Week 3 제5강
Exercise 1 새롭게 알려진 돌고래의 행동 특성
The new millennium has brought discoveries about dolphin cognition, emotion, and consciousness, creating ____ bridge to what is known about dolphin behavior with an emphasis on communication.
New data on dolphin intelligence allow us to obtain a broader ____ of the inner lives of dolphins.
We see that dolphins exhibit sophisticated characteristics previously attributed ____ to humans and possibly to other higher primates.
We know that dolphins understand syntax, semantics, and word ____ and are capable of mirror-self-recognition, comprehension of pointing gestures, and understanding reference to body parts.
They can identify the ____ abstract object using vision or echolocation.
There is ____ that dolphins have culture.
For instance, killer whales have vocal dialects that are distinct to each family group and are passed down through generations; some bottlenose dolphins use ____ as tools when foraging along the sea floor.
Exercise 2 기술 중심적 해결책에 대한 맹목적 신뢰의 문제점
Many people, including those in most governments, place their faith in new technologies as the solution to every present and indeed future ____ problem.
And it ____ true that appropriate, clean, and affordable technology has an important role to play in resolving the ecocrisis; but it cannot bear the weight of cornucopian dreams.
Technology is vanishingly unlikely to be able ____ compensate for uncontrolled expansion of either population or consumption.
For example, it tends to become increasingly expensive ____ specialized, and technological 'solutions' notoriously tend to create new problems, which then seem to require more technological intervention, and so on.
Still more fundamentally, such 'solutions' to ecological problems ____ the urgent need actually to reduce consumption (thereby, of course, spending less) and lock us into a collective mindset ― run by technoscience, financed by capital, and protected by state power ― which is a principal cause of the problems.
Then more of that ____ can only be perceived, with increasingly desperate denial, as the only solution.
Exercise 3 동물 복지 법률에 대한 상충되는 견해
Many countries have had legislation to protect animals in place for decades, ____ for centuries.
This legislation may regulate practices such as slaughter or experimentation, or may be more generally aimed at ____ cruelty.
But whether this kind of legislation is adequate lies at the heart ____ a key debate between those who argue, in a legal context, for the promotion of animal welfare and those who argue for the promotion of animal rights.
Those who argue for animal welfare seek increased legal protection for animals from human-inflicted pain and other kinds of suffering (for example, insufficient food and ____
Animal rights advocates maintain that this welfare legislation does not go ____ enough.
Welfare legislation accepts, they argue, that animals may be used by humans for food and as experimental subjects; it ____ tries to curb the worst excesses of these practices.
The problem, on the rights view, is more fundamental than this: animals are not the kinds of ____ that humans should use in this way at all.
The problem, therefore, is not one about treating animals inhumanely, but ____ one about understanding them as human resources.
Exercise 4 고대 그리스의 교육
In ancient Greece, education consistently occurred in the context of the personal relations among teachers ____ students.
Most ____ it involved a tutor who traveled to homes or other community locations where they worked with individuals or small groups of students.
Additionally, collecting teachers and students into learning communities was another approach to creating a social learning context, such as Plato's ____ and its descendent organizations.
It is important to note that a close relationship between student and teacher was consistently seen as essential: "advanced education involved a deep and absolutely personal bond between teacher and pupil, a bond ____ which ... emotion, if not passion, played a considerable part."
Indeed, Plato, in the Dialogues, supported the active engagement of students ____ learning.
Much of what was learned occurred through these interpersonal oral relationships rather than through ____ materials.
Exercise 5 지나친 인정 욕구의 원인
The search for approval has ____ own challenges.
In the formative period of childhood the child seeks the ____ of its caretakers as a means of securing their love.
This persists into adulthood where there is a general need for the ____ of others, especially loved ones, or those who are admired or looked up to because they have particular qualities or skills.
But this can turn into an unhealthy, excessive need for approval if the individual is uncertain about his or her own independence, rights, responsibilities and effectiveness (the ability ____ influence things).
The constant searching for approval is based ____ the fear that the other's love will be withdrawn and that you will be left helpless and unloved.
This, of course, is an extension of a childhood pattern whereby the individual feels that he or she never received enough (unconditional) approval or ____ from her or his parents.
As a ____ they learn to feel unworthy and that they don't have the right to expect unconditional love and approval.
Exercise 6 동기 부여에 대한 연구
Motivation has an extensive history in academic ____
Some of the earliest work on this topic was ____ Clark Hull, who observed that effort invested in accomplishing a goal increases as goal attainment becomes more likely.
Although this conclusion was drawn by observing rats running a maze to achieve a food reward ― ____ speed increasing as distance to the food decreased ― it is nevertheless useful in seeking to explain goal pursuit in humans.
Indeed, much of the ____ work on motivation has built on this foundation to understand what promotes goal pursuit and achievement.
For example, mirroring Hull's rats, consumers have been shown to accelerate coffee purchases as they approach ____ end of a '10th free' loyalty card.
In the sports context, athletes are often observed to give 'one last push' as they complete a given event, and this is also often a ____ both of others' efforts to motivate them despite their fatigue, and of their own self-talk.
