Week 3 제5강
Exercise 1 새롭게 알려진 돌고래의 행동 특성
The new millennium has brought discoveries about dolphin cognition, emotion, and consciousness, creating a ____ to what is known about dolphin behavior with an emphasis on communication.
New data on dolphin intelligence allow us to obtain a broader ____ of the inner lives of dolphins.
We see that dolphins exhibit sophisticated characteristics previously attributed only to humans and possibly to other ____ primates.
We know that dolphins understand syntax, semantics, and word order, and are capable of mirror-self-recognition, ____ of pointing gestures, and understanding reference to body parts.
They can identify the same abstract object using vision or ____.
There is ____ that dolphins have culture.
For instance, killer whales have vocal dialects that are distinct to each family ____ and are passed down through generations; some bottlenose dolphins use sponges as tools when foraging along the sea floor.
Exercise 2 기술 중심적 해결책에 대한 맹목적 신뢰의 문제점
Many ____, including those in most governments, place their faith in new technologies as the solution to every present and indeed future ecological problem.
And it is true that appropriate, clean, and affordable technology has an important role to play in resolving the ecocrisis; but it cannot bear the ____ of cornucopian dreams.
Technology is vanishingly ____ to be able to compensate for uncontrolled expansion of either population or consumption.
For example, it tends to become increasingly expensive and/or specialized, and technological 'solutions' ____ tend to create new problems, which then seem to require more technological intervention, and so on.
Still more fundamentally, such 'solutions' to ecological problems ignore the urgent need actually to reduce consumption (thereby, of course, spending less) and lock us into a collective mindset ― run by technoscience, financed by capital, and protected by state power ― which is a principal ____ of the problems.
Then more of that cause can only be perceived, with ____ desperate denial, as the only solution.
Exercise 3 동물 복지 법률에 대한 상충되는 견해
Many countries have had ____ to protect animals in place for decades, even for centuries.
This legislation may ____ practices such as slaughter or experimentation, or may be more generally aimed at preventing cruelty.
But whether this kind of legislation is adequate lies at the heart of a key debate between those who argue, in a legal context, for the promotion of animal welfare and those ____ argue for the promotion of animal rights.
Those who ____ for animal welfare seek increased legal protection for animals from human-inflicted pain and other kinds of suffering (for example, insufficient food and space).
Animal rights advocates maintain that this welfare legislation ____ not go far enough.
Welfare legislation accepts, they argue, that animals ____ be used by humans for food and as experimental subjects; it merely tries to curb the worst excesses of these practices.
The problem, on the rights view, is more fundamental than this: animals are not the kinds of thing that humans should use in this way at ____.
The problem, therefore, is not one about treating animals inhumanely, but instead one about understanding them as ____ resources.
Exercise 4 고대 그리스의 교육
In ancient ____, education consistently occurred in the context of the personal relations among teachers and students.
Most often, it involved a tutor who traveled to homes or other community locations where they worked with individuals or small ____ of students.
Additionally, collecting teachers and students into learning communities was another approach to creating a social learning context, such as Plato's Academy and its descendent ____.
It is important to note that a close relationship between student and teacher was consistently seen as essential: "advanced education involved a deep and absolutely personal bond ____ teacher and pupil, a bond in which ... emotion, if not passion, played a considerable part."
____, Plato, in the Dialogues, supported the active engagement of students in learning.
Much of what was learned occurred through these interpersonal oral relationships rather than ____ written materials.
Exercise 5 지나친 인정 욕구의 원인
The search for approval ____ its own challenges.
In the formative period of childhood the child seeks the ____ of its caretakers as a means of securing their love.
This persists into adulthood where there is a general need for the approval of others, especially loved ones, or those ____ are admired or looked up to because they have particular qualities or skills.
But this can turn into an unhealthy, excessive need for approval if the ____ is uncertain about his or her own independence, rights, responsibilities and effectiveness (the ability to influence things).
The constant searching for ____ is based on the fear that the other's love will be withdrawn and that you will be left helpless and unloved.
This, of course, is an extension of a childhood pattern whereby the individual feels that he or she never received ____ (unconditional) approval or love from her or his parents.
As a ____ they learn to feel unworthy and that they don't have the right to expect unconditional love and approval.
Exercise 6 동기 부여에 대한 연구
Motivation has an extensive ____ in academic research.
Some of the earliest work on this topic was by ____ Hull, who observed that effort invested in accomplishing a goal increases as goal attainment becomes more likely.
Although this conclusion was drawn by observing rats running a maze to achieve a food reward ― with ____ increasing as distance to the food decreased ― it is nevertheless useful in seeking to explain goal pursuit in humans.
Indeed, much of the modern work on motivation has built on this foundation to understand what promotes ____ pursuit and achievement.
For example, mirroring Hull's rats, consumers have been shown to accelerate coffee purchases as they approach the end of a '10th ____' loyalty card.
In the ____ context, athletes are often observed to give 'one last push' as they complete a given event, and this is also often a feature both of others' efforts to motivate them despite their fatigue, and of their own self-talk.
