2026 수특 영독연 11강 변형문제 (1~6번)

Inspired by the pioneering work of the psychologists Daniel Kahneman and the late Amos Tversky, the field of psychology has cataloged a large inventory of behavioral anomalies in which people clearly violate the ____ and prescriptions of standard economic models.

It is common, for example, for someone to be willing to drive across town to save ＄10 on a ＄20 clock radio, but unwilling to do so to save ＄10 on a ____ television set.

Yet the ____ of making the drive is ＄10 in each case.

So if the implicit cost of the drive were less than ＄10, a rational person would drive across ____ in both cases.

People often explain their reluctance to make the drive for the ____ by saying the ＄10 savings is such a small percentage of its price.

But a rational person reckons benefits and costs in ____ terms, not as percentages.

Regardless of their generation, everyone wants to be valued, respected, and heard. But each one of us might express our thoughts and ____ information differently.

One of my clients was struggling with how some of their Baby ____ employees were trying to build personal relationships with Millennial employees.

A few of these employees read articles that recommended specific methods for communicating with each ____.

The Boomer employees then went on to use this ____ to inform how they communicated with all of their coworkers of various generations.

They walked to the offices of their Baby Boomer peers, emailed Gen X colleagues, and ____ Millennials.

On the surface, this ____ fine, but it soon started to stir up some controversy because people did not understand why they were getting an email, when someone else was getting a face-to-face conversation.

By limiting in-person conversation to only certain coworkers, these employees unintentionally made others feel ____ out and undervalued.

Our species ____ been making music most likely for as long as we’ve been human.

It seems to be a ____ part of us.

The oldest known musical instruments date back to some 40,000 years ____.

Among the most intriguing of these are delicate bone flutes, found in what is now ____ Germany.

These discoveries testify to the advanced ____ that our ancestors applied to create music:

the finger holes are carefully bevelled to allow the musician’s fingers to make a tight seal; and the distances between the holes appear to have been precisely measured, perhaps to correspond to a ____ musical scale.

This time period ____ to the last glaciation episode in the Northern Hemisphere — life could not have been easy for people living at that time.

Yet time, energy, and the ____ of craftworkers were used for making abstract sounds “of the least use ... to daily habits of life.”

So, music must have been very meaningful and ____ for them.

The fact that humans living 40,000 years ago had attentively crafted ____ instruments employing sophisticated methods despite their harsh living conditions reflects the significance they placed on music.

Sometimes, even seemingly unlucky starts turn out to make long-run success more ____.

Gladwell cites the experience of Jews who immigrated to New York in the early twentieth ____ and went on to prosper in the garment industry.

Many raised children who graduated from law school, only to be rejected by leading New York law firms, which in those days hired mostly lawyers from ____ Protestant families.

Jewish graduates were often left with few better options ____ to start small firms of their own.

Those firms often specialized in cases that the elite law firms felt were beneath them, such as the ____ of hostile corporate takeovers.

The lawyers raised by garment workers were thus often the only ones who had developed the expertise to capitalize on the explosive growth of hostile takeover litigation that occurred in the 1970s and ____.

By dominating that new market, they went on to earn vastly more than the lawyers in the firms that ____ earlier shunned them.

Let’s take a classical ____ from cognitive psychology: the effect of word processing depth.

____ that I present a list of sixty words to three groups of students.

I ask the first group to decide whether the words’ letters are upper- or lowercase; the second group, ____ the words rhyme with “chair”; and the third, whether they are animal names or not.

Once the students are ____, I give them a memory test.

____ group remembers the words best?

Memory turns out to be much better in the third group, who processed the words in depth, at the meaning level (75 ____ success), than in the other two groups, who processed the more superficial sensory aspects of the words, either at the letter level (33 percent success) or the rhyme level (52 percent success).

We do find a weak implicit and unconscious trace of the words in all groups: learning leaves its subliminal ____ within the spelling and phonological systems.

However, only ____ semantic processing guarantees explicit, detailed memory of the words.

The same phenomenon occurs at the level of sentences: students who make the effort to understand sentences on their own, without teacher guidance, show much ____ retention of information.

This is a general rule, which the American ____ Henry Roediger states as follows:

“Making learning conditions more difficult, thus requiring students to engage more cognitive effort, often leads to ____ retention.”