2026 수특 영독연 13강 변형문제 (12-18번)

While new media allow us to do new things, make new kinds of meanings, and think, relate to others and enact our own identities in new ways, they also invariably introduce limitations on what we can do and mean, how we can ____ and relate, and who we can ‘be’ when we are using them.

Television news, for example, allows for a vivid and dramatic presentation of a story, but may be less suitable than a newspaper or magazine for lengthy and probing ____.

Social networking sites make it easier for us to stay connected to our ____, but make it more difficult to maintain our privacy (especially from advertisers).

Caller identification, which is standard on most mobile ____, makes it easier for us to screen our calls, but it also makes it easier for calls that we make to be screened by others.

Often the constraints of new technologies are less visible to us than their affordances. We tend to be so focused on the new things we ____ do with a new tool that we don’t pay attention to the things we cannot do with it.

When given many chances, ____ will tend to distribute random differences fairly equally.

However, when given few chances, it ____ distribute random differences very unequally.

Thus, if you assigned each individual to a group by flipping a coin and you had many participants, chance ____ do a ① good job of making your groups equivalent.

Conversely, if you had few participants, chance would probably do a poor job of ② ____ the effects of individual differences between groups. Indeed, with too few participants, chance has no chance.

For ____, if you had four people in your study and only one of those was violent, flipping a coin could not give you ③ equal groups.

Even if you had eight ____, four of whom were violent, flipping a coin might result in all four violent individuals ending up in the same group.

____? Because, in the short run, chance can be unpredictable.

For ____, it is not that unusual to get four “heads” in a row.

To appreciate that chance can be unpredictable in the short run but ⑤ dependable in the long run, realize that although a casino may lose several ____ in a row, the casino always wins in the end.

Social transmission of predator recognition makes functional sense because individuals that ____ experience predators for themselves to learn they are dangerous may not survive those experiences.

The best-analyzed ____ involves monkeys’ fear of snakes.

Monkeys reared in captivity do not exhibit fear the first time they encounter live or toy ____.

If they watch another monkey ____ fearfully toward a snake, they later do the same themselves.

____ the learning trial the naive observer exhibits behavior like the model’s (in this case responses such as withdrawal, vocalization, and piloerection).

If naive monkeys observe a model behaving fearfully toward a ____ and neutrally toward another object like a flower, they acquire the same discrimination.

For example, if they are later offered raisins that are out of reach beyond a flower or a snake, they reach quickly over the flower but ____ to reach over the snake.

In the 1880s, a German psychologist ____ Hermann Ebbinghaus shut himself up in a room in Paris to test how memory works.

He forced himself to learn, review, and recall nonsense ____ on a specific, timed schedule.

What Ebbinghaus discovered was that the rate of ____ was predictable.

He discovered a ____ of exactly how long it took to forget.

If he reminded himself of one of his nonsense words just before he knew he was about to forget it — but no sooner — he could save himself hours of ____ but still recall the information correctly.

The trick was knowing when he was about to ____ it.

Ebbinghaus’s memorization technique became known as spaced ____.

Essentially, it was the most highly specific, scientifically based study schedule ____ could dream of.

Over a hundred years ____, specially designed computer programs made following a modified version of Ebbinghaus’s schedules feasible.

Linguist Philip Lieberman argues that human ancestors (e.g., Homo erectus) had the ability to speak, although their speech ____ not have been as refined as modern humans’ speech.

This conclusion is based on reasoning about why the ____ vocal tract has the shape it does.

Lieberman notes that to produce vowel sounds such as / i/ (as in meet) and /u/ (as in you), the space above the larynx in the throat has to be about the same length as the horizontal space between the top of the throat and the mouth ____.

For natural selection to produce and maintain this arrangement, Lieberman argues, some basic ____ abilities must have been present beforehand.

Natural selection could then have favored individuals who had physical characteristics that allowed them to produce a wider range of vowel ____.

Unless some basic ____ abilities were present prior to the appearance of Homo sapiens, a lowered larynx, and the accompanying ability to produce more vowel sounds, would have to be the result of a massive and incredibly lucky mutation, rather than gradual evolution by natural selection.

What is the meaning of a concept and ____ does it contribute to the meaning of a sentence?

Philosophers have been particularly vexed by this question and have ____ a range of possible answers to it.

On the one hand, the meaning of a concept seems to derive from the ____ of other concepts, as when a child is told the meaning of sprint by saying it is a kind of fast running.

On the other hand, the meaning of a concept is connected to observations of things in the world, as ____ the child actually sees someone sprinting.

A concept’s meaning is normally not given by definition in terms of other concepts, ____ successful exact definitions are rare.

Nor is meaning exhausted by a set of examples, as if one identified the concept of dog with a set of ____.

A theory of meaning of the concepts must therefore include an account of how concepts are ____ both to each other and to the world.

Both aspects are necessary in ____ for us to understand how concepts underlie our ability to use language.

In local communities where they know each other well, speakers and listeners are able, for the most part, to draw on knowledge of overlapping ____ habits to converse or argue about moral and political issues.

This may still be the case, to some extent, when ____ of speakers who engage regularly with one another in practical activities do not all speak the same languages, or speak them equally fluently.

Sometimes, however, potential parties to a verbal ____ find themselves sharing little more than physical proximity to one another.

Such situations arise when members of communities with radically different language traditions and no history of previous contact with one another come face to face and are ____ to communicate.

There is no way to predict the outcome of such enforced contact on either speech community, yet from these new shared experiences, new forms of ____, including a new form of language — pidgin — may develop.