Week 6 제11강
Exercise 1 한 분야의 경계 정의하기
Defining ____ boundaries of a field is, perhaps, a foolish objective.
A narrow definition risks excluding issues that should ____ included.
Too broad a definition, on the other hand, risks absorbing research ____ that are just too irrelevant.
In either case, of ____ scholars can choose to ignore your definition.
There are several ways one ____ proceed.
One tactic is to focus on which scholars define ____ in the field.
The problem with this approach is that the field of the sociology of markets is ____ diffuse that there may be multiple communities of scholars with differing concerns contained within it.
Even if one could draw a circle around the field, one would still not understand what its ____ or questions were.
____ opposite strategy is to impose a theoretical definition of the field.
This approach has the advantage of focusing on a theoretical perspective, presumably of interest to a wide number ____ scholars.
But ____ is likely to leave out scholars and issues that are of relevance to the field.
You may quickly reduce your audience to those who agree with ____
Exercise 2 심해 개발의 영향
For most people, the deep ocean is out of sight and out ____ mind.
Not long ago, common (even academic) thinking was that the ocean was so vast that humans were not capable of changing it ____
This was especially ____ for the deep sea away from coastal human concentrations.
The mistakenness ____ this idea is becoming increasingly clear.
As we use up ____ resources such as fisheries and fossil hydrocarbons, we have moved into increasingly deeper water to continue exploitation.
Also, new methods are being developed for extracting from the deep ocean new resources, such as important minerals rare on the ____ or for exploiting unusual biochemical characteristics of deep-sea organisms.
Meanwhile, as we explore, we are increasingly finding the results of human activities, including plastics and other pollution as well as ____ changes, oxygen depletion, and acidification from increasing carbon dioxide concentrations.
We ____ also learning how very long it would take ecosystems of the deep ocean to recover from damages we may cause.
Exercise 3 동물의 감정 능력에 대한 우리의 인식
Acknowledging that some animals can experience feelings ____ although not necessarily in a way that humans can understand — directly affects the way that different animals are perceived and treated in many settings, not just research laboratories.
Animals are eaten, worn, deprived of their freedom and natural environments, legally and illegally sold, blamed for pandemics and used as a ____ to loneliness, to name just a few.
In all these scenarios, the existence and extent of their emotional capacity is perceived differently both between and within species, with a direct flow-on ____ on their life experiences and wellbeing in a human-dominated world.
Questioning the basis for these at times contradictory perceptions of different species, ____ members of the same species in different environments, reveals the extent of human supremacy.
It also reveals that perception of emotion in animals ____ not always driven by biological facts.
In many cases, this perception is based on a social construct created and maintained by human beings as the ____ dominant animal.
Human perceptions of ____ emotions vary across species and contexts, shaping animals' wellbeing in ways that reveal human supremacy and reflect socially constructed beliefs rather than biological facts.
Exercise 4 통제 실험의 한계
There are limits to the use of ____ experimental method when a scientist cannot control the situations that are significant for the solution of problems.
In the social sciences, less use can be made of the method of controlled ____ because the investigator cannot control the situations.
For example, one way to prove or disprove the proposition that high tariffs bring prosperity would be to apply very heavy tariffs to all goods entering the United States for a ____ period of time, while holding constant all other factors affecting business activity.
If a sustained increase in prosperity ____ we would then have substantial evidence to support the thesis that high duties are a cause of prosperity.
No investigator can control the country's tariff policy; and even if she could, while the high tariff was in effect, many other social changes would be taking place, such as strikes, the establishment ____ new industries, and perhaps even wars.
Some of these other changes would doubtless have much more influence on the state of national prosperity than would the high tariff and would make it impossible to separate out the effects of ____ high tariff from the effects of all these other events.
Exercise 5-6 관광 및 환대 산업에서의 인적 자원 관리
The tourism and hospitality industry is particularly sensitive to economic cycles and political trouble and can be badly affected in times ____ uncertainty.
For example, the global nature of the industry means that it is vulnerable to ____ events that cause fluctuations in tourist visits and spend.
The global 2001-2004 economic downturn, 9/11, the Iraq War and the ____ of SARS all led to a drop in revenue in the industry.
These factors reduced ____ number of travellers internationally and left uncertainty and fragility in the tourism market.
Many of these aspects are particularly pronounced in the airline industry and trade unions have often railed against the manner in which ____ are used as 'shock absorbers' to protect the industry from the cyclical nature of the market.
These hard approaches to HRM have seen major redundancy programmes in a number of airlines in recent years, ____ after 9/11.
On the other hand, a number of companies have sought a more soft approach to HRM which aimed at increasing ____ customer responsiveness of their front-line staff.
British Airways, for example, had a series of initiatives in the 1980s and 1990s such as 'Putting People First' and 'Winning ____ Customers'.
____ other things, these initiatives sought to introduce teamwork, implement extensive training programmes, enhance quality procedures, and develop multi-skilled staff.
