratic ____ were based on the ranking of preferences, our decisions wouldn't be affected differently by the terms "welfare" and "assistance to the poor."

But these two concepts could ____ tap into different aspects of our attitudes toward this assistance.

And we may resist these findings because they conflict with a story we hold dear about free will and ____ — in this case, democratic choice.

Computing the sum or ____ of several positive and negative values indeed lies within the normal repertoire of what elementary circuits of neurons can do without consciousness.

Even a monkey can learn to make a decision based on the total value brought about by a series of arbitrary shapes, and the ____ of parietal neurons keeps track of the sum.

In my laboratory, we proved that approximate addition is within grasp of the human ____.

In one experiment, we flashed a series of five arrows and asked subjects whether more arrows were pointing right or ____ left.

When the arrows were made invisible by masking, participants were asked to guess, and indeed they thought that they were responding randomly, but in reality they continued to do ____ better than chance would predict.

Signals from their parietal cortex ____ evidence that their brain was unconsciously computing the approximate sum of the overall evidence.

The arrows were subjectively invisible, but they still made their ____ into the brain's weighting and decision systems.

It has often been noted that men of genius have bad memories, and that persons having extraordinary ____, like Cardinal Mezzofanti, have little else.

The truth is that there are two quite distinct kinds of ____: the memory for external facts and words, apart from their significance; and the memory for spiritual facts and principles.

The man of genius, who may have no special reason for cultivating the lower kind of memory, may even find it rather a hindrance ____ a help.

His ____ is, "Let not my heart forget the things my eyes have seen."

So long as his heart retains the significance of the facts he has seen and the words he has heard, he is willing to let the words and the facts go, as a man ____ away the shells after he has eaten the oysters.

The "well-informed" person commonly differs from the man of genius in this: that he carries about with him all the shells of all the oysters he has ever eaten, and that his soul has ____ thin under the burden.

The scientific process is invariably non-linear and can be long and drawn out, with ____ sitting on the shelf until the time has come to dust them down, if that ever finally arrives.

Sometimes you sit waiting for the tide to come in, but it never actually ____.

For every new theory and paper, there are many that fell by the wayside for ____ of time, funding or data.

Like the music industry, the hits are few and far ____ and don't always come when or from where you expect.

It's important not to be discouraged by this: the fact that ____ every idea comes to fruition isn't a good reason to have fewer of them.

Scientific breakthroughs ultimately depend on people working away without the immediate reward of achieving anything tangible: trying things that don't work (but might ____ be useful) and devising bits of a solution that won't be relevant until some undefined point in the future.

Such patience is the bedrock on which progress is eventually achieved — stitched ____ from all those loose bits of fabric that could so easily have been discarded.

Contingency implies selection and ____.

It means that ____ are a number of possible options to choose from, and our decisions could always be different.

However, algorithms by definition do not know uncertainty; they do not choose between possibilities, nor are they creative, being designed to follow the instructions that program their ____.

In this sense, algorithms are not contingent — ____ is why they can operate so efficiently and reliably.

Just like traditional ____, we expect algorithms to be neither unpredictable nor idiosyncratic, even when they deliver information.

____ watches should all indicate the same time to all users, if they work properly.

As von Foerster observed, if the outcome of a traditional ____ becomes unpredictable, we do not think that it is creative or original — we think that it is broken.

We do not care about the moods nor the perspectives of ____, only about their results.

We repair them precisely to ____ their predictability.

Pleasure as conscious enjoyment of our sensory endowment, enhanced by the capacity both to anticipate and to remember it, heightens enjoyment in the moment of listening to music, eating good food, ____, swimming, sunbathing, and so variously on.

Enjoyment 'in the moment' is the greater for not being subjected to intellectual analysis as it occurs; obviously, we do better to ____ it to unfold as purely itself.

But it is equally obvious that reflection on the nature and ____ of pleasure is not irrelevant to their best enjoyment.

The pleasure of a half-hour listening to music is the greater because the music was ____, the quality of sound reproduction is good, anticipation and expectation were engaged, and one prepared oneself to listen.

Think of the informative contrast here, how pain or discomfort is exacerbated by fearful anticipation; the tense dental patient who has been dreading the drill for days has a worse ____ than a relaxed patient.

The key to seeing pleasure as a good is to see how it fits into an overall conception of the life worth living; this is how the ill consequences of certain types of ____ discount them as options.

The ____ do make extensive use of idealizations.

The ____ gas law describes the relationship of pressure, volume, and temperature of gases under conditions that never perfectly obtain.

In particular, it makes simplifying assumptions about the molecules making up gases — for example, that they do not ____ or repel one another and do not themselves take up volume.

The molecules of real gases are not like this, but their behavior is nonetheless close ____ to ideal ones that the gas law is useful.

Indeed, there are philosophers of science who argue that this is the best way to ____ about scientific theories in general; they are best regarded as models that are precisely accurate only under conditions that are never entirely realized.

Even on such views, however, the theories are still ____ to be descriptive.

They are to be ____ to make predictions and offer explanations about the behavior of gases or whatever phenomena are at issue in real situations.

There are, accordingly, constraints as to ____ idealized they can be.

They cannot be so far removed from real world ____ as to be worthless in describing actual phenomena with acceptable degrees of accuracy.

What is true is that regret happens ____ we view a large-world problem like a small-world problem.

In a small world, where all choices, consequences, and probabilities are known, we can be certain about how much we would have won if only we had picked a different horse in a ____ or chosen different numbers in the lottery.

However, in a large world, where not ____ choices, consequences, and probabilities are known, we can never truly compare the choices we made with those we didn't make.

We can never know what would have happened if we had taken another job, or married another ____, or moved to another city because those scenarios don't play out without us.

So, when we conjure up regrets about ____ might have been, we are comparing what we know to what we don't know.

What's worse is that, much like the upward social comparisons we make on social media, we ____ ourselves with how the realities of our situation stack up against an imagined ideal.

The ____ tenor of our conversations may be particularly important in a child's early years.

Indeed, family dialogues from decades past may ____ be influencing your mental health today.

To understand why, we ____ a quick primer on the development of our autobiographical memories.

In the first ____ years of life, most children can remember only the slimmest pieces of their experiences — the feel of sand on the beach and the prick of a needle in a doctor's surgery.

These may get more detailed as the child learns more and more ____, but they are largely disconnected from each other; they remain isolated sketches of single events.

It is only ____ years of development that the child can slot their recollections into a narrative that has a coherent structure.

By the end of adolescence, that narrative may ____ the form of a novel.

The teen will start to recognise key events as turning points, with new 'chapters' that represent new ____.

The ____ Dan McAdams at Northwestern University in Illinois describes this as the transition from 'actor' to 'author'.