Week 3 제5강
Exercise 1 새롭게 알려진 돌고래의 행동 특성
The new millennium has brought discoveries about dolphin cognition, emotion, and consciousness, creating a bridge to what is known about ____ behavior with an emphasis on communication.
New data on dolphin intelligence allow us to obtain a broader picture of the inner ____ of dolphins.
We see that dolphins exhibit sophisticated characteristics previously attributed only to humans and possibly to other ____ primates.
We ____ that dolphins understand syntax, semantics, and word order, and are capable of mirror-self-recognition, comprehension of pointing gestures, and understanding reference to body parts.
They can identify the same ____ object using vision or echolocation.
____ is evidence that dolphins have culture.
For instance, killer whales have vocal dialects that are ____ to each family group and are passed down through generations; some bottlenose dolphins use sponges as tools when foraging along the sea floor.
Exercise 2 기술 중심적 해결책에 대한 맹목적 신뢰의 문제점
Many ____, including those in most governments, place their faith in new technologies as the solution to every present and indeed future ecological problem.
And it is true that appropriate, clean, and affordable technology has an important role to play in resolving the ecocrisis; but it ____ bear the weight of cornucopian dreams.
Technology is vanishingly unlikely to be able to compensate for ____ expansion of either population or consumption.
For example, it tends to become ____ expensive and/or specialized, and technological 'solutions' notoriously tend to create new problems, which then seem to require more technological intervention, and so on.
Still more fundamentally, such 'solutions' to ecological problems ignore the urgent need actually to reduce consumption (thereby, of course, spending less) and lock us into a collective mindset ― run by technoscience, ____ by capital, and protected by state power ― which is a principal cause of the problems.
Then more of that ____ can only be perceived, with increasingly desperate denial, as the only solution.
Exercise 3 동물 복지 법률에 대한 상충되는 견해
____ countries have had legislation to protect animals in place for decades, even for centuries.
This ____ may regulate practices such as slaughter or experimentation, or may be more generally aimed at preventing cruelty.
But whether this kind of legislation is adequate lies at the heart of a key debate between ____ who argue, in a legal context, for the promotion of animal welfare and those who argue for the promotion of animal rights.
Those who argue for animal welfare seek increased legal protection for animals from human-inflicted pain and ____ kinds of suffering (for example, insufficient food and space).
Animal rights advocates ____ that this welfare legislation does not go far enough.
Welfare ____ accepts, they argue, that animals may be used by humans for food and as experimental subjects; it merely tries to curb the worst excesses of these practices.
The problem, on the rights view, is more fundamental than this: animals are not the kinds of thing that humans should ____ in this way at all.
The problem, therefore, is not one about treating animals ____, but instead one about understanding them as human resources.
Exercise 4 고대 그리스의 교육
In ____ Greece, education consistently occurred in the context of the personal relations among teachers and students.
Most often, it involved a tutor who traveled to homes or other community ____ where they worked with individuals or small groups of students.
Additionally, collecting ____ and students into learning communities was another approach to creating a social learning context, such as Plato's Academy and its descendent organizations.
It is important to note that a close relationship between student and teacher was consistently seen as essential: "advanced education involved a deep and absolutely personal bond between teacher and pupil, a bond in which ... emotion, if not ____, played a considerable part."
Indeed, Plato, in the Dialogues, supported the active engagement of students in ____.
Much of what was learned occurred through these interpersonal oral relationships ____ than through written materials.
Exercise 5 지나친 인정 욕구의 원인
The search for approval has its own ____.
In the formative period of childhood the child seeks the approval of ____ caretakers as a means of securing their love.
This ____ into adulthood where there is a general need for the approval of others, especially loved ones, or those who are admired or looked up to because they have particular qualities or skills.
But this ____ turn into an unhealthy, excessive need for approval if the individual is uncertain about his or her own independence, rights, responsibilities and effectiveness (the ability to influence things).
The constant searching for approval is based on the fear that the other's love will be withdrawn and that you will be ____ helpless and unloved.
This, of course, is an extension of a childhood pattern whereby the individual feels that he or she never ____ enough (unconditional) approval or love from her or his parents.
As a result they learn to feel unworthy and that they don't have the right to ____ unconditional love and approval.
Exercise 6 동기 부여에 대한 연구
Motivation has an extensive history in ____ research.
Some of the earliest work on this topic was by Clark Hull, who observed that effort invested in accomplishing a goal increases as ____ attainment becomes more likely.
Although this ____ was drawn by observing rats running a maze to achieve a food reward ― with speed increasing as distance to the food decreased ― it is nevertheless useful in seeking to explain goal pursuit in humans.
Indeed, much of the modern work on motivation has built on this foundation to ____ what promotes goal pursuit and achievement.
For example, ____ Hull's rats, consumers have been shown to accelerate coffee purchases as they approach the end of a '10th free' loyalty card.
In the sports context, athletes are often observed to give 'one last push' as they complete a given event, and this is also often a feature both of others' efforts to ____ them despite their fatigue, and of their own self-talk.
