2026 수특 영독연 13강 변형문제 (12-18번)

While new media allow us to do new things, make new kinds of ____ and think, relate to others and enact our own identities in new ways, they also invariably introduce limitations on what we can do and mean, how we can think and relate, and who we can ‘be’ when we are using them.

Television news, ____ example, allows for a vivid and dramatic presentation of a story, but may be less suitable than a newspaper or magazine for lengthy and probing analysis.

Social networking sites make it easier for us to stay connected to ____ friends, but make it more difficult to maintain our privacy (especially from advertisers).

____ identification, which is standard on most mobile phones, makes it easier for us to screen our calls, but it also makes it easier for calls that we make to be screened by others.

Often the constraints of new technologies are less visible to us than their affordances. We tend to be so focused on the new things we can do ____ a new tool that we don’t pay attention to the things we cannot do with it.

When given many chances, chance will tend to distribute random differences fairly ____

However, when given ____ chances, it may distribute random differences very unequally.

Thus, if you assigned each individual to a group by flipping a coin and you had many participants, chance would do a ① good job of ____ your groups equivalent.

Conversely, if you had few participants, chance would probably do a poor job of ② balancing the effects of individual differences between groups. Indeed, with too few ____ chance has no chance.

For example, if you had four people in your study and only one of those was violent, ____ a coin could not give you ③ equal groups.

Even if you had eight participants, four of whom were violent, flipping ____ coin might result in all four violent individuals ending up in the same group.

Why? Because, in the ____ run, chance can be unpredictable.

For instance, ____ is not that unusual to get four “heads” in a row.

To appreciate that chance can be unpredictable in the short run but ⑤ dependable in the long run, realize that although ____ casino may lose several bets in a row, the casino always wins in the end.

Social transmission of predator recognition makes functional sense because individuals that must experience predators for themselves to learn they are dangerous may not ____ those experiences.

The best-analyzed example involves monkeys’ fear ____ snakes.

Monkeys reared in captivity ____ not exhibit fear the first time they encounter live or toy snakes.

If they watch another monkey behaving fearfully toward ____ snake, they later do the same themselves.

During the learning trial the naive observer exhibits behavior like the model’s (in ____ case responses such as withdrawal, vocalization, and piloerection).

If naive ____ observe a model behaving fearfully toward a snake and neutrally toward another object like a flower, they acquire the same discrimination.

For example, if they are later offered raisins ____ are out of reach beyond a flower or a snake, they reach quickly over the flower but refuse to reach over the snake.

In the 1880s, a German psychologist named Hermann Ebbinghaus shut himself up in a room in Paris ____ test how memory works.

He forced himself ____ learn, review, and recall nonsense words on a specific, timed schedule.

What Ebbinghaus discovered was that the rate of ____ was predictable.

He discovered a pattern of exactly how long it took to ____

If he reminded himself of one of his ____ words just before he knew he was about to forget it — but no sooner — he could save himself hours of studying but still recall the information correctly.

The trick was ____ when he was about to forget it.

Ebbinghaus’s memorization technique became ____ as spaced repetition.

Essentially, it was the most highly specific, scientifically based study schedule you could ____ of.

Over a hundred years later, ____ designed computer programs made following a modified version of Ebbinghaus’s schedules feasible.

Linguist Philip Lieberman argues that human ancestors (e.g., Homo erectus) had the ability to speak, although their speech would not have been as refined ____ modern humans’ speech.

This conclusion is based on reasoning ____ why the human vocal tract has the shape it does.

Lieberman notes that to produce vowel ____ such as / i/ (as in meet) and /u/ (as in you), the space above the larynx in the throat has to be about the same length as the horizontal space between the top of the throat and the mouth opening.

For natural selection to produce and maintain this arrangement, Lieberman argues, some basic speech abilities must ____ been present beforehand.

Natural selection could then have favored individuals who had physical characteristics that allowed them to produce ____ wider range of vowel sounds.

Unless some basic speech abilities were present prior to the appearance of Homo sapiens, a lowered larynx, and the accompanying ability to produce more vowel sounds, would have to be the result of a massive and incredibly lucky mutation, rather than gradual evolution by ____ selection.

What is the meaning of a concept and how does it contribute to the meaning of ____ sentence?

Philosophers have been particularly ____ by this question and have developed a range of possible answers to it.

On the one hand, the meaning of a concept seems to derive from the meaning of other concepts, as when a child is told the meaning of sprint by saying it ____ a kind of fast running.

On the other hand, the meaning of a concept is connected to observations of things in ____ world, as when the child actually sees someone sprinting.

A concept’s meaning is normally not given by definition in terms of other concepts, ____ successful exact definitions are rare.

Nor is meaning exhausted by a set of ____ as if one identified the concept of dog with a set of dogs.

A theory of meaning of the concepts must therefore include an account of how ____ are related both to each other and to the world.

Both aspects are necessary in order for us to understand how concepts underlie ____ ability to use language.

In local communities where they know each other well, speakers and listeners are able, for the most ____ to draw on knowledge of overlapping language habits to converse or argue about moral and political issues.

This may ____ be the case, to some extent, when communities of speakers who engage regularly with one another in practical activities do not all speak the same languages, or speak them equally fluently.

____ however, potential parties to a verbal exchange find themselves sharing little more than physical proximity to one another.

Such ____ arise when members of communities with radically different language traditions and no history of previous contact with one another come face to face and are forced to communicate.

There is no way to predict the outcome of such enforced contact on either speech community, yet from these new shared experiences, new forms of practice, including a new form of ____ — pidgin — may develop.