2027 수능특강 영어독해연습 2강 변형문제

To illustrate the benefits ____ simplifying the observer's job, consider psychologist William Ickes's research on "everyday mind reading."

One way ____ studies such mind reading is by having two strangers interact.

He tapes the ____ and then has each participant view the tape.

Participants are to stop the tape at different ____ and say what they are thinking.

Then, participants see ____ tape again and are to stop it at different points and write down what their interaction partner was thinking at that point.

Observers rate ____ degree to which the participant's guess about what the partner was thinking matches what the partner was actually thinking.

Ickes could have had observers make their judgments on a ____ (not at all) to 100 (completely) scale.

However, he ____ observers use a 3-point scale with "0" being "essentially different content," "1" being "similar, but not the same, content," and "2" being "essentially the same content."

By using ____ categories, raters found the job of rating easier and were able to make reliable ratings.

____ is the most difficult of the motivation words to define.

At the everyday level it ____ used often.

For example, a sports commentator might say, 'He made ____ pass instinctively.'

This means that the pass was made ____ automatically, with great skill and with a seemingly intuitive knowledge of the state of the game.

However, at ____ technical level the word refers to behaviours that are built in, always appear in a similar form, and are specific to a species.

So, a spider builds a web instinctively ____ a bird's mating display might be instinctive.

It is unlikely, though, that there is any equivalent instinctive behaviour in human ____

Some people might argue that a mother's reaction to her newly born child is instinctive, but certainly not all mothers react in the same way ____ even when they do, they express it in myriad forms.

In ____ instinct has been found to be a not very useful construct in giving accounts of the 'why' of behaviour.

An indication ____ the power of TV to "capture" people's memory is provided by the results of a study by James Ost and coworkers, who approached people in an English shopping center and asked if they would be willing to participate in a study examining how well people can remember tragic events.

The target event involved Princess Diana and her companion Dodi Fayed, whose deaths in a ____ crash in Paris on August 31, 1997, were widely covered on British television.

Participants were asked to respond to the following statement: "Have you seen the paparazzi's video-recording ____ the car crash in which Diana, Princess of Wales, and Dodi Fayed lost their lives?"

Of the 45 people who responded to this question, 20 said they had ____ the film.

This was, however, impossible, because ____ such film exists.

The car crash was ____ on TV, but not actually shown.

The extensive media coverage of ____ event apparently caused some people to remember something ― seeing the film ― that didn't actually occur.

Our political decisions are determined by how the options are framed, and ____ mechanism can make a mockery of the feeling that our democratic choices proceed by ordering our desires or preferences.

Political conversation evokes a range of loosely ____ attitudes.

In three successive years, researchers from the General ____ Survey asked whether we were spending "too much, too little, or about the right amount" on a variety of government programs.

In each year, 20 to 25 percent of the ____ said that too little was being spent on "welfare," but 63 to 65 percent said that too little was being spent on "assistance to the poor."

Once again, if our democratic choices were based on the ranking of preferences, ____ decisions wouldn't be affected differently by the terms "welfare" and "assistance to the poor."

But these two concepts could certainly tap into different aspects ____ our attitudes toward this assistance.

And we may resist these findings because they conflict with a story we hold dear about free will and choice — in this case, democratic ____

Computing the sum or average ____ several positive and negative values indeed lies within the normal repertoire of what elementary circuits of neurons can do without consciousness.

Even a monkey can learn to make a decision based on the total value brought about by a series of arbitrary shapes, ____ the firing of parietal neurons keeps track of the sum.

In my ____ we proved that approximate addition is within grasp of the human unconscious.

In one experiment, we flashed a series of five ____ and asked subjects whether more arrows were pointing right or pointing left.

When the arrows were made invisible by ____ participants were asked to guess, and indeed they thought that they were responding randomly, but in reality they continued to do much better than chance would predict.

Signals from their parietal cortex ____ evidence that their brain was unconsciously computing the approximate sum of the overall evidence.

____ arrows were subjectively invisible, but they still made their way into the brain's weighting and decision systems.

It has often been noted that men of genius have bad memories, and that persons having extraordinary ____ like Cardinal Mezzofanti, have little else.

The truth is that there are two quite distinct kinds of memory: the memory for external facts and words, apart from ____ significance; and the memory for spiritual facts and principles.

The man of genius, who may have no special reason for cultivating the lower ____ of memory, may even find it rather a hindrance than a help.

His ____ is, "Let not my heart forget the things my eyes have seen."

So long as his heart retains the significance of the facts he has seen and the words he has heard, he is willing to let the words and the facts go, as a ____ casts away the shells after he has eaten the oysters.

The "well-informed" person commonly differs from the man ____ genius in this: that he carries about with him all the shells of all the oysters he has ever eaten, and that his soul has grown thin under the burden.

The scientific process is invariably non-linear and can be long and drawn out, with hypotheses sitting on the shelf ____ the time has come to dust them down, if that ever finally arrives.

