Week 3 제5강
Exercise 1 새롭게 알려진 돌고래의 행동 특성
The new millennium has brought discoveries ____ dolphin cognition, emotion, and consciousness, creating a bridge to what is known about dolphin behavior with an emphasis on communication.
New data on dolphin intelligence allow us to obtain ____ broader picture of the inner lives of dolphins.
We see that dolphins exhibit sophisticated characteristics previously ____ only to humans and possibly to other higher primates.
We know that dolphins understand syntax, semantics, and word order, and are capable of mirror-self-recognition, comprehension of pointing gestures, ____ understanding reference to body parts.
They can identify the ____ abstract object using vision or echolocation.
There is evidence ____ dolphins have culture.
For instance, killer whales have vocal dialects that are distinct to each family group and are passed down through generations; some bottlenose dolphins use sponges as ____ when foraging along the sea floor.
Exercise 2 기술 중심적 해결책에 대한 맹목적 신뢰의 문제점
Many people, including those in most governments, place their faith in new ____ as the solution to every present and indeed future ecological problem.
And it is true that appropriate, clean, and affordable technology has an ____ role to play in resolving the ecocrisis; but it cannot bear the weight of cornucopian dreams.
____ is vanishingly unlikely to be able to compensate for uncontrolled expansion of either population or consumption.
For example, it tends to become ____ expensive and/or specialized, and technological 'solutions' notoriously tend to create new problems, which then seem to require more technological intervention, and so on.
Still more fundamentally, such 'solutions' to ecological problems ignore the urgent need actually to reduce consumption (thereby, of course, spending less) and lock us into a collective mindset ― run by technoscience, financed by capital, and protected by state power ― which ____ a principal cause of the problems.
Then more of that cause can only be perceived, with increasingly ____ denial, as the only solution.
Exercise 3 동물 복지 법률에 대한 상충되는 견해
Many countries have had legislation to ____ animals in place for decades, even for centuries.
This legislation may regulate practices such as slaughter or experimentation, or may be more ____ aimed at preventing cruelty.
But whether this kind of legislation is adequate lies at the heart of a key debate between those who argue, in a legal context, for the promotion of ____ welfare and those who argue for the promotion of animal rights.
Those who argue for animal welfare seek increased legal protection for animals from human-inflicted pain and other kinds of suffering ____ example, insufficient food and space).
Animal rights advocates maintain ____ this welfare legislation does not go far enough.
Welfare legislation accepts, they argue, that animals may be used by humans for food and as experimental ____ it merely tries to curb the worst excesses of these practices.
The problem, on the rights view, is more fundamental than this: ____ are not the kinds of thing that humans should use in this way at all.
The problem, therefore, is not ____ about treating animals inhumanely, but instead one about understanding them as human resources.
Exercise 4 고대 그리스의 교육
In ancient Greece, education consistently occurred in the context of the personal relations among ____ and students.
Most often, it involved a ____ who traveled to homes or other community locations where they worked with individuals or small groups of students.
Additionally, collecting teachers and students into learning communities was another approach to creating a social learning context, such as Plato's Academy and ____ descendent organizations.
It is important to note that a close relationship between student and teacher was consistently seen ____ essential: "advanced education involved a deep and absolutely personal bond between teacher and pupil, a bond in which ... emotion, if not passion, played a considerable part."
Indeed, Plato, ____ the Dialogues, supported the active engagement of students in learning.
Much ____ what was learned occurred through these interpersonal oral relationships rather than through written materials.
Exercise 5 지나친 인정 욕구의 원인
The search for approval has its own ____
In the formative period of childhood the child seeks the approval of its ____ as a means of securing their love.
This persists into adulthood where there is a general need for the approval ____ others, especially loved ones, or those who are admired or looked up to because they have particular qualities or skills.
But this ____ turn into an unhealthy, excessive need for approval if the individual is uncertain about his or her own independence, rights, responsibilities and effectiveness (the ability to influence things).
The constant searching for approval is based on the fear that ____ other's love will be withdrawn and that you will be left helpless and unloved.
____ of course, is an extension of a childhood pattern whereby the individual feels that he or she never received enough (unconditional) approval or love from her or his parents.
As a result they learn to feel unworthy and that they don't have the right to expect unconditional love ____ approval.
Exercise 6 동기 부여에 대한 연구
Motivation has ____ extensive history in academic research.
Some of the earliest work on this ____ was by Clark Hull, who observed that effort invested in accomplishing a goal increases as goal attainment becomes more likely.
Although this conclusion was drawn by observing rats running a maze to achieve a food ____ ― with speed increasing as distance to the food decreased ― it is nevertheless useful in seeking to explain goal pursuit in humans.
Indeed, much of the modern work on motivation has ____ on this foundation to understand what promotes goal pursuit and achievement.
For example, mirroring Hull's rats, consumers have been shown to accelerate coffee purchases as they approach the ____ of a '10th free' loyalty card.
In the sports context, athletes are often observed to give 'one last push' as ____ complete a given event, and this is also often a feature both of others' efforts to motivate them despite their fatigue, and of their own self-talk.
