2027 수특 영어독해연습 3강 변형문제

____ is evidence that low self-esteem people are less evaluatively consistent in their self-descriptions.

When Campbell and Fehr examined how subjects rated themselves on sets of ____ that were either uniformly positive or uniformly negative, subjects with low self-esteem not only gave ratings that were (on average) less positive or more negative, but their ratings within each set exhibited more individual scatter or greater variance.

High self-esteem subjects strongly and consistently endorsed ____ positive adjectives and rejected the negative adjectives.

Low self-esteem subjects did not, in contrast, strongly and consistently endorse the negative adjectives ____ reject the positive adjectives.

____ they gave more intermediate ratings and more variable ratings to both types of adjectives.

Therefore, it appears that low and high self-esteem individuals differ not only in the average positivity of their self-views, but ____ in the extent to which their self-views are evaluatively consistent with one another.

The power and value of being literate in ____ literate society are played out every day around the world.

Many individuals, and in fact whole societies, make considerable sacrifices to become ____ just as others take it for granted.

Societies that do not practice literate behavior are often squalid, undernourished in ____ and body, repressive of human rights and dignity, brutal, and harsh.

Present-day examples are easy to list, but in fact this has always been the ____

As Samuel Johnson observed more than two centuries ago, "The mass ____ every people must be barbarous where there is no printing."

We admit that various forms of "barbarity" can be found in all societies, but they are much more prevalent where literate behavior is ____

Literacy and quality ____ life go hand in hand.

With literacy comes the power of belonging to a privileged group and the freedom ____ derives from that power.

Frederick Douglass, who struggled as a slave to learn to read, said it best: "Once you learn to ____ you will be forever free."

Culturally shared views of the self ____ been suggested to have profound influences on basic attention processes.

In Western cultures, individuals are encouraged to discover their internal attributes such as desires and personal goals, and therefore they may be expected ____ focus their attention on events that are relevant to such desires and goals.

As a result, their attention ____ become focused.

This cognitive style, which ____ anchored in a focal object in lieu of its context, has been called analytic.

In contrast, in Eastern cultures individuals are more attuned to various aspects of ever-important social relations and, as a consequence, they may be expected to attend more broadly to a focal object as well as to its surrounding context, drawing inferences about the relationship ____ the object and its context.

This mode of cognition has been ____ holistic.

These predictions have been borne ____

For example, when presented with an animated vignette of an underwater scene and subsequently asked to ____ what they saw, European Americans were more likely to recall focal objects, whereas Japanese were more likely to refer to contextual information as well as relationships between the focal objects.

When a patient chooses to buy ____ or she becomes a part of demand.

Wanting to buy (drugs, plastic surgery, artificial hip, etc.) but not doing so ____ that potential patient invisible, part of latent demand that does not effectively participate in the market.

____ extra demand will be revealed if the price goes low enough.

For example, ____ the development of an artificial heart.

If each heart costs $1 million, they would only be used in matters of life and ____

If further development reduced ____ cost of artificial hearts to $100,000 each, more people would get them.

The artificial ____ would still be used only for people with serious illnesses, but they might be implanted long before a person's natural heart gave out.

If the cost of ____ an artificial heart dropped to $100, one would be readily available to anyone who needed it.

Consider what would happen if the cost of ____ artificial heart dropped to $10 and could be easily implanted during a 15-minute visit to the doctor.

Some people who had never ____ ill but were just worried might have new hearts implanted.

Historians do more than select and interpret evidence: they also organize the evidence in order to create ____ understandable (and, they hope, persuasive) narrative.

Chronological order is generally part of ____ history plausible, especially when the causes of change are central, although in practice much historical writing must go back and forth in time in order to pick up various threads of a complex story.

Historians also make events ____ by casting them in a particular light or giving their narrative a particular tone.

For example, a historian might highlight historical ironies, such as the way President George W. Bush once criticized "nation building," in ____ the U.S. rebuilds a country's economic and political structure when its government fails; but later, as a consequence of launching a war in Iraq, Bush had to attempt exactly that.

Historians can also romanticize events, as did those who described John F. Kennedy's term as President as "Camelot," alluding to a Broadway musical about the heroic King Arthur and the Knights of the Round ____

Similarly, one historian may view a certain chain of events as improvement, while another ____ perceive it as a decline.

These are just a few of the ways historians may make narrative sense ____ history.

____ is a particular form of status that only humans recognize.

____ animals observe the advantages of dominance, such as being the most powerful or aggressive individual, and these are also important for humans: fearsome warriors are celebrated universally.

Prestige is almost the ____

____ individuals are ones worthy of learning from — they are experts, older people.

And if someone has prestige in one field, they become high-status individuals and their influence won't be limited to their field; ____ are likely to copy all their decisions.

Indeed, prestige may have evolved as a way to enhance the ____ of cultural transmission.

Success in ____ area of life affords someone the status of general opinion leader.

We want to learn from successful individuals, or even simply be associated with them ____ some way, so that their reputation rubs off on us.

That's why a golfing hero can sell you ____ watch.

Emotions can be used to refer to the unconscious, neurobiological response, while feelings are the cognitive ____ we make to those emotions.

This is undoubtedly a much more complicated dynamic and there is a great degree of highly detailed information explaining the interworking of ____ two.

However, the most noteworthy application of the distinction between emotion and feeling is that human beings have some ability to cognitively assign, that is, to think about and make a decision about, just ____ a given emotion we experience might mean.

This can be more easily grasped when thinking about ____ more concrete exemplar: ancient war drums.

Most would agree that ____ a beating war drum does not lead one to pick a side in a given conflict.

A beating war drum merely helps one march more energetically on whichever side was ____ to begin with.

The neurobiological experience set off by the auditory sensation of the drums ____ one to "feel" more energy toward a given end and step more quickly.

Perhaps Shakespeare knew something of this when he ____ Timon's words, "follow thy drum ...".

The key to unlocking the agricultural potential of Mesopotamia lay ____ irrigation.

Early Mesopotamians, particularly the Sumerians, were pioneers in developing ____ irrigation techniques.

They constructed canals, dikes, and reservoirs to control the flow of the rivers, diverting water ____ their fields during dry periods and protecting their settlements from floods.

This monumental effort required cooperation and organization on a scale previously unseen, leading to the development of complex social structures and the ____ of powerful city-states.

Early irrigation was relatively small-scale, involving the digging of ____ channels to divert water to nearby fields.

Over time, these systems became more elaborate, with complex networks ____ canals spanning vast distances.

The construction and maintenance of these systems required a significant labor force, which ____ often organized and directed by temple priests or powerful leaders.

This centralized control over water resources provided a basis ____ political power and social hierarchy.

If culture finds ____ metaphorical basis in agriculture, civilization finds it in exchange.

When our society is connected to other societies, we are connected to ____ people, and we can suddenly compare things and judge them in relation to each other.

As a result, we have ____ choice between better and cheaper options; we can pick the new and the never-before-tried.

Such choices broaden our horizons and ____ our lives.

This is why civilization ____ on the unencumbered circulation of goods, people, ideas, faiths, and ways of life.

The ____ of such interaction may be unsettling, but they can also be liberating.

We no longer have to be confined to, and carry the burden of, our culture, and we no longer have to be who ____ are.

Civilization provides us ____ a means of escape.

Or, differently put, exchange is ____ enemy of culture.

When presented with alternatives, we give up ____ old ways.

____ no longer do the things we used to do and we are no longer quite the same people as before.

This is how civilization undermines ____ destroys culture.

Science and democracy share important principles and ideals that oppose ____ claims for knowledge and power.

The authority of both scientific knowledge and ____ governance is legitimated by representation.

It is only when this representation is accepted as ____ that it can support the authority of the knowledge claims made, or the authority of particular forms of governance.

____ is, however, never perfect or complete.

Since both scientific practices and democratic governance, in principle, admit potential alternative representations, continuous struggles over what is ____ and what is not can be foreseen.

To represent means to simplify, ____ implies the existence of alternatives — alternative ways of simplifying complicated issues.

____ further means that both science and democracy have inbuilt mechanisms for improvement, which are based on critical assessments of existing representations.

Differences in geology and climate make soils in different regions ____ or less capable of sustained agriculture.

In particular, the ____ rainfall and high weathering rates on the gentle slopes of many tropical landscapes mean that after enough time, rainfall seeping into the ground leaches out almost all of the nutrients from both the soil and the weathered rocks beneath the soil.

Once this happens, the lush vegetation essentially feeds on itself, retaining and recycling ____ inherited from rocks weathered long ago.

As most of the nutrients in these areas reside not in the ____ but in the plants themselves, once the native vegetation disappears, so does the productive capacity of the soil.

Often too ____ nutrients remain to support either crops or livestock within decades of deforestation.

Nutrient-poor tropical soils illustrate the general ____ that life depends on recycling past life.

Knowledge is ____

And one way to measure the amount of trust on a ____ is by looking at how much information people keep to themselves (low trust) or share openly (high trust).

Team leaders signal that they trust their team when they share privileged ____ with them.

This could be sharing the team's finances, or the budget handed down ____ higher-ups, so that the whole team knows what they're working with and where the priorities are.

It could also be competitive data or customer trends that are ____ available but rarely shared.

It could even be passing ____ information shared by another team.

In a meeting, any time someone says, "This stays here," the atmosphere ____

People know ____ follows is spoken in trust, and they respond to that feeling of being trusted with trustworthy behavior.

People begin to feel like they're ____ the inner circle when they receive more information about their work or the environment than they usually do.

They start to see ____ their work fits into the larger organizational whole.