Week 7 제12강
Exercise 1 성과 평가에서 발생하는 기억 오류와 개선 방법
Problems such as recency error occur because human ____ is fallible, and it is challenging for raters to remember all of what happened during the appraisal period.
One method of dealing with this is ____ keep performance logs.
As raters record instances of high and low ____ there will be more documentation of important performance incidents, and the actual appraisal will be a better reflection of important occurrences of the appraisal period.
Of course, the success of this method will depend on the rater's persistence in recording performance information, which may be hard to do due to ____ time pressures that managers face.
Interestingly, diary keeping does not necessarily reduce the effects of liking on performance ____
In fact, ____ raters keep a performance diary for employees, there tends to be a stronger relationship between liking and ratings.
It could be that when they keep diaries, raters are more likely to note positive events for employees they like, and ____ events for employees they dislike.
At the same time, researchers also showed that diary keeping improves rater reactions to the performance appraisal system, ____ because diary keeping improves recall and makes rating easier.
Exercise 2 미시적 정체성의 구획화 전략
The most effective strategies for the compartmentalization of micro-identities have strong ____
Strong boundaries help entrepreneurs keep their ____ as entrepreneurs and identities that are not related to work distinct.
In other ____ interruptions from one identity to another are minimal.
These rare transitions between identities enable the individual to balance his or her ____ and belonging needs.
For instance, moving from a family identity to a founder identity at the beginning of a day fulfills a founder's need for distinctiveness, and the transition from a founder ____ to that of an athlete at the end of the day fulfills his or her need to belong.
Yet, trying to maintain separate identities with deliberately infrequent transitions using ____ compartmentalization strategy makes it challenging to establish synergies.
That is, two identities need to integrate for the effective realization of synergies, so realizing potential synergies relies ____ the degree to which identities interact and are coordinated.
Therefore, entrepreneurs who utilize compartmentalization to ____ multiple micro-identities have increased psychological well-being in the case of strong boundaries between identities but have decreased psychological well-being when there are weak boundaries.
Exercise 3 노년기 기억 구조의 변화와 지혜 형성
Although older adults often notice ____ increased memory difficulties, there are also benefits to the way that older adults' brains record information.
While younger adults' brains may be drafting memory structures with lots of details — ____ of them unimportant — older adults' memory structures are more likely to include just the essential elements.
____ just the critical information can make it easier for older adults to avoid the common pitfall of "missing the forest for the trees," allowing them to grasp the overall importance of a situation.
The way older adults' brains build memory structures can also make it easier for them to see commonalities between different situations and to understand how knowledge acquired in one context can be ____ to the situation at hand.
____ fact, some of the wisdom that comes with aging may be attributable to changes in the way the aging brain builds its memory structures.
Compared to the brains of younger adults, those of older adults tend to retain core ideas, enabling them to identify shared aspects ____ contexts and develop wisdom from accumulated mental frameworks.
Exercise 4 협상 회피의 결과와 관계 유지
In an effort to appear easy-going, we may often avoid speaking out ____ the things that we want or need from life, whether that be in personal relationships or in our working lives.
This means we'll avoid ____ because it just doesn't feel natural.
Many of us assume that negotiating will endanger ____ relationships with a loved one or with an employer.
But in many cases, this assumption is wrong, and avoiding negotiation means everyone loses: the partner in a relationship who never voices their needs may be taken for granted and decide to leave; the single parent who won't ask for flexible working may end up quitting a good job for a dead-end one that better ____ the school day.
But by careful negotiation, such endings can ____ avoided.
The key is identifying, and striving for, areas ____ mutual advantage that will allow everyone to benefit in some way.
If this happens, both relationships can ____ intact.
Negotiating needn't necessarily entail conflict; there may be tough moments on the way to resolution, but by ____ the problem side by side, you're actually investing in the future relationship, rather than damaging it.
Exercise 5-6 소매점 내 소비자 길 찾기 방식과 기술 활용
Consumers orient themselves in retail stores with the help ____ spatial references between objects ("The olive oil is on the right under the balsamic vinegar.") and pictorial elements ("on the shelf opposite the red column").
Studies also show that consumers ____ themselves to distinctive features in the store, such as the main aisles, large objects such as refrigerated counters or display units, as well as colored surfaces and advertising boards.
These objects are usually ____ in the peripheral areas of the store.
Therefore, consumers better remember the location of products that are located outside ____ store.
Product locations in the interior of the store are ____ well remembered because they offer fewer landmarks and are very similar in structure and layout.
To help consumers find their way around the ____ and to ease the burden on employees, some retailers are setting up touch screens and electronic info terminals.
Some retailers have also developed apps ____ navigate customers through the store.
____ on the retailer, the apps offer additional value such as discounts, coupons, and product info.
Newer developments include so-called beacons, small Bluetooth transmitters that are attached to shelves, signs, or doors, for example, and communicate ____ the customer's smartphone.