Sometimes you sit waiting for the tide to come in, but ____ never actually does.

For every new theory and paper, there are many that ____ by the wayside for lack of time, funding or data.

Like the music industry, the hits are few and far between and ____ always come when or from where you expect.

It's important not to be discouraged by this: the fact that not every idea comes to fruition isn't a good ____ to have fewer of them.

Scientific breakthroughs ultimately depend on people working away without the immediate reward of achieving anything tangible: trying things that don't work (but might ____ be useful) and devising bits of a solution that won't be relevant until some undefined point in the future.

Such patience is the bedrock on which progress is eventually achieved — stitched together from all those loose bits of fabric that could so ____ have been discarded.

Contingency implies selection ____ uncertainty.

It means that there are a number of possible options to choose from, ____ our decisions could always be different.

However, algorithms by definition do ____ know uncertainty; they do not choose between possibilities, nor are they creative, being designed to follow the instructions that program their behavior.

____ this sense, algorithms are not contingent — which is why they can operate so efficiently and reliably.

Just ____ traditional machines, we expect algorithms to be neither unpredictable nor idiosyncratic, even when they deliver information.

Different watches should all indicate the same time ____ all users, if they work properly.

____ von Foerster observed, if the outcome of a traditional machine becomes unpredictable, we do not think that it is creative or original — we think that it is broken.

We do not care about the moods nor the perspectives of machines, only about ____ results.

We repair ____ precisely to restore their predictability.

Pleasure ____ conscious enjoyment of our sensory endowment, enhanced by the capacity both to anticipate and to remember it, heightens enjoyment in the moment of listening to music, eating good food, dancing, swimming, sunbathing, and so variously on.

Enjoyment 'in the moment' is the greater for not being subjected to ____ analysis as it occurs; obviously, we do better to leave it to unfold as purely itself.

But ____ is equally obvious that reflection on the nature and sources of pleasure is not irrelevant to their best enjoyment.

The pleasure of a ____ listening to music is the greater because the music was chosen, the quality of sound reproduction is good, anticipation and expectation were engaged, and one prepared oneself to listen.

Think of the informative contrast here, how pain or discomfort is exacerbated by fearful anticipation; the tense dental patient who has been dreading the drill for days has ____ worse time than a relaxed patient.

The key to seeing pleasure as a good is to see how it fits into an overall conception of the life worth living; this is how the ____ consequences of certain types of pleasures-of-the-moment discount them as options.

The sciences do make ____ use of idealizations.

The ideal gas law describes ____ relationship of pressure, volume, and temperature of gases under conditions that never perfectly obtain.

In ____ it makes simplifying assumptions about the molecules making up gases — for example, that they do not attract or repel one another and do not themselves take up volume.

The molecules ____ real gases are not like this, but their behavior is nonetheless close enough to ideal ones that the gas law is useful.

Indeed, there are philosophers of science who argue that this is the best way to think about scientific ____ in general; they are best regarded as models that are precisely accurate only under conditions that are never entirely realized.

Even on such views, however, the theories ____ still meant to be descriptive.

They are to be used to make predictions and offer explanations ____ the behavior of gases or whatever phenomena are at issue in real situations.

There are, accordingly, constraints as to how idealized they ____ be.

They cannot be so far removed from real world systems as ____ be worthless in describing actual phenomena with acceptable degrees of accuracy.

What is true is that regret ____ when we view a large-world problem like a small-world problem.

In a small world, where all choices, consequences, and probabilities are known, we can be certain about how much we would have won if only we had picked a different horse in a race or chosen ____ numbers in the lottery.

However, in a large world, where not all choices, consequences, and ____ are known, we can never truly compare the choices we made with those we didn't make.

We can never know what would have happened if we had taken another job, or married another person, or ____ to another city because those scenarios don't play out without us.

____ when we conjure up regrets about what might have been, we are comparing what we know to what we don't know.

What's worse is that, much like the upward social comparisons we make on social media, we torture ourselves with how the realities of our situation stack up against an imagined ____

The emotional tenor of our ____ may be particularly important in a child's early years.

Indeed, family dialogues from decades past may still be influencing your mental health ____

To understand why, we need a quick primer on the development of ____ autobiographical memories.

In the first few years of life, most children can remember only the slimmest pieces of their experiences — the feel of sand ____ the beach and the prick of a needle in a doctor's surgery.

These may get more detailed as the child learns more and more vocabulary, but they are largely disconnected from ____ other; they remain isolated sketches of single events.

It is only after years of development that the child ____ slot their recollections into a narrative that has a coherent structure.

By the end ____ adolescence, that narrative may adopt the form of a novel.

The teen will start to recognise key events as turning points, with new 'chapters' that represent new ____

The psychologist Dan McAdams at Northwestern University in Illinois describes this as ____ transition from 'actor' to 'author'.