2026 수특 영독연 15강 변형문제 (12-18번)

For livestock, researchers ____ typically measuring temperament traits in groups of animals on experimental or commercial farms.

Compared to a more controlled experimental laboratory environment, these environments offer both opportunities and constraints ____ measuring and understanding temperament traits.

Farms are a source of large numbers of animals whose pedigree links ____ others on the farm and elsewhere are frequently known.

Within any given farm, animals may ____ have experienced a fairly standardized rearing process.

However, one farm differs from another in many respects, such as the quality of human interaction, the level of nutrition provided, and the social groups the animals are kept in, among others, all ____ which could affect temperament.

For instance, to assess aggressiveness in individual pigs when groups of pigs are mixed with others, a test must be used ____ which all animals are mixed with a standardized number of unfamiliar animals, within a controlled weight range, and into pens of the same size. Such standardization can be achieved only on some farms.

All of these ____ mean that farms cannot be treated as statistical replicates, and each farm must be regarded as unique.

____ and retrieving information is so key to survival that nature has evolved thousands of techniques to do so.

For instance, Venus ____ can count.

To make sure that their traps don’t get sprung with a single raindrop, they require three touches to a trap within a certain short period before they expend the energy needed ____ close.

Thus, they must be able to count the touches as well as store ____ time interval between them.

We actually know how this is done. When a trap is touched, some calcium is released ____ the plant, which slowly — over seconds — dissipates. Subsequent touches release more calcium, and if it hits a certain threshold, the trap snaps shut.

Since the calcium is constantly dissipating, the sequential touches have to be ____ a certain time window to hit the threshold.

This capability is clearly encoded in DNA somewhere, but again, information is being acted ____ with hardly any cognition.

Philosopher of science ____ Reichenbach and others use the colour of crows to illustrate why inference based upon hypothesis tests cannot demonstrate with certainty that a circumstance always occurs.

____ the hypothesis that ‘all crows are black’.

____ if one has seen a million black crows and never seen a crow of another colour, there is no guarantee that the next crow will be black.

Even if one thinks ____ has seen every crow, one may be mistaken. Furthermore, one cannot see every future or past crow.

Thus, no matter how many crows have been studied, even if all of them have been consistent with the hypothesis that all crows are black, there is no way ____ be certain, to prove, that all crows are black.

Given the many crows I ____ seen and heard about, I am confident the great majority of crows are black, but I do not know for a fact that all crows are black.

____ is the inherent limitation of inductive reasoning.

Our pets are very different from wild animals; millennia of domestication have changed them ____ beyond recognition from their wild ancestors.

But not completely. At least with dogs and cats we can sit down, observe, and interact with them, and they are happy ____ us to observe and interact.

Real communication with our pets is not about teaching them human words (‘sit’, ‘lie down’, ‘drop it’); ____ communication is about observing the animal in them.

If you forget about any intention to train your dog to ‘sit’, what do you see ____ you spend time with him?

Very ____ what you would see were you to spend time with a pack of wolves.

Behaviours like expressing annoyance (perhaps just getting up and moving to another spot in ____ room) or expressing a desire for social interaction (licking your hand or lying next to you).

These concepts are the true vocabulary of animals — not ____ and sentences — and the more you spend time with your animals, the more of this true vocabulary you will notice.

Dias & Ressler conducted an experiment with mice where they trained male mice to be afraid of the scent of cherry ____

Every time they introduced the smell of cherry blossoms, they would ____ the mice.

Three days later, they had the mice mate with female ____

The resultant pups were not electrocuted or introduced to the scent of ____ blossoms until adulthood.

When they eventually introduced the offspring to the scent ____ cherry blossoms, the pups started shaking and displaying other symptoms of anxiety.

These pups could ____ pick up subtle traces of cherry blossoms in the air, which changed the structure of their brains and certain areas lit up when monitored digitally.

This same behaviour ____ observed in the following generation of the mice even though they had never been electrocuted.

This led researchers to understand ____ we, as humans, carry our ancestors’ emotional reactions to traumatic situations and events.

In many cases, information about a target location is stored in one’s long-term ____

Such information is more likely to involve an association of a target to a particular landmark than an association of a target to a particular ____ position.

For example, a ____ location of one’s keys may be on the chest of drawers near the door.

However, the viewer probably ____ not have a habitual location relative to the chest, so obtaining the keys involves knowing the position of the keys relative to the chest as well as one’s own position relative to that chest.

Of course, in some cases, a person does have a habitual position relative to a landmark in a certain spatial context and that position is directly associated with the target ____

For example, in a kitchen, the chef may have a ____ location relative to the stove, and the condiments may be in a specific location relative to that stove.

In this context, , and how ____ interest you have in the issue being discussed an inference about the relation of the condiments to the self via the stove will not be necessary.

Tough ____ and changing market conditions can severely affect the performance and survival of enterprises. Some enterprises view tough times as an opportunity to strengthen their businesses.

Therefore, they try to establish their advantage ____ their competitors by investing aggressively in marketing activities, research and development, and developing new products, whereas some enterprises cut their marketing expenditures and wait for the recession to pass.

In challenging times, the most frequent response of enterprises to a recession is retrenchment of marketing ____ in order to survive until the economy recovers.

Reducing the marketing expenses such as advertising and communication may give short-term relief ____ the enterprise.

However, in the long ____ enterprises may risk losing their customer base and market share.