2026 수특 영독연 13강 변형문제 (12-18번)

While new media allow us to do new things, make new kinds of meanings, and think, relate to others and ____ our own identities in new ways, they also invariably introduce limitations on what we can do and mean, how we can think and relate, and who we can ‘be’ when we are using them.

Television news, for ____ allows for a vivid and dramatic presentation of a story, but may be less suitable than a newspaper or magazine for lengthy and probing analysis.

Social networking sites make it easier for us to stay connected to our friends, but make it ____ difficult to maintain our privacy (especially from advertisers).

Caller identification, which is standard on most mobile phones, makes it easier for us to screen our calls, but ____ also makes it easier for calls that we make to be screened by others.

Often the constraints of new technologies are less visible to us than their affordances. We tend to be so focused on the new things we can do with a new tool that we don’t pay attention to the things ____ cannot do with it.

When given many chances, chance will tend ____ distribute random differences fairly equally.

However, when given few chances, it may ____ random differences very unequally.

Thus, if you assigned each individual to a group by ____ a coin and you had many participants, chance would do a ① good job of making your groups equivalent.

Conversely, if you had few participants, chance would probably do a poor job of ② balancing the effects ____ individual differences between groups. Indeed, with too few participants, chance has no chance.

For example, if ____ had four people in your study and only one of those was violent, flipping a coin could not give you ③ equal groups.

Even if you had eight participants, four of whom were violent, flipping a coin might result in all four violent ____ ending up in the same group.

Why? Because, in the short run, chance can be ____

For instance, it is not that unusual ____ get four “heads” in a row.

To appreciate that chance can be unpredictable in the short run but ⑤ dependable in the long run, realize ____ although a casino may lose several bets in a row, the casino always wins in the end.

Social transmission of predator recognition makes functional sense because individuals that must experience predators for themselves to learn they are dangerous ____ not survive those experiences.

The best-analyzed example involves monkeys’ fear of ____

Monkeys reared in captivity do not exhibit fear the ____ time they encounter live or toy snakes.

If they watch another monkey behaving fearfully toward a snake, they later do ____ same themselves.

During the learning trial the naive observer exhibits behavior like the model’s ____ this case responses such as withdrawal, vocalization, and piloerection).

If naive monkeys observe a model ____ fearfully toward a snake and neutrally toward another object like a flower, they acquire the same discrimination.

For example, if they ____ later offered raisins that are out of reach beyond a flower or a snake, they reach quickly over the flower but refuse to reach over the snake.

In the 1880s, a German psychologist named ____ Ebbinghaus shut himself up in a room in Paris to test how memory works.

He forced himself to learn, review, and recall nonsense words on a specific, timed ____

What ____ discovered was that the rate of forgetting was predictable.

He discovered a pattern of exactly how long it ____ to forget.

If he reminded himself of one of his nonsense words just before he knew he was about to forget it — ____ no sooner — he could save himself hours of studying but still recall the information correctly.

The trick was knowing when he was about to forget ____

Ebbinghaus’s memorization technique became known ____ spaced repetition.

Essentially, it was the most highly specific, scientifically based study schedule you could dream ____

Over a hundred years later, specially ____ computer programs made following a modified version of Ebbinghaus’s schedules feasible.

Linguist Philip Lieberman argues that human ancestors (e.g., Homo erectus) had the ability to speak, although their speech ____ not have been as refined as modern humans’ speech.

This conclusion is based on reasoning about why the human vocal tract ____ the shape it does.

Lieberman notes that to produce vowel sounds such as / i/ (as in meet) and /u/ (as in you), the space above the larynx in the throat has to be about the same length as the horizontal space between the top of the ____ and the mouth opening.

For natural selection to produce and maintain this arrangement, Lieberman argues, some basic ____ abilities must have been present beforehand.

Natural selection could then have favored individuals who had physical characteristics that ____ them to produce a wider range of vowel sounds.

Unless some ____ speech abilities were present prior to the appearance of Homo sapiens, a lowered larynx, and the accompanying ability to produce more vowel sounds, would have to be the result of a massive and incredibly lucky mutation, rather than gradual evolution by natural selection.

____ is the meaning of a concept and how does it contribute to the meaning of a sentence?

Philosophers have been particularly vexed by ____ question and have developed a range of possible answers to it.

On the one hand, the meaning of a concept seems to derive from the meaning of other concepts, as when a ____ is told the meaning of sprint by saying it is a kind of fast running.

On the other hand, the meaning of a concept is connected to observations of things in the ____ as when the child actually sees someone sprinting.

A concept’s meaning is normally not given by definition in terms of other concepts, since successful exact definitions ____ rare.

Nor is meaning exhausted by a set of ____ as if one identified the concept of dog with a set of dogs.

A ____ of meaning of the concepts must therefore include an account of how concepts are related both to each other and to the world.

Both aspects are necessary in order for us to understand how concepts underlie our ability to ____ language.

In local communities where they know each other well, speakers and listeners are able, for the most part, to draw on knowledge of overlapping language habits to converse or argue ____ moral and political issues.

This may still be the case, to some extent, when communities of speakers who engage regularly with one another in practical activities do not all speak the ____ languages, or speak them equally fluently.

Sometimes, however, potential parties to a verbal exchange find themselves sharing little more than physical proximity to one ____

Such situations arise when members of communities with radically different language traditions and ____ history of previous contact with one another come face to face and are forced to communicate.

There is no way ____ predict the outcome of such enforced contact on either speech community, yet from these new shared experiences, new forms of practice, including a new form of language — pidgin — may develop.