Week 3 제5강
Exercise 1 새롭게 알려진 돌고래의 행동 특성
The new millennium has brought discoveries about dolphin cognition, emotion, and consciousness, ____ a bridge to what is known about dolphin behavior with an emphasis on communication.
New data on dolphin intelligence ____ us to obtain a broader picture of the inner lives of dolphins.
We see that ____ exhibit sophisticated characteristics previously attributed only to humans and possibly to other higher primates.
We know that dolphins understand syntax, semantics, and word order, and are capable of mirror-self-recognition, comprehension of pointing ____, and understanding reference to body parts.
They ____ identify the same abstract object using vision or echolocation.
There is evidence that ____ have culture.
For instance, killer whales have vocal dialects that are distinct to each family group and are passed down through generations; some bottlenose dolphins use sponges as tools when foraging along the sea ____.
Exercise 2 기술 중심적 해결책에 대한 맹목적 신뢰의 문제점
Many people, including ____ in most governments, place their faith in new technologies as the solution to every present and indeed future ecological problem.
And it is true that appropriate, clean, and affordable technology ____ an important role to play in resolving the ecocrisis; but it cannot bear the weight of cornucopian dreams.
Technology is vanishingly unlikely to be able to compensate for ____ expansion of either population or consumption.
For example, it tends to become increasingly expensive and/or specialized, and technological 'solutions' notoriously tend to create new problems, which then ____ to require more technological intervention, and so on.
Still more fundamentally, such 'solutions' to ecological problems ignore the urgent need actually to reduce consumption (thereby, of course, spending less) and lock us into a collective mindset ― run by technoscience, ____ by capital, and protected by state power ― which is a principal cause of the problems.
Then more of that cause can only be ____, with increasingly desperate denial, as the only solution.
Exercise 3 동물 복지 법률에 대한 상충되는 견해
Many countries have had ____ to protect animals in place for decades, even for centuries.
This legislation may regulate practices such as slaughter or ____, or may be more generally aimed at preventing cruelty.
But whether this kind of legislation is adequate lies at the heart of a key debate between those who argue, in a legal context, for the promotion of animal welfare and those who argue for the promotion of animal ____.
Those who argue for animal welfare seek increased legal protection for animals from human-inflicted pain and other kinds of suffering (for example, insufficient food and ____).
Animal ____ advocates maintain that this welfare legislation does not go far enough.
Welfare ____ accepts, they argue, that animals may be used by humans for food and as experimental subjects; it merely tries to curb the worst excesses of these practices.
The problem, on the rights view, is more fundamental than this: ____ are not the kinds of thing that humans should use in this way at all.
The problem, therefore, is not one about treating animals inhumanely, but ____ one about understanding them as human resources.
Exercise 4 고대 그리스의 교육
In ____ Greece, education consistently occurred in the context of the personal relations among teachers and students.
Most often, it involved a tutor who traveled to homes or ____ community locations where they worked with individuals or small groups of students.
Additionally, collecting teachers and students into learning communities was another approach to creating a social learning ____, such as Plato's Academy and its descendent organizations.
It is important to note that a close relationship between student and teacher was consistently seen as essential: "advanced education involved a deep and absolutely personal bond ____ teacher and pupil, a bond in which ... emotion, if not passion, played a considerable part."
Indeed, ____, in the Dialogues, supported the active engagement of students in learning.
Much of ____ was learned occurred through these interpersonal oral relationships rather than through written materials.
Exercise 5 지나친 인정 욕구의 원인
The search for approval has its own ____.
In the formative period of childhood the child seeks the ____ of its caretakers as a means of securing their love.
This persists into adulthood where there is a general need for the approval of others, ____ loved ones, or those who are admired or looked up to because they have particular qualities or skills.
But this can turn into an unhealthy, excessive need for approval if the individual is ____ about his or her own independence, rights, responsibilities and effectiveness (the ability to influence things).
The constant searching for approval is ____ on the fear that the other's love will be withdrawn and that you will be left helpless and unloved.
This, of course, is an extension of a childhood pattern whereby the individual feels that he or she never received enough (unconditional) approval or love from her or his ____.
As a result they learn to feel unworthy and that they don't have the right to expect ____ love and approval.
Exercise 6 동기 부여에 대한 연구
Motivation ____ an extensive history in academic research.
Some of the earliest work on this topic was by Clark Hull, who observed that effort invested in accomplishing a goal increases as goal ____ becomes more likely.
Although this conclusion was drawn by observing rats running a maze to achieve a food reward ― with speed increasing as distance to the food ____ ― it is nevertheless useful in seeking to explain goal pursuit in humans.
Indeed, much of the modern work on motivation has built on this foundation to ____ what promotes goal pursuit and achievement.
For example, mirroring Hull's rats, consumers have been shown to accelerate coffee purchases as they approach the end of a '10th free' loyalty ____.
In the sports context, athletes are often observed to give 'one last push' as they ____ a given event, and this is also often a feature both of others' efforts to motivate them despite their fatigue, and of their own self-talk.
