Week 3 제5강
Exercise 1 새롭게 알려진 돌고래의 행동 특성
The new millennium has brought discoveries about dolphin cognition, emotion, and consciousness, creating a bridge to what ____ known about dolphin behavior with an emphasis on communication.
New data on dolphin intelligence ____ us to obtain a broader picture of the inner lives of dolphins.
We see that dolphins exhibit sophisticated characteristics previously ____ only to humans and possibly to other higher primates.
We know that dolphins understand syntax, semantics, and word order, and are capable ____ mirror-self-recognition, comprehension of pointing gestures, and understanding reference to body parts.
They can ____ the same abstract object using vision or echolocation.
____ is evidence that dolphins have culture.
For instance, killer whales have vocal dialects that are distinct to each family group and are passed down through generations; ____ bottlenose dolphins use sponges as tools when foraging along the sea floor.
Exercise 2 기술 중심적 해결책에 대한 맹목적 신뢰의 문제점
Many people, including those in most governments, place their faith in new technologies as the solution to every present and indeed future ecological ____
And it is true that ____ clean, and affordable technology has an important role to play in resolving the ecocrisis; but it cannot bear the weight of cornucopian dreams.
Technology is vanishingly unlikely to be able to compensate for uncontrolled expansion ____ either population or consumption.
For example, it tends to become increasingly expensive and/or specialized, and technological 'solutions' notoriously tend to create new problems, which then seem to ____ more technological intervention, and so on.
Still more fundamentally, such 'solutions' to ecological problems ignore the urgent need actually to reduce consumption (thereby, of course, spending less) and lock us into a collective mindset ― run by technoscience, financed by capital, and protected by state power ― which is a principal cause of the ____
Then more of that cause can only be perceived, with increasingly ____ denial, as the only solution.
Exercise 3 동물 복지 법률에 대한 상충되는 견해
Many countries have had legislation to protect animals in place for ____ even for centuries.
____ legislation may regulate practices such as slaughter or experimentation, or may be more generally aimed at preventing cruelty.
But whether this kind of legislation is adequate lies at the heart of a key ____ between those who argue, in a legal context, for the promotion of animal welfare and those who argue for the promotion of animal rights.
Those who argue ____ animal welfare seek increased legal protection for animals from human-inflicted pain and other kinds of suffering (for example, insufficient food and space).
Animal rights advocates maintain that this welfare legislation ____ not go far enough.
Welfare legislation accepts, they ____ that animals may be used by humans for food and as experimental subjects; it merely tries to curb the worst excesses of these practices.
The problem, on the rights view, is more fundamental than this: animals are not the kinds of thing ____ humans should use in this way at all.
The problem, therefore, is not one about treating animals inhumanely, but ____ one about understanding them as human resources.
Exercise 4 고대 그리스의 교육
In ancient Greece, education consistently occurred in the context of the personal relations among teachers and ____
Most often, it involved a tutor who traveled to homes or other community locations ____ they worked with individuals or small groups of students.
Additionally, collecting teachers and students into learning communities was another approach to creating a social learning context, such ____ Plato's Academy and its descendent organizations.
It is important to note that a close relationship between student and teacher was ____ seen as essential: "advanced education involved a deep and absolutely personal bond between teacher and pupil, a bond in which ... emotion, if not passion, played a considerable part."
Indeed, Plato, in the Dialogues, supported the active engagement ____ students in learning.
Much of ____ was learned occurred through these interpersonal oral relationships rather than through written materials.
Exercise 5 지나친 인정 욕구의 원인
The search for ____ has its own challenges.
In the formative period of childhood the child seeks ____ approval of its caretakers as a means of securing their love.
This persists into adulthood where there is a general need for the approval of others, especially loved ones, or those who are admired or looked ____ to because they have particular qualities or skills.
But this can turn into an unhealthy, excessive need for approval if ____ individual is uncertain about his or her own independence, rights, responsibilities and effectiveness (the ability to influence things).
The constant ____ for approval is based on the fear that the other's love will be withdrawn and that you will be left helpless and unloved.
This, of course, is an extension of a childhood pattern whereby the individual feels that he or she never received enough (unconditional) approval or love ____ her or his parents.
As a result they learn to ____ unworthy and that they don't have the right to expect unconditional love and approval.
Exercise 6 동기 부여에 대한 연구
Motivation has an extensive history ____ academic research.
Some ____ the earliest work on this topic was by Clark Hull, who observed that effort invested in accomplishing a goal increases as goal attainment becomes more likely.
Although this conclusion was drawn by observing ____ running a maze to achieve a food reward ― with speed increasing as distance to the food decreased ― it is nevertheless useful in seeking to explain goal pursuit in humans.
Indeed, much of ____ modern work on motivation has built on this foundation to understand what promotes goal pursuit and achievement.
For example, mirroring Hull's rats, ____ have been shown to accelerate coffee purchases as they approach the end of a '10th free' loyalty card.
In the sports context, athletes are often observed to give ____ last push' as they complete a given event, and this is also often a feature both of others' efforts to motivate them despite their fatigue, and of their own self-talk.