As companies alternate between hard and soft approaches to HRM, ____ may become confused as to what the company message is.
Ultimately, employees may well be a company's 'greatest asset', but in times of uncertainty and downturn are equally expendable ____ recent history suggests.
Exercise 7 예측 치안 시스템의 문제점
One of the most widely debated applications of AI in law enforcement is predictive policing, where algorithms analyze historical crime ____ to predict where crimes are likely to occur and who may be involved.
By identifying high-risk areas and individuals, predictive policing ____ to allocate law enforcement resources more efficiently and reduce crime.
However, predictive policing has been criticized for perpetuating ____ and discrimination, particularly against minority communities.
If an AI system is trained on biased data that reflects historical patterns of over-policing in certain neighborhoods, it may disproportionately target those areas for increased law enforcement presence, ____ existing inequalities.
This has raised concerns about the fairness and accuracy of predictive policing ____ and the potential for unjust outcomes.
For example, a predictive policing system ____ by the Los Angeles Police Department was found to disproportionately target Black and Latino communities, leading to heightened surveillance and increased arrests in those areas.
Critics argue that predictive policing systems must be carefully designed and rigorously tested to ensure that they do not perpetuate racial bias or ____ trust in law enforcement.
Exercise 8 바다에 대한 연구의 필요성
We use ____ oceans as a source of food.
However, present fishing methods have ____ so efficient that we have dangerously depleted fish stocks over large parts of the ocean.
We are only just beginning to develop ____ technology to grow marine organisms as agriculture in the same way as we farm the land.
Indeed, this is probably the last major untapped food resource on ____ planet.
At the same time, we use the oceans ____ a repository for our waste, often assuming the oceans are so large that they have an infinite capacity to absorb our pollutants.
Yet, it is clear from the increased incidence of toxic plankton blooms and other undesirable ____ that this is not true.
For all these reasons, it is important that we study the oceans and understand how they ____
Exercise 9 인간의 복제 경향과 밈(meme)의 확산
At the very minimum, genetic evolution ____ given all humans similarly programmed sense organs and brains, giving them a developmental bias called 'prepared learning'.
This means that humans are innately ____ to learn certain behaviours and predisposed to avoid others.
Humans are ____ set up to see and hear things and then to set about imitating them.
Thus, useful things like multiplication tables and less useful things like the crazy ____ ring-tone are replicated and spread.
Humans are ____ physical hosts needed for memes to spread.
The ____ does not need to be useful to the host.
It does not even need ____ make sense or be beneficial.
As an example, Blackmore argues that it was through infectious imitation, rather than an understanding of ____ long-term benefit, that agriculture became fashionable.
Farming uses far more energy and time than hunting ____ gathering.
Being tied ____ one location makes the farmer more vulnerable to drought, flood, disease or attack.
So the farmer seems to ____ chosen a risky life of endless toil for no obvious benefit.
Humans inherently learn some behaviours and avoid others, spreading memes not for usefulness but ____ copying others' actions or reactions, as shown in agriculture.
Exercise 10 고대 그리스의 검열
Censorship is a means of preventing the expression of ____ speech, or behaviour.
Social, religious, political, military, and other authorities practise censorship in the name of the common good of society, seeking to protect it from heresy, treason, or ideological ____
In one form or another, ____ has existed universally throughout Greek history.
Most of the censorship among ____ ancient Greeks occurred over religious and political ideas.
The ____ charge was impiety (asebeia).
Since they believed that the gods could actively help or harm the city state, impious ____ that might invoke divine anger was punished.
Sparta imposed a ____ system of censorship to protect its militarism: books, music, and even learned men were banned.
____ tyrants exercised censorship to silence and eliminate their opponents.
Generally speaking, under the tyrants, and many other rulers, censorship was identical with harsh ____
Exercise 11-12 과학과 인문학
Curiously, it became rather trendy in the late 20th century to claim to know nothing ____ science or mathematics.
There was a popular belief that scientific knowledge was somehow at ____ with being a cultured individual, when in fact it is central to it.
In 1959, the English scientist and novelist C.P. ____ delivered a famous lecture in which he spoke of the distance and even animosity that existed between the 'two cultures' of science and the arts, or humanities.
This deep ____ in intellectual life was, he felt, holding up human progress.
The divide remained, and even increased, in the following ____
It might ____ be narrowing, but it's far from closed.
More people, though, now recognize that knowing about science is not ____ mark of philistinism, but the very opposite.
An informed appreciation of the world around us, the laws it follows and how we can discover those laws, ____ us in the best position to make the most of our individual lives and the resources the planet affords us as a species.
The loss of wild places was mourned poetically by 19th-century writers such as ____ or Thoreau and demonstrated a need to find out how to renew and protect the environment.
But this deep regret for what humans have done to the world, invoked through the arts, can be used in helpful ____ through the application of science and understanding.