This method of motivation can also be seen when a person puts in extra effort as they ____ the end of a given exercise routine.
Given the centrality of motivation to success in most ____ domains, this topic has fascinated scholars in a range of disciplines in the social sciences, including economics and psychology.
Exercise 7 충동적 행동의 원인
Every ____ starts in the mind.
We may know about the reasoned thought process in ____ cases but there are instances where one may not be able to identify the thought process.
If a person does something stupid or atrocious against his fundamental ____, he may say that he had lost his mind momentarily.
When pressed, he may be ____ to offer any other explanation for his actions.
He may not be able to identify it but the ____ cause might be a result of some kind of repressed emotion surfacing in impulsive behaviour.
Impulsive behaviour is a result of emotive build-up and appears as sparks in our ____ leading to instantaneous rational or irrational behaviour.
The conscious mind may not be ____ to discern and identify the logic or the rationale behind many of our actions.
____ mankind is endowed with rational thinking, irrational actions happen often.
The outcome will ____ depend upon mental maturity.
Exercise 8 사고 패턴이 일상 활동과 생존에 미치는 영향
It is human nature for our brains to form thought patterns ― neural pathways or so-called rivers of thinking ― to get ____ our daily activities.
To better understand this concept, developed by Edward de Bono, create a mental ____ of water running down a mountain.
It may start as a series of slow drips or scattered streams, but the water eventually comes together and flows in the same direction, creating deep grooves or pathways over time ― even cutting ____ rock and creating gullies.
These pathways are a ____ analogy to what happens with our thinking.
We develop deep mental pathways that influence how we interpret information, ____ we see in the world around us, and how we respond.
____ not all bad.
These rivers of thinking ____ us extract order, make quick decisions, and create expertise.
____ patterns are why we can go through our morning routine without much thought or drive to work without directions.
They help us survive and are essential to how we work and ____.
Exercise 9 디지털 미디어의 발전과 청소년의 지위
The emerging power shift, where smaller and edge players are gaining more visibility and ____, is particularly important to children and youth.
If we look at children and youth through the lens of digital media, we have a population that has ____ historically subject to a higher degree of systematic and institutional control in the kinds of information and social communication to which they have access.
This is one reason why the alchemy between youth and digital media has been distinctive; it disrupts the existing set of power ____ between adult authority and young people.
While many studies of children, youth, and media have for decades stressed the status of young people as ____ and full social subjects, digital media increasingly insist that we acknowledge this viewpoint.
Not only must we see youth as legitimate ____ and political actors, but we must also recognize them as potential innovators and drivers of new media change.
Exercise 10 나무 외관에 대한 암묵적 지침
In the forest, there are unwritten guidelines for tree ____.
These ____ lay down the proper appearance for upright members of ancient forests and acceptable forms of behavior.
This is ____ a mature, well-behaved seasonal tree looks like.
It has a ramrod-straight ____ with a regular, orderly arrangement of wood fibers.
The roots stretch out evenly in all directions and reach ____ into the earth under the tree.
In its youth, the tree ____ narrow branches extending sideways from its trunk.
They died back a long time ago, and the tree sealed them off with fresh ____ and new wood so that what you see now is a long, smooth column.
Only when you get to the top do you see a symmetrical crown formed of strong branches angling upward like arms raised to ____.
An ideally ____ tree such as this can grow very old.
____ rules hold for conifers, except that the topmost branches should be horizontal or bent slightly downward.
Exercise 11 기술과 지식 생산, 인식론의 연관성
____ thought of technology as a 'bringing-forth', something that produces something.
Interestingly enough, the Latin combination of pro and ducere in the word production also refers to ____ that can be called 'bringing forth' (pro=forward and ducere=to lead).
Technology, then, is deeply ____ to the production of knowledge, and hence to epistemology.
This is not ____ because the more administrative pedagogical technologies used in teaching and learning bring with them tools for efficiency in educational spheres.
It is also connected to the critique of technology and its critical uses, that is, the deeper penetration of technological processes that help us be aware of the ____ (in the phenomenological sense) we inhabit, be it in the observation of new technologies of seeing or those of hearing.
Exercise 12 팬 편집자의 정보 탐색
Fan editors often consult "specialist sources" to track ____ information about their media interest(s).
These works are considered authoritative due to their reputation for accuracy and focused coverage, and after sufficient "enculturation," fan editors will ____ learn to seek out these sources whenever an information need arises.
____ fan editors usually seek information individually, they will sometimes collaborate with others who share their taste in media.
This collaboration tends to emerge spontaneously, often in response to a lack of accessible ____, and it usually occurs within established groups of editors.
And regardless of whether information seeking is done individually or collaboratively, fan editors commonly face several key ____ barriers.
Paywalled sources, for ____, often block off content, and link rot can hinder an editor's ability to locate information.
Language barriers can also ____ editors, leading some to use machine translation tools or to seek help from multilingual colleagues.
Finally, the issue of "recentism" ____ makes it difficult for fan editors to find pre-digital sources.
2027 수능특강 영어독해연습 5강 한줄 해석 (1-6번)