This method of motivation can also be seen when a person puts in extra effort as they reach the ____ of a given exercise routine.
Given the centrality of motivation to success in most life domains, this topic has fascinated scholars in a range of disciplines in the social sciences, ____ economics and psychology.
Exercise 7 충동적 행동의 원인
Every action ____ in the mind.
We may know about the reasoned thought process in most cases but there are instances where ____ may not be able to identify the thought process.
If a ____ does something stupid or atrocious against his fundamental nature, he may say that he had lost his mind momentarily.
When pressed, he may be unable to offer any ____ explanation for his actions.
He may not be able to identify it but the actual cause might be a result of some kind of repressed ____ surfacing in impulsive behaviour.
Impulsive ____ is a result of emotive build-up and appears as sparks in our mind leading to instantaneous rational or irrational behaviour.
The conscious mind may not be ____ to discern and identify the logic or the rationale behind many of our actions.
Though mankind is endowed with rational thinking, irrational ____ happen often.
The outcome will largely depend upon ____ maturity.
Exercise 8 사고 패턴이 일상 활동과 생존에 미치는 영향
It is human nature for our brains to form thought patterns ― neural pathways or so-called rivers of thinking ― to ____ through our daily activities.
To better understand this concept, developed by Edward de Bono, create a mental image of ____ running down a mountain.
It may start as a series of slow drips or scattered streams, but the water eventually comes together and flows in the same direction, creating deep grooves or pathways over time ― even cutting through rock and ____ gullies.
These pathways are a good analogy to ____ happens with our thinking.
We develop deep mental ____ that influence how we interpret information, what we see in the world around us, and how we respond.
It's not all ____.
These rivers of thinking help us extract order, make quick ____, and create expertise.
These patterns are why we can go through our morning routine without much thought or drive to work ____ directions.
They ____ us survive and are essential to how we work and live.
Exercise 9 디지털 미디어의 발전과 청소년의 지위
The emerging power ____, where smaller and edge players are gaining more visibility and voice, is particularly important to children and youth.
If we look at children and youth through the lens of digital media, we have a population that has been ____ subject to a higher degree of systematic and institutional control in the kinds of information and social communication to which they have access.
This is one reason why the alchemy between youth and digital media has been distinctive; it disrupts the existing set of power ____ between adult authority and young people.
While many studies of children, youth, and media have for decades stressed the status of young people as ____ and full social subjects, digital media increasingly insist that we acknowledge this viewpoint.
Not only must we see ____ as legitimate social and political actors, but we must also recognize them as potential innovators and drivers of new media change.
Exercise 10 나무 외관에 대한 암묵적 지침
In the forest, there are ____ guidelines for tree etiquette.
These guidelines lay down the proper appearance for upright ____ of ancient forests and acceptable forms of behavior.
This is ____ a mature, well-behaved seasonal tree looks like.
It has a ____ trunk with a regular, orderly arrangement of wood fibers.
The roots stretch out evenly in all directions and reach ____ into the earth under the tree.
In its ____, the tree had narrow branches extending sideways from its trunk.
They died back a ____ time ago, and the tree sealed them off with fresh bark and new wood so that what you see now is a long, smooth column.
Only when you get to the top do ____ see a symmetrical crown formed of strong branches angling upward like arms raised to heaven.
An ideally formed tree such as this ____ grow very old.
Similar rules hold for conifers, except that the ____ branches should be horizontal or bent slightly downward.
Exercise 11 기술과 지식 생산, 인식론의 연관성
____ thought of technology as a 'bringing-forth', something that produces something.
Interestingly enough, the Latin combination of ____ and ducere in the word production also refers to something that can be called 'bringing forth' (pro=forward and ducere=to lead).
Technology, then, is deeply connected to the production of ____, and hence to epistemology.
This is not only because the more administrative ____ technologies used in teaching and learning bring with them tools for efficiency in educational spheres.
It is also connected to the critique of technology and its critical uses, that is, the deeper penetration of technological processes that help us be ____ of the worlds (in the phenomenological sense) we inhabit, be it in the observation of new technologies of seeing or those of hearing.
Exercise 12 팬 편집자의 정보 탐색
Fan editors often consult "specialist sources" to track ____ information about their media interest(s).
These works are considered authoritative ____ to their reputation for accuracy and focused coverage, and after sufficient "enculturation," fan editors will often learn to seek out these sources whenever an information need arises.
While fan editors usually seek information ____, they will sometimes collaborate with others who share their taste in media.
This collaboration tends to emerge spontaneously, often in response to a lack of accessible ____, and it usually occurs within established groups of editors.
And regardless of whether information seeking is done individually or collaboratively, fan editors commonly face several key ____ barriers.
Paywalled sources, for instance, often block ____ content, and link rot can hinder an editor's ability to locate information.
Language barriers can also hinder editors, leading some to use machine ____ tools or to seek help from multilingual colleagues.
Finally, the issue of "recentism" often makes it difficult for fan ____ to find pre-digital sources.
2027 수능특강 영어독해연습 5강 한줄 해석 (1-6번)