This method of motivation can also be seen when a person puts in extra ____ as they reach the end of a given exercise routine.
Given the centrality of ____ to success in most life domains, this topic has fascinated scholars in a range of disciplines in the social sciences, including economics and psychology.
Exercise 7 충동적 행동의 원인
Every ____ starts in the mind.
We may know about the reasoned thought process in most cases but there are instances where one may not be ____ to identify the thought process.
If a person does something stupid or atrocious against his fundamental ____, he may say that he had lost his mind momentarily.
When pressed, he may be ____ to offer any other explanation for his actions.
He may not be able to identify it but the ____ cause might be a result of some kind of repressed emotion surfacing in impulsive behaviour.
Impulsive behaviour is a result of emotive build-up and appears as sparks in our mind leading to instantaneous rational or irrational ____.
The conscious mind may not be able to ____ and identify the logic or the rationale behind many of our actions.
Though mankind is endowed with rational thinking, irrational actions happen ____.
The outcome will largely depend ____ mental maturity.
Exercise 8 사고 패턴이 일상 활동과 생존에 미치는 영향
It is human nature for our brains to form thought patterns ― neural pathways or ____ rivers of thinking ― to get through our daily activities.
To better understand this concept, developed by Edward de Bono, create a mental image of water ____ down a mountain.
It may start as a series of slow drips or scattered streams, but the water eventually comes together and flows in the same direction, creating deep grooves or pathways over time ― ____ cutting through rock and creating gullies.
These ____ are a good analogy to what happens with our thinking.
We develop deep mental pathways that influence how we interpret information, what we ____ in the world around us, and how we respond.
____ not all bad.
These rivers of thinking help us extract order, make ____ decisions, and create expertise.
These patterns are why we can go through our morning ____ without much thought or drive to work without directions.
They help us survive and are essential to how we work and ____.
Exercise 9 디지털 미디어의 발전과 청소년의 지위
The emerging ____ shift, where smaller and edge players are gaining more visibility and voice, is particularly important to children and youth.
If we look at children and youth through the lens of digital media, we have a population that has been historically subject to a higher degree of systematic and institutional control in the kinds of ____ and social communication to which they have access.
This is one reason why the alchemy between youth and digital ____ has been distinctive; it disrupts the existing set of power relations between adult authority and young people.
____ many studies of children, youth, and media have for decades stressed the status of young people as competent and full social subjects, digital media increasingly insist that we acknowledge this viewpoint.
Not only must we see youth as legitimate social and political actors, but we must also recognize them as potential innovators and drivers of ____ media change.
Exercise 10 나무 외관에 대한 암묵적 지침
In the ____, there are unwritten guidelines for tree etiquette.
These guidelines lay down the proper appearance for upright ____ of ancient forests and acceptable forms of behavior.
This is what a mature, ____ seasonal tree looks like.
It has a ramrod-straight trunk with a regular, orderly arrangement of ____ fibers.
The roots stretch out evenly in all directions and reach down into the earth under the ____.
In its youth, the tree had narrow branches extending sideways from ____ trunk.
They died back a long time ago, and the tree sealed them off with fresh bark and ____ wood so that what you see now is a long, smooth column.
Only when you get to the top do you see a symmetrical crown formed of strong ____ angling upward like arms raised to heaven.
An ideally formed tree such as this can ____ very old.
Similar rules hold for ____, except that the topmost branches should be horizontal or bent slightly downward.
Exercise 11 기술과 지식 생산, 인식론의 연관성
____ thought of technology as a 'bringing-forth', something that produces something.
Interestingly enough, the Latin combination of pro and ducere in the word production also refers to something that can be ____ 'bringing forth' (pro=forward and ducere=to lead).
Technology, then, is deeply connected to the ____ of knowledge, and hence to epistemology.
This is not only because the more administrative pedagogical technologies used in ____ and learning bring with them tools for efficiency in educational spheres.
It is also connected to the critique of ____ and its critical uses, that is, the deeper penetration of technological processes that help us be aware of the worlds (in the phenomenological sense) we inhabit, be it in the observation of new technologies of seeing or those of hearing.
Exercise 12 팬 편집자의 정보 탐색
Fan editors often consult "specialist sources" to track down information about their ____ interest(s).
These works are considered authoritative due to their reputation for accuracy and focused ____, and after sufficient "enculturation," fan editors will often learn to seek out these sources whenever an information need arises.
While fan editors usually seek information individually, they ____ sometimes collaborate with others who share their taste in media.
This collaboration tends to emerge spontaneously, often in response to a lack of accessible information, and it usually occurs within established ____ of editors.
And regardless of whether information seeking is done individually or collaboratively, fan editors commonly face ____ key informational barriers.
Paywalled sources, for instance, ____ block off content, and link rot can hinder an editor's ability to locate information.
Language barriers ____ also hinder editors, leading some to use machine translation tools or to seek help from multilingual colleagues.
Finally, the issue of "recentism" often makes it ____ for fan editors to find pre-digital sources.
2027 수능특강 영어독해연습 5강 한줄 해석 (1-6번)