This method of motivation can also be seen when a person puts in ____ effort as they reach the end of a given exercise routine.
Given the centrality of motivation to success in most ____ domains, this topic has fascinated scholars in a range of disciplines in the social sciences, including economics and psychology.
Exercise 7 충동적 행동의 원인
Every action ____ in the mind.
We may know about the reasoned thought process in most cases ____ there are instances where one may not be able to identify the thought process.
If a person does something ____ or atrocious against his fundamental nature, he may say that he had lost his mind momentarily.
When ____ he may be unable to offer any other explanation for his actions.
He may not be able to identify ____ but the actual cause might be a result of some kind of repressed emotion surfacing in impulsive behaviour.
____ behaviour is a result of emotive build-up and appears as sparks in our mind leading to instantaneous rational or irrational behaviour.
The conscious mind may not ____ able to discern and identify the logic or the rationale behind many of our actions.
Though mankind is endowed with rational thinking, ____ actions happen often.
____ outcome will largely depend upon mental maturity.
Exercise 8 사고 패턴이 일상 활동과 생존에 미치는 영향
It is human nature for our brains to form ____ patterns ― neural pathways or so-called rivers of thinking ― to get through our daily activities.
To better understand this concept, developed by Edward ____ Bono, create a mental image of water running down a mountain.
It may start as a series of slow drips or scattered streams, but the water eventually comes together and flows in the same direction, creating deep grooves ____ pathways over time ― even cutting through rock and creating gullies.
These pathways ____ a good analogy to what happens with our thinking.
We develop ____ mental pathways that influence how we interpret information, what we see in the world around us, and how we respond.
It's ____ all bad.
These rivers of thinking help ____ extract order, make quick decisions, and create expertise.
These patterns ____ why we can go through our morning routine without much thought or drive to work without directions.
They help us survive and ____ essential to how we work and live.
Exercise 9 디지털 미디어의 발전과 청소년의 지위
The emerging power ____ where smaller and edge players are gaining more visibility and voice, is particularly important to children and youth.
If we look at children and youth through the lens of digital media, we have a population ____ has been historically subject to a higher degree of systematic and institutional control in the kinds of information and social communication to which they have access.
This is one reason why the alchemy between youth and digital ____ has been distinctive; it disrupts the existing set of power relations between adult authority and young people.
While many ____ of children, youth, and media have for decades stressed the status of young people as competent and full social subjects, digital media increasingly insist that we acknowledge this viewpoint.
____ only must we see youth as legitimate social and political actors, but we must also recognize them as potential innovators and drivers of new media change.
Exercise 10 나무 외관에 대한 암묵적 지침
In the forest, there ____ unwritten guidelines for tree etiquette.
These guidelines lay down the proper appearance for upright members of ____ forests and acceptable forms of behavior.
This is what ____ mature, well-behaved seasonal tree looks like.
It has a ____ trunk with a regular, orderly arrangement of wood fibers.
The roots stretch out evenly in all directions ____ reach down into the earth under the tree.
____ its youth, the tree had narrow branches extending sideways from its trunk.
They ____ back a long time ago, and the tree sealed them off with fresh bark and new wood so that what you see now is a long, smooth column.
Only when you ____ to the top do you see a symmetrical crown formed of strong branches angling upward like arms raised to heaven.
An ideally formed tree such as this ____ grow very old.
Similar ____ hold for conifers, except that the topmost branches should be horizontal or bent slightly downward.
Exercise 11 기술과 지식 생산, 인식론의 연관성
____ thought of technology as a 'bringing-forth', something that produces something.
Interestingly enough, the Latin combination of pro and ducere in the word production also refers to something that can be called 'bringing ____ (pro=forward and ducere=to lead).
Technology, then, is deeply connected ____ the production of knowledge, and hence to epistemology.
This is not only because the more administrative pedagogical ____ used in teaching and learning bring with them tools for efficiency in educational spheres.
It is also connected to the critique of technology and its critical uses, that is, the deeper penetration of technological processes that help us be aware of the worlds (in the phenomenological sense) we inhabit, be ____ in the observation of new technologies of seeing or those of hearing.
Exercise 12 팬 편집자의 정보 탐색
Fan editors often consult "specialist sources" ____ track down information about their media interest(s).
These works are considered authoritative due to their reputation for accuracy and focused coverage, and ____ sufficient "enculturation," fan editors will often learn to seek out these sources whenever an information need arises.
While fan editors usually seek information individually, ____ will sometimes collaborate with others who share their taste in media.
This collaboration tends to emerge spontaneously, often in response to a lack of accessible information, ____ it usually occurs within established groups of editors.
And regardless of whether information seeking is done individually or collaboratively, fan editors commonly face several ____ informational barriers.
Paywalled sources, for instance, often block off content, and ____ rot can hinder an editor's ability to locate information.
Language barriers can also hinder editors, ____ some to use machine translation tools or to seek help from multilingual colleagues.
Finally, the issue of "recentism" often makes it difficult for fan editors ____ find pre-digital sources.
2027 수능특강 영어독해연습 5강 한줄 해석 (1-6번)