This method of motivation can also be seen when a person puts in extra effort as they reach the end of a ____ exercise routine.
Given the centrality of motivation to success in most life domains, this topic ____ fascinated scholars in a range of disciplines in the social sciences, including economics and psychology.
Exercise 7 충동적 행동의 원인
Every ____ starts in the mind.
We may know about the reasoned thought process in most cases ____ there are instances where one may not be able to identify the thought process.
If a person ____ something stupid or atrocious against his fundamental nature, he may say that he had lost his mind momentarily.
When pressed, he may be unable to ____ any other explanation for his actions.
He may not be able to identify it but the ____ cause might be a result of some kind of repressed emotion surfacing in impulsive behaviour.
Impulsive behaviour is a result of emotive build-up and appears as sparks in our mind leading to instantaneous rational or ____ behaviour.
____ conscious mind may not be able to discern and identify the logic or the rationale behind many of our actions.
Though ____ is endowed with rational thinking, irrational actions happen often.
The outcome will largely depend ____ mental maturity.
Exercise 8 사고 패턴이 일상 활동과 생존에 미치는 영향
It is human nature for our brains to form thought patterns ― neural pathways or so-called rivers of thinking ― to get ____ our daily activities.
To better understand this concept, developed by Edward de Bono, ____ a mental image of water running down a mountain.
It may start as a series ____ slow drips or scattered streams, but the water eventually comes together and flows in the same direction, creating deep grooves or pathways over time ― even cutting through rock and creating gullies.
These pathways are a ____ analogy to what happens with our thinking.
We develop deep mental pathways that influence how we interpret information, what we see ____ the world around us, and how we respond.
It's ____ all bad.
These rivers of thinking help us extract order, ____ quick decisions, and create expertise.
These patterns are why we can go through our morning routine without much thought or drive to work without ____
They help us survive and are ____ to how we work and live.
Exercise 9 디지털 미디어의 발전과 청소년의 지위
The emerging power shift, where smaller and edge players are gaining more visibility and ____ is particularly important to children and youth.
If we look at children and youth through the lens of digital media, we have a population that has been historically ____ to a higher degree of systematic and institutional control in the kinds of information and social communication to which they have access.
This is one reason why the alchemy between youth and digital media has been distinctive; it disrupts the existing set of power relations between ____ authority and young people.
While many studies of children, youth, and media have for decades stressed the status of ____ people as competent and full social subjects, digital media increasingly insist that we acknowledge this viewpoint.
Not only must we see youth as legitimate social and political actors, but we must also recognize them as potential innovators and drivers ____ new media change.
Exercise 10 나무 외관에 대한 암묵적 지침
In ____ forest, there are unwritten guidelines for tree etiquette.
These guidelines lay down the ____ appearance for upright members of ancient forests and acceptable forms of behavior.
This ____ what a mature, well-behaved seasonal tree looks like.
It has a ramrod-straight trunk with a regular, orderly ____ of wood fibers.
The roots stretch out evenly in all ____ and reach down into the earth under the tree.
In its youth, the tree had narrow branches extending sideways from its ____
They died back a long time ago, and the ____ sealed them off with fresh bark and new wood so that what you see now is a long, smooth column.
Only when you get to the ____ do you see a symmetrical crown formed of strong branches angling upward like arms raised to heaven.
An ideally formed tree ____ as this can grow very old.
Similar rules hold for conifers, except that the topmost branches ____ be horizontal or bent slightly downward.
Exercise 11 기술과 지식 생산, 인식론의 연관성
Heidegger thought of technology ____ a 'bringing-forth', something that produces something.
Interestingly enough, the ____ combination of pro and ducere in the word production also refers to something that can be called 'bringing forth' (pro=forward and ducere=to lead).
Technology, then, is deeply connected to the production of knowledge, and ____ to epistemology.
This is not only because ____ more administrative pedagogical technologies used in teaching and learning bring with them tools for efficiency in educational spheres.
It is also connected to the critique of technology and its critical uses, that is, the deeper penetration of technological processes that help us be aware of the worlds (in the phenomenological sense) we ____ be it in the observation of new technologies of seeing or those of hearing.
Exercise 12 팬 편집자의 정보 탐색
Fan editors often consult "specialist sources" to track down information about their ____ interest(s).
These works are considered authoritative due to their reputation for accuracy and focused ____ and after sufficient "enculturation," fan editors will often learn to seek out these sources whenever an information need arises.
While fan editors usually seek information individually, they will sometimes collaborate with others who share ____ taste in media.
____ collaboration tends to emerge spontaneously, often in response to a lack of accessible information, and it usually occurs within established groups of editors.
And regardless of whether information ____ is done individually or collaboratively, fan editors commonly face several key informational barriers.
Paywalled sources, for instance, often block off content, and link rot can hinder an editor's ability to locate ____
Language barriers can also hinder ____ leading some to use machine translation tools or to seek help from multilingual colleagues.
Finally, the issue of "recentism" ____ makes it difficult for fan editors to find pre-digital sources.
2027 수능특강 영어독해연습 5강 한줄 해석 (1-6번)