2026 수특 영독연 15강 변형문제 (12-18번)

For livestock, researchers are typically measuring temperament traits in groups of animals ____ experimental or commercial farms.

Compared to a more controlled experimental laboratory environment, these environments ____ both opportunities and constraints to measuring and understanding temperament traits.

Farms are a source of large numbers of animals whose pedigree links with others on the farm and elsewhere ____ frequently known.

Within any given farm, animals may also ____ experienced a fairly standardized rearing process.

However, one farm differs from another in many respects, such as ____ quality of human interaction, the level of nutrition provided, and the social groups the animals are kept in, among others, all of which could affect temperament.

For instance, to assess aggressiveness in individual pigs when groups of pigs are mixed with others, a test must be used in which all animals are mixed with a standardized number of unfamiliar animals, within ____ controlled weight range, and into pens of the same size. Such standardization can be achieved only on some farms.

All of these factors mean that farms cannot be treated as statistical replicates, and each farm must be regarded as ____

Storing and retrieving information is so key to survival that nature has evolved thousands of techniques ____ do so.

For instance, Venus flytraps ____ count.

To make sure that their traps don’t get sprung with a single raindrop, they require three touches to a trap within a certain short period before they expend ____ energy needed to close.

Thus, they must be able to count the touches as well ____ store the time interval between them.

We actually know how this is done. When a trap is touched, some calcium is released by the plant, which slowly — over seconds — dissipates. Subsequent touches release more calcium, and if it hits a ____ threshold, the trap snaps shut.

Since the calcium is constantly dissipating, the sequential touches have to ____ within a certain time window to hit the threshold.

This capability is clearly encoded in DNA somewhere, but again, information ____ being acted upon with hardly any cognition.

Philosopher of science Hans Reichenbach and others use ____ colour of crows to illustrate why inference based upon hypothesis tests cannot demonstrate with certainty that a circumstance always occurs.

Consider ____ hypothesis that ‘all crows are black’.

Even if one has seen a million black crows and never seen a crow of another colour, there is no guarantee that the next crow will ____ black.

Even if one thinks one has seen every crow, one may be mistaken. Furthermore, one ____ see every future or past crow.

Thus, no matter how many crows have been studied, even if all of them have been consistent with the hypothesis that all crows are black, there ____ no way to be certain, to prove, that all crows are black.

Given the many crows I have seen and heard about, I am ____ the great majority of crows are black, but I do not know for a fact that all crows are black.

This ____ the inherent limitation of inductive reasoning.

Our pets are very different from ____ animals; millennia of domestication have changed them almost beyond recognition from their wild ancestors.

But not completely. At least with dogs and cats we can sit ____ observe, and interact with them, and they are happy for us to observe and interact.

Real communication with our pets is not about teaching them ____ words (‘sit’, ‘lie down’, ‘drop it’); real communication is about observing the animal in them.

If ____ forget about any intention to train your dog to ‘sit’, what do you see when you spend time with him?

Very much what you would see were you to spend time ____ a pack of wolves.

Behaviours like expressing annoyance (perhaps just getting up and moving to another spot in ____ room) or expressing a desire for social interaction (licking your hand or lying next to you).

These concepts are the true vocabulary of animals — not words and sentences — and the more you spend time with your animals, the more of ____ true vocabulary you will notice.

Dias & Ressler conducted an experiment with mice where they trained male mice ____ be afraid of the scent of cherry blossoms.

Every time they introduced the smell of cherry blossoms, they would ____ the mice.

Three days later, they ____ the mice mate with female mice.

The resultant pups were not electrocuted or ____ to the scent of cherry blossoms until adulthood.

____ they eventually introduced the offspring to the scent of cherry blossoms, the pups started shaking and displaying other symptoms of anxiety.

These pups could also pick up subtle traces of cherry blossoms in the air, which changed the structure of their brains and certain areas lit up ____ monitored digitally.

This same behaviour was observed in the following generation of the mice ____ though they had never been electrocuted.

This led researchers to understand how we, as ____ carry our ancestors’ emotional reactions to traumatic situations and events.

In many cases, ____ about a target location is stored in one’s long-term memory.

Such information is more likely to involve an association of a target to a particular landmark than an association of a target to a particular ____ position.

For example, ____ frequent location of one’s keys may be on the chest of drawers near the door.

However, the viewer probably does not have a habitual location relative to the chest, so ____ the keys involves knowing the position of the keys relative to the chest as well as one’s own position relative to that chest.

Of course, in some cases, a person does have a habitual ____ relative to a landmark in a certain spatial context and that position is directly associated with the target object.

For ____ in a kitchen, the chef may have a habitual location relative to the stove, and the condiments may be in a specific location relative to that stove.

In this context, ____ and how much interest you have in the issue being discussed an inference about the relation of the condiments to the self via the stove will not be necessary.

Tough times and changing market conditions can severely affect the performance and survival of enterprises. Some enterprises view tough times as an ____ to strengthen their businesses.

Therefore, they try to establish their advantage over their competitors by investing aggressively ____ marketing activities, research and development, and developing new products, whereas some enterprises cut their marketing expenditures and wait for the recession to pass.

In challenging times, the most frequent response of enterprises to a recession is retrenchment of marketing investments in ____ to survive until the economy recovers.

Reducing the marketing expenses such as advertising and communication may give short-term relief to ____ enterprise.

However, in the long run, enterprises may ____ losing their customer base and market share.