2026수특 영독연 4강 변형문제 (1~6번)

Let’s start with the statement ____ are causing climate change by burning fossil fuels.”

It ____ the basis upon which people all over the world, including me, are calling for the rapid end to fossil fuel use and the transition to carbon-emission-free energy sources.

It’s a pretty bold statement, and it is very different from saying that the climate is changing ____ what scientists call “detection.”

If we’re going to argue for a massive change in human society, which ____ what will be required to end our use of fossil fuels, it seems reasonable to ask that we move beyond detection.

After all, fossil fuels, despite their problems, have provided tremendous benefits to society over the ____ century.

If we (the climate-concerned public) are going to insist that we stop using fossil fuels, it is incumbent upon us to prove that the downside is greater than the ____ real upside that fossil fuels have offered.

We need to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that climate is changing and that human use of fossil fuels, not something else, is responsible for the climate change we are ____

We need ____ in addition to detection.

The grammatical structure of a language is a ‘social fact’ in Durkheim’s ____ of being external to and constraining for individual speakers.

It is independent ____ their subjective preferences and they must follow the rules if they are to be understood.

However, the grammatical rules of gender, agreement, number, subject and object, possessive, and so on are not, in general, consciously followed and applied by the individuals who ____ to each other.

Speakers typically have only a very limited and partial awareness of the ____ of their own grammar, and speaking grammatically is a matter of unreflective habit rather than conscious rule following.

The grammatical ____ of a language, then, do not exist apart from the minds of the individual speakers.

They may be formulated in a book of grammar, but such a book records the grammar — more or less imperfectly — and does not ____ the grammar.

The rules that are followed in forming a ‘correct’ utterance and a well-organised discourse exist only in the minds of ____ individual speakers as learned dispositions held in the neurophysiological memory traces of their brains.

When environment involves human interests, it ____ necessarily be understood in relation to humans and not as an assemblage of independent objects.

We can find support for this in the ____ of social psychologists such as Kurt Lewin and J. J. Gibson.

Lewin envisioned a social ____ comprised of vectors of force between participants and the things and conditions with which they interact.

These vectors invite ____ behaviors, and this led Lewin to call them by the German term affordungsqualitaten, translated into English as “invitational qualities.”

More recently, the perceptual psychologist J. J. Gibson studied the ways in which the design and appearance of environmental configurations and objects encourage ____ responses in human behavior.

He called these connections “affordances” for behavior, clearly influenced by ____ terminology and resembling his observations.

The work of Lewin and Gibson is important and instructive, ____ it suggests that environment is not just open space filled with arrangements of independent objects but rather is a field of forces in compelling relationships of attraction, repulsion, and neutrality or indifference.

Environment is, then, a field that ____ the human participant.

As many journalism scholars have ____ print-era journalists rejected audience research because doing so was one of the only means to protect their always-unstable professional status.

Sociologist Andrew Abbott has characterized professions as “somewhat ____ groups of individuals applying somewhat abstract knowledge to particular cases.”

Although it is commonly categorized as a profession, journalism has long struggled to comfortably inhabit this ____

Even before the rise of the internet helped shift institutional gatekeeping power away from news organizations and toward technology ____ journalists had difficulty establishing themselves as a “somewhat exclusive group of individuals.”

Indeed, while traditional professions ____ as medicine and law rely on strict licensing requirements to limit entry into the profession, the First Amendment prohibits U.S. journalism from establishing any such thing.

____ can journalists lay a strong claim to jurisdiction over a form of abstract knowledge.

As journalism scholar Matt Carlson has argued, “abstraction makes for ____ journalism.

Clarity, ____ in the explanation of complex topics, makes for good journalism.”

The accessibility of journalistic language is helpful for ____ the public, but it also renders journalists’ claims to specialized expertise potentially suspect.

Management, especially ____ anything as complex as a transportation system, is very difficult.

There are often many different organizations involved, each of which has multiple ____ with multiple levels of authority, and often many lengthy, written procedure manuals.

To make ____ worse, the manuals are seldom kept up to date and, in any event, cannot possibly consider every combination of factors that might occur.

During the incident, the people responsible for maintaining control (the pilots, in ____ commercial aviation incidents) waste valuable time studying the different manuals, trying to find the relevant case.

Modern computer systems attempt to help by automatically diagnosing the situation and either responding autonomously or offering ____ the instructions to be followed,

but the ____ or recommended course of actions is not always appropriate (because in each complex system, most accidents involve different unique factors).

Different organizations might be involved: police and firefighters, ____ safety representatives, multiple teams from different divisions of a company, and different companies or government and regulatory agencies who must coordinate their decisions and actions.

It is rare that the result is smooth, ____ management.

Age is not the only determinant ____ spatial skills.

While thirteen-year-old children have all ____ cognitive attributes they need to be proficient at wayfinding, some are better at it than others.

By this point, parental attitudes, freedom of movement, cognitive differences ____ life experience have already begun to leave their imprint, and they never ease off.

All of us may be explorers when we’re ____ but few of us stay that way.

We end up suppressing our childish natures, slipping into routines ____ following the routes we always take.

A recent study by Canadian psychologists found that 84 per cent of eight-year-olds navigate by scrutinizing their surroundings and building a mental ____ a so-called ‘spatial’ strategy that is also used by almost all competent adult navigators.

The alternative is a more closed, ‘egocentric’ ____ which entails learning and following a sequence of turns.

Only 46 percent of us still ____ the spatial approach in our twenties, and 39 per cent in our sixties.

It seems that we all start off ____ free, but most of us end up on the straight and narrow.

Life has a way ____ clipping our wings.