2026 수특 영독연 11강 변형문제 (1~6번)

Inspired by the pioneering work of the psychologists Daniel ____ and the late Amos Tversky, the field of psychology has cataloged a large inventory of behavioral anomalies in which people clearly violate the predictions and prescriptions of standard economic models.

It is common, for ____, for someone to be willing to drive across town to save ＄10 on a ＄20 clock radio, but unwilling to do so to save ＄10 on a ＄1,000 television set.

Yet the ____ of making the drive is ＄10 in each case.

So if the implicit cost of the drive were less ____ ＄10, a rational person would drive across town in both cases.

People often explain their reluctance to make the drive for the television by saying the ＄10 savings is ____ a small percentage of its price.

But a rational person reckons benefits and costs in absolute terms, ____ as percentages.

Regardless of their generation, everyone wants to be ____, respected, and heard. But each one of us might express our thoughts and receive information differently.

One of my clients was struggling with how ____ of their Baby Boomer employees were trying to build personal relationships with Millennial employees.

A few of these employees read articles that ____ specific methods for communicating with each generation.

The Boomer employees then went on to use this information to inform how they communicated with all of their coworkers of ____ generations.

They walked to the offices of their Baby Boomer peers, emailed ____ X colleagues, and texted Millennials.

On the surface, this seemed ____, but it soon started to stir up some controversy because people did not understand why they were getting an email, when someone else was getting a face-to-face conversation.

By limiting in-person conversation to only certain coworkers, these employees unintentionally made others feel left out and ____.

Our species has been ____ music most likely for as long as we’ve been human.

It seems to be a ____ part of us.

The oldest known musical instruments date back to some 40,000 years ____.

Among the most intriguing of these are delicate bone ____, found in what is now southern Germany.

These discoveries testify to the ____ technology that our ancestors applied to create music:

the finger holes are carefully bevelled to allow the musician’s fingers to make a tight seal; and the distances between the holes appear to have ____ precisely measured, perhaps to correspond to a specific musical scale.

This time period corresponds to the last glaciation episode in the Northern Hemisphere — life could not have been easy for people living at that ____.

Yet time, energy, and the skills of craftworkers were used for making abstract sounds “of the ____ use ... to daily habits of life.”

So, ____ must have been very meaningful and important for them.

The fact that humans living 40,000 ____ ago had attentively crafted musical instruments employing sophisticated methods despite their harsh living conditions reflects the significance they placed on music.

Sometimes, even seemingly unlucky starts turn out to make long-run ____ more likely.

Gladwell cites the experience of Jews who immigrated to New York in the early twentieth century and went on to prosper in the garment ____.

Many raised children who graduated from law ____, only to be rejected by leading New York law firms, which in those days hired mostly lawyers from wealthy Protestant families.

Jewish graduates were ____ left with few better options than to start small firms of their own.

Those firms often specialized in cases that the elite law firms ____ were beneath them, such as the litigation of hostile corporate takeovers.

The lawyers raised by garment ____ were thus often the only ones who had developed the expertise to capitalize on the explosive growth of hostile takeover litigation that occurred in the 1970s and 1980s.

By ____ that new market, they went on to earn vastly more than the lawyers in the firms that had earlier shunned them.

Let’s take a classical example from ____ psychology: the effect of word processing depth.

Imagine that I present a ____ of sixty words to three groups of students.

I ask the first group to decide whether the words’ letters are upper- or lowercase; the second group, whether the words rhyme with “chair”; and the third, whether they are ____ names or not.

____ the students are finished, I give them a memory test.

Which group remembers the ____ best?

Memory turns out to be much better in the third group, who processed the words in depth, at the meaning level (75 percent success), than in the other two groups, who processed the more superficial sensory aspects of the words, either at the letter level (33 percent success) or the rhyme level (52 ____ success).

We do find a ____ implicit and unconscious trace of the words in all groups: learning leaves its subliminal mark within the spelling and phonological systems.

However, only in-depth semantic processing guarantees ____, detailed memory of the words.

The same phenomenon occurs at the level of sentences: students who make the effort to understand sentences on their own, without teacher guidance, ____ much better retention of information.

This is a general rule, which the American ____ Henry Roediger states as follows:

“Making learning conditions more difficult, ____ requiring students to engage more cognitive effort, often leads to enhanced retention.”