Week 3 제5강
Exercise 1 새롭게 알려진 돌고래의 행동 특성
The new millennium has brought discoveries about dolphin cognition, emotion, and consciousness, creating a bridge to ____ is known about dolphin behavior with an emphasis on communication.
New data on dolphin intelligence allow us to obtain a broader picture of the inner ____ of dolphins.
We ____ that dolphins exhibit sophisticated characteristics previously attributed only to humans and possibly to other higher primates.
We know that dolphins understand syntax, semantics, and word order, and are capable of ____ comprehension of pointing gestures, and understanding reference to body parts.
They can identify ____ same abstract object using vision or echolocation.
There is ____ that dolphins have culture.
For instance, killer whales have vocal ____ that are distinct to each family group and are passed down through generations; some bottlenose dolphins use sponges as tools when foraging along the sea floor.
Exercise 2 기술 중심적 해결책에 대한 맹목적 신뢰의 문제점
Many ____ including those in most governments, place their faith in new technologies as the solution to every present and indeed future ecological problem.
And it is true that appropriate, clean, and affordable technology has an important role to play in ____ the ecocrisis; but it cannot bear the weight of cornucopian dreams.
Technology is vanishingly unlikely to be able to compensate for uncontrolled expansion of ____ population or consumption.
For example, it tends to become increasingly expensive and/or specialized, and ____ 'solutions' notoriously tend to create new problems, which then seem to require more technological intervention, and so on.
Still more ____ such 'solutions' to ecological problems ignore the urgent need actually to reduce consumption (thereby, of course, spending less) and lock us into a collective mindset ― run by technoscience, financed by capital, and protected by state power ― which is a principal cause of the problems.
Then more of that cause can only be perceived, with increasingly desperate denial, as the only ____
Exercise 3 동물 복지 법률에 대한 상충되는 견해
____ countries have had legislation to protect animals in place for decