2027 수특 영독연 11강 변형문제

Defining the boundaries of ____ field is, perhaps, a foolish objective.

A narrow definition risks excluding issues that ____ be included.

Too broad a definition, on the other hand, risks absorbing research problems that are just ____ irrelevant.

In ____ case, of course, scholars can choose to ignore your definition.

____ are several ways one can proceed.

One tactic is to focus on which scholars define themselves in ____ field.

The problem with this approach is that the field of the ____ of markets is sufficiently diffuse that there may be multiple communities of scholars with differing concerns contained within it.

____ if one could draw a circle around the field, one would still not understand what its focus or questions were.

The opposite strategy is to impose a theoretical definition of ____ field.

This ____ has the advantage of focusing on a theoretical perspective, presumably of interest to a wide number of scholars.

But one is likely to leave out scholars and issues that are of relevance to the ____

____ may quickly reduce your audience to those who agree with you.

For most people, the deep ocean is out of sight and out of ____

Not long ago, common (even academic) thinking ____ that the ocean was so vast that humans were not capable of changing it substantially.

____ was especially true for the deep sea away from coastal human concentrations.

The mistakenness of this idea is becoming ____ clear.

As ____ use up coastal resources such as fisheries and fossil hydrocarbons, we have moved into increasingly deeper water to continue exploitation.

Also, new methods are being developed for extracting from the deep ocean new resources, such as important ____ rare on the continents, or for exploiting unusual biochemical characteristics of deep-sea organisms.

Meanwhile, as we explore, we are ____ finding the results of human activities, including plastics and other pollution as well as temperature changes, oxygen depletion, and acidification from increasing carbon dioxide concentrations.

We are also learning how very long it ____ take ecosystems of the deep ocean to recover from damages we may cause.

Acknowledging that some animals can experience feelings ― although not necessarily in a ____ that humans can understand — directly affects the way that different animals are perceived and treated in many settings, not just research laboratories.

Animals are eaten, worn, deprived of their freedom and natural environments, legally and illegally sold, blamed for pandemics and used as a buffer to loneliness, to name just ____ few.

In all these scenarios, the existence and extent of ____ emotional capacity is perceived differently both between and within species, with a direct flow-on effect on their life experiences and wellbeing in a human-dominated world.

Questioning the basis for these at times contradictory perceptions of different species, or members of ____ same species in different environments, reveals the extent of human supremacy.

It also reveals that perception of ____ in animals is not always driven by biological facts.

In many cases, this perception is based on a ____ construct created and maintained by human beings as the more dominant animal.

Human perceptions of animal emotions vary across species and contexts, shaping animals' wellbeing in ways that reveal ____ supremacy and reflect socially constructed beliefs rather than biological facts.

There are ____ to the use of the experimental method when a scientist cannot control the situations that are significant for the solution of problems.

In the social sciences, less use can be made of the method of controlled experiment ____ the investigator cannot control the situations.

For example, one way to prove or disprove the proposition that high tariffs bring prosperity would be to apply very ____ tariffs to all goods entering the United States for a considerable period of time, while holding constant all other factors affecting business activity.

If a sustained increase in prosperity followed, we would then have substantial evidence ____ support the thesis that high duties are a cause of prosperity.

No investigator can control the country's tariff policy; and even if she could, ____ the high tariff was in effect, many other social changes would be taking place, such as strikes, the establishment of new industries, and perhaps even wars.

Some of these other changes would doubtless have much more influence on the state of national prosperity than would the high tariff and would make it impossible to separate out the effects of the high tariff ____ the effects of all these other events.

The tourism and hospitality industry is particularly sensitive to economic cycles and political trouble and ____ be badly affected in times of uncertainty.

For example, the global nature of the ____ means that it is vulnerable to external events that cause fluctuations in tourist visits and spend.

The global 2001-2004 economic downturn, 9/11, the Iraq War and the outbreak of SARS all led to ____ drop in revenue in the industry.

These factors reduced the number of travellers internationally and left uncertainty and fragility in ____ tourism market.

Many of these aspects are particularly pronounced in the airline ____ and trade unions have often railed against the manner in which employees are used as 'shock absorbers' to protect the industry from the cyclical nature of the market.

These hard approaches to HRM have seen major redundancy programmes in a number of airlines in recent years, ____ after 9/11.

On the other hand, a number of companies have sought a more ____ approach to HRM which aimed at increasing the customer responsiveness of their front-line staff.

British Airways, for example, had a series of initiatives in the 1980s and 1990s such as 'Putting People First' and 'Winning for ____

Among other things, these initiatives sought to introduce teamwork, implement extensive ____ programmes, enhance quality procedures, and develop multi-skilled staff.