With the help of the small transmitters, retailers can even determine the location of the consumers in the store, navigate them through the store to ____ special offer, or grant them an individual discount, and thus influence their consumer behaviors.
Exercise 7 달러화의 양면성
____ refers to a situation where a country adopts a foreign currency like the U.S. dollar as its own.
The main disadvantage of dollarization is the loss of ____
By coming under the ____ of the U.S. Federal Reserve Board, a nation would lose control over its own monetary and to a certain extent even its fiscal policy.
Most nations will consider the cost of coming under another's central ____ control too big a loss of autonomy to contemplate, though there have been times, such as in the case of Ecuador, where the instabilities were so great that this loss of economic sovereignty may well have been worthwhile.
The only ____ that the advantages of common currencies will be feasible and more widely acceptable is if we can think of central banks as being answerable to all the nations that use the common currency.
The European central bank does have this feature of multicountry democracy, and that is the reason why the euro, despite its recent instability, is expected to be a net ____ for all the nations that have it as their currency.
Exercise 8 자연 현상을 활용한 이누이트 족의 항해법
Inuit ____ the stars as one of their navigation tools, making periodic adjustments for the star's apparent movement.
Their calculations involved a thorough knowledge of star ____ constellation positions in relation to their seasonal and nocturnal cycles.
However, depending entirely on observing the stars would be totally impractical as the stars ____ frequently obscured by cloud, fog, or blowing snow.
For almost five months a year, the stars ____ not be observed at all due to the extremely long days.
Consequently, star observations were used as one aspect of the navigational methods along with wind direction, the set of snowdrifts, landmarks, sea currents and floating ____ cloud formations and movement, and atmospheric effects.
While often ____ on moving sea ice, wayfinders modified their direction, allowing for the movement of the ice and their own passage over it.
Hunters also drew navigational insight ____ the behaviour of their sled dogs and other animals such as walruses and birds.
Exercise 9 집단 이탈을 통한 생존 및 번성 전략
The ____ to leave is easy to understand from an animal perspective.
Mammals cluster ____ predators lurk and spread out when it's safe.
Tigers and orangutans are the only mammals with no predators and the only mammals who ____ alone.
Gibbons space ____ out in pairs to prevent conflict.
It's easy to see how humans would try ____ avoid conflict by spacing themselves out.
Not only does it improve access to resources, but it frees you from being at the bottom ____ the hierarchy.
If you persuade others ____ leave with you, you are suddenly in the one-up position.
Some people surely perished ____ they left their natal groups, but others went on to create new settlements that would fissure themselves in time.
Leaving is ____ effective way to raise your status when you don't expect to win a direct conflict.
In order ____ avoid social conflict, humans — like some other animals — may quit their original groups, which can eventually elevate their social standing.
Exercise 10 기억의 불완전성
The act of remembering something is a process of bringing back on line those neurons that were involved in the ____ experience.
The neurons represent the world to us as the thing is happening, and as we recall it, those same ____ re-present the thing to us.
Once we get those neurons to become active in a fashion similar to how ____ were during the original event, we experience the memory as a lower-resolution replay of the original event.
If only we could get every one of those original neurons active in exactly the same ____ they were the first time, our recollections would be strikingly vivid and realistic.
But remembering is imperfect; the instructions for which neurons need to be gathered and how exactly they need to fire are weak and degraded, leading to a representation that is ____ a dim and often inaccurate copy of the real experience.
____ is fiction.
It may present itself to ____ as fact but is highly susceptible to distortion.
____ is not just a replaying, but a rewriting.
Exercise 11-12 유머의 진화적 이점
Darwin said that there must be some sort of evolutionary advantage ____ with humour, and it does indeed appear that humans developed it directly because it has numerous positive properties, and very few negative ones.
Laughing uses up energy, perhaps, and the noise created by laughter might ____ made our early ancestors vulnerable to predators, but these potential problems are far outweighed by the benefits.
Some argue that the pleasure associated with humorous exchange replaced the pleasure derived from social grooming at some stage in our development: both laughter and social grooming release endogenous opiates ____ so the feelings of gratification positively reinforce both types of behaviour.
Thus, it seems that one early function of humour was as a social lubricant, and the fundamental evolutionary purpose of humour and laughter was to facilitate cooperation between people; essentially, a laughing ____ signals that one is both ready and able to cooperate.
Observations of primates suggest that humour might be ____ to our need to partake in mock-aggression and create safe spaces where social conflicts can be resolved.
Similarly, anthropologists note that humour in traditional societies often takes the ____ of joking relationships between people, or individual clowning, whose purpose is to avoid tensions.
Humour can enable expressions of pseudo-violence and activities that allow the saving of face; it permits ____ hierarchies to be sustained, and can work to reinforce social bonds.