2026 수특 영독연 15강 변형문제 (12-18번)

For livestock, researchers are ____ measuring temperament traits in groups of animals on experimental or commercial farms.

Compared to a more controlled experimental laboratory environment, these environments offer both opportunities and ____ to measuring and understanding temperament traits.

Farms are a source of large numbers of animals whose ____ links with others on the farm and elsewhere are frequently known.

Within any ____ farm, animals may also have experienced a fairly standardized rearing process.

However, one farm differs from another in many respects, such as the quality of human interaction, the level of nutrition provided, and the social groups the animals are kept in, among ____, all of which could affect temperament.

For instance, to assess aggressiveness in individual pigs when groups of pigs are mixed with others, a test must be used in which all animals are mixed with a standardized number of unfamiliar animals, within a controlled weight range, and into pens of the same size. Such standardization can be achieved only on ____ farms.

All of these factors mean that farms cannot be treated as statistical replicates, and each farm must be regarded as ____.

Storing and retrieving information is so key to survival that nature has evolved thousands of ____ to do so.

For instance, Venus flytraps ____ count.

To make sure that their traps don’t get sprung with a single raindrop, they require three touches to a trap within a ____ short period before they expend the energy needed to close.

Thus, they must be able to ____ the touches as well as store the time interval between them.

We actually know how this is done. When a trap is touched, some calcium is released by the plant, which slowly — over seconds — dissipates. Subsequent touches release more calcium, and if it hits a certain threshold, the trap snaps ____.

Since the calcium is constantly dissipating, the sequential touches have to be within a certain ____ window to hit the threshold.

This capability is clearly encoded in DNA somewhere, but again, information is being ____ upon with hardly any cognition.

Philosopher of science Hans Reichenbach and others use the ____ of crows to illustrate why inference based upon hypothesis tests cannot demonstrate with certainty that a circumstance always occurs.

Consider the hypothesis that ‘all ____ are black’.

Even if one has seen a million ____ crows and never seen a crow of another colour, there is no guarantee that the next crow will be black.

Even if one thinks one has seen every crow, one may be mistaken. Furthermore, one cannot see every ____ or past crow.

Thus, no ____ how many crows have been studied, even if all of them have been consistent with the hypothesis that all crows are black, there is no way to be certain, to prove, that all crows are black.

Given the many crows I have seen and heard about, I am confident the great majority of crows are black, but I do not know for a ____ that all crows are black.

This is the ____ limitation of inductive reasoning.

Our pets are very different ____ wild animals; millennia of domestication have changed them almost beyond recognition from their wild ancestors.

But not completely. At least with dogs and cats we can sit down, observe, and interact with them, and they are ____ for us to observe and interact.

Real communication with our pets is not about teaching them human words (‘sit’, ‘lie down’, ‘drop it’); real ____ is about observing the animal in them.

If you ____ about any intention to train your dog to ‘sit’, what do you see when you spend time with him?

Very much what you would see were you to spend ____ with a pack of wolves.

Behaviours like expressing annoyance (perhaps just getting up and moving to another spot in the room) or ____ a desire for social interaction (licking your hand or lying next to you).

These concepts are the true vocabulary of ____ — not words and sentences — and the more you spend time with your animals, the more of this true vocabulary you will notice.

Dias & Ressler conducted an ____ with mice where they trained male mice to be afraid of the scent of cherry blossoms.

Every time they introduced the smell of ____ blossoms, they would electrocute the mice.

____ days later, they had the mice mate with female mice.

The resultant pups were not electrocuted or ____ to the scent of cherry blossoms until adulthood.

When they eventually ____ the offspring to the scent of cherry blossoms, the pups started shaking and displaying other symptoms of anxiety.

These pups could also pick up subtle traces of cherry blossoms in the air, ____ changed the structure of their brains and certain areas lit up when monitored digitally.

This same behaviour was observed in the following generation of the ____ even though they had never been electrocuted.

This led researchers to ____ how we, as humans, carry our ancestors’ emotional reactions to traumatic situations and events.

In many cases, information about a ____ location is stored in one’s long-term memory.

Such information is more likely to involve an association of a target to a ____ landmark than an association of a target to a particular viewer position.

For example, a frequent location of one’s keys may be on the ____ of drawers near the door.

However, the ____ probably does not have a habitual location relative to the chest, so obtaining the keys involves knowing the position of the keys relative to the chest as well as one’s own position relative to that chest.

Of course, in some cases, a person does have a habitual ____ relative to a landmark in a certain spatial context and that position is directly associated with the target object.

For example, in a kitchen, the chef may have a habitual location relative to the stove, and the condiments ____ be in a specific location relative to that stove.

In this context, , and how much interest you have in the issue being discussed an inference about the relation of the condiments to the self ____ the stove will not be necessary.

Tough times and changing market conditions can severely affect the performance and survival of enterprises. Some enterprises ____ tough times as an opportunity to strengthen their businesses.

Therefore, they try to establish their advantage over their competitors by investing ____ in marketing activities, research and development, and developing new products, whereas some enterprises cut their marketing expenditures and wait for the recession to pass.

In challenging times, the most frequent response of enterprises to a ____ is retrenchment of marketing investments in order to survive until the economy recovers.

____ the marketing expenses such as advertising and communication may give short-term relief to the enterprise.

However, in the long run, enterprises may risk losing their customer base and ____ share.