As companies alternate between hard and soft approaches to HRM, employees may become confused as to what ____ company message is.

Ultimately, employees may well be a company's 'greatest asset', but in times of uncertainty and downturn are equally expendable as ____ history suggests.

One of the most widely debated applications of AI in law enforcement ____ predictive policing, where algorithms analyze historical crime data to predict where crimes are likely to occur and who may be involved.

By identifying high-risk areas and individuals, predictive policing aims ____ allocate law enforcement resources more efficiently and reduce crime.

However, predictive policing has been criticized for perpetuating ____ and discrimination, particularly against minority communities.

If an AI system is trained on biased data that reflects historical patterns of over-policing in certain neighborhoods, it may disproportionately target those areas for increased law enforcement presence, reinforcing ____ inequalities.

This has raised concerns about the fairness and accuracy of predictive policing systems and ____ potential for unjust outcomes.

For example, a predictive policing system used by the Los Angeles Police Department was found to ____ target Black and Latino communities, leading to heightened surveillance and increased arrests in those areas.

Critics argue that predictive policing systems must be carefully designed and rigorously tested to ensure that they do not perpetuate ____ bias or undermine trust in law enforcement.

We use the oceans as ____ source of food.

However, present fishing methods have ____ so efficient that we have dangerously depleted fish stocks over large parts of the ocean.

We are only just beginning to develop the technology to grow marine organisms as agriculture in the same way as ____ farm the land.

Indeed, this is probably the last major ____ food resource on the planet.

At the same time, we use the oceans as a ____ for our waste, often assuming the oceans are so large that they have an infinite capacity to absorb our pollutants.

Yet, it is clear from the increased incidence of toxic plankton blooms and other ____ effects that this is not true.

For all these reasons, it is important that we study the oceans and understand how ____ operate.

At the very minimum, genetic evolution has given all humans similarly programmed sense organs and brains, giving them a developmental bias called ____ learning'.

This means that humans are innately prepared to learn certain behaviours and ____ to avoid others.

Humans are innately set up to ____ and hear things and then to set about imitating them.

Thus, useful things like multiplication tables and less useful ____ like the crazy frog ring-tone are replicated and spread.

Humans are the physical hosts ____ for memes to spread.

The meme does not need to be ____ to the host.

It does not even need ____ make sense or be beneficial.

As an example, Blackmore argues that it was ____ infectious imitation, rather than an understanding of its long-term benefit, that agriculture became fashionable.

Farming uses far ____ energy and time than hunting and gathering.

Being tied to one ____ makes the farmer more vulnerable to drought, flood, disease or attack.

So the farmer seems to have chosen a risky life of endless toil for no ____ benefit.

Humans inherently learn some behaviours and avoid others, spreading memes not for usefulness but by copying others' actions or reactions, ____ shown in agriculture.

Censorship is a means of preventing the expression of ideas, ____ or behaviour.

Social, religious, political, military, and other authorities practise censorship in the name of the common good of society, seeking to protect it ____ heresy, treason, or ideological error.

In one form or another, censorship has existed universally throughout ____ history.

Most of ____ censorship among the ancient Greeks occurred over religious and political ideas.

The common charge was impiety ____

Since they believed that the gods could actively help or ____ the city state, impious behaviour that might invoke divine anger was punished.

Sparta imposed a rigid system of censorship to protect its militarism: books, music, and ____ learned men were banned.

Greek tyrants exercised censorship ____ silence and eliminate their opponents.

Generally speaking, under the tyrants, and many other rulers, censorship was identical ____ harsh repression.

Curiously, it became rather trendy in the late 20th century to claim ____ know nothing about science or mathematics.

There was a popular belief that scientific knowledge was somehow at odds with being a cultured individual, when in fact it ____ central to it.

In 1959, the English scientist and novelist C.P. Snow delivered a ____ lecture in which he spoke of the distance and even animosity that existed between the 'two cultures' of science and the arts, or humanities.

This deep division in intellectual life ____ he felt, holding up human progress.

The divide remained, and even increased, in the ____ decades.

It might now be narrowing, but it's far ____ closed.

More ____ though, now recognize that knowing about science is not a mark of philistinism, but the very opposite.

An informed appreciation of the world around us, the laws it follows and how we can discover those laws, puts us in the best position to make the most of our individual lives and the resources the planet affords us ____ a species.

The loss of ____ places was mourned poetically by 19th-century writers such as Wordsworth or Thoreau and demonstrated a need to find out how to renew and protect the environment.

But this deep regret for what humans have done to the world, invoked through the arts, can be ____ in helpful action through the application of science and understanding.