This ____ of motivation can also be seen when a person puts in extra effort as they reach the end of a given exercise routine.
Given the centrality of motivation to success in most life domains, this topic has fascinated scholars in a range of ____ in the social sciences, including economics and psychology.
Exercise 7 충동적 행동의 원인
____ action starts in the mind.
We may know about the reasoned thought process in most cases but there are instances where one may not be able ____ identify the thought process.
If a person does something stupid or atrocious against his fundamental nature, he may say ____ he had lost his mind momentarily.
When pressed, he may be unable to offer any other explanation for ____ actions.
He may not be able to identify it but the actual cause might be a result of some kind of ____ emotion surfacing in impulsive behaviour.
Impulsive behaviour is a result of emotive build-up and appears as sparks in our mind ____ to instantaneous rational or irrational behaviour.
The conscious ____ may not be able to discern and identify the logic or the rationale behind many of our actions.
Though mankind is endowed with rational thinking, irrational actions ____ often.
The outcome will largely ____ upon mental maturity.
Exercise 8 사고 패턴이 일상 활동과 생존에 미치는 영향
It is human nature for our brains to form thought patterns ― neural pathways ____ so-called rivers of thinking ― to get through our daily activities.
To better understand this ____ developed by Edward de Bono, create a mental image of water running down a mountain.
It may start as a series of slow drips or scattered streams, but ____ water eventually comes together and flows in the same direction, creating deep grooves or pathways over time ― even cutting through rock and creating gullies.
These ____ are a good analogy to what happens with our thinking.
We develop deep mental pathways that influence how we interpret information, what we see in the world around us, and ____ we respond.
____ not all bad.
These rivers ____ thinking help us extract order, make quick decisions, and create expertise.
These patterns are why we can go through our morning routine without much thought or drive to work ____ directions.
They ____ us survive and are essential to how we work and live.
Exercise 9 디지털 미디어의 발전과 청소년의 지위
The emerging power shift, where smaller and edge players are gaining more ____ and voice, is particularly important to children and youth.
If we look at children and youth through the lens of digital media, we have a population that has been historically subject to a higher ____ of systematic and institutional control in the kinds of information and social communication to which they have access.
This ____ one reason why the alchemy between youth and digital media has been distinctive; it disrupts the existing set of power relations between adult authority and young people.
While many studies of children, youth, ____ media have for decades stressed the status of young people as competent and full social subjects, digital media increasingly insist that we acknowledge this viewpoint.
Not only ____ we see youth as legitimate social and political actors, but we must also recognize them as potential innovators and drivers of new media change.
Exercise 10 나무 외관에 대한 암묵적 지침
In the forest, there are unwritten guidelines for tree ____
These guidelines lay down the proper appearance for ____ members of ancient forests and acceptable forms of behavior.
This is ____ a mature, well-behaved seasonal tree looks like.
It has a ramrod-straight trunk with a regular, ____ arrangement of wood fibers.
The roots stretch ____ evenly in all directions and reach down into the earth under the tree.
In its youth, the tree had ____ branches extending sideways from its trunk.
They died back a long time ago, and the tree sealed them off with fresh bark and new wood so that what you see now is a long, smooth ____
Only when ____ get to the top do you see a symmetrical crown formed of strong branches angling upward like arms raised to heaven.
An ideally formed ____ such as this can grow very old.
Similar rules hold for conifers, except that the topmost branches ____ be horizontal or bent slightly downward.
Exercise 11 기술과 지식 생산, 인식론의 연관성
Heidegger thought of technology as a 'bringing-forth', ____ that produces something.
Interestingly enough, the Latin combination of pro and ducere in the word production also refers to something that ____ be called 'bringing forth' (pro=forward and ducere=to lead).
Technology, then, is deeply connected to the production of knowledge, and hence ____ epistemology.
This is not only ____ the more administrative pedagogical technologies used in teaching and learning bring with them tools for efficiency in educational spheres.
It is also connected to the critique of technology and its critical uses, that is, the deeper penetration ____ technological processes that help us be aware of the worlds (in the phenomenological sense) we inhabit, be it in the observation of new technologies of seeing or those of hearing.
Exercise 12 팬 편집자의 정보 탐색
Fan editors often consult "specialist sources" to track down information ____ their media interest(s).
These works are considered authoritative due to their reputation for accuracy and focused coverage, and after sufficient "enculturation," fan editors ____ often learn to seek out these sources whenever an information need arises.
____ fan editors usually seek information individually, they will sometimes collaborate with others who share their taste in media.
This collaboration tends to emerge spontaneously, often in response to a lack of accessible information, ____ it usually occurs within established groups of editors.
And ____ of whether information seeking is done individually or collaboratively, fan editors commonly face several key informational barriers.
Paywalled sources, for instance, often block off content, and link rot can hinder an editor's ability to ____ information.
Language barriers can also hinder editors, leading ____ to use machine translation tools or to seek help from multilingual colleagues.
Finally, the issue of "recentism" often makes it difficult for fan editors to ____ pre-digital sources.
2027 수능특강 영어독해연습 5강 한줄 해석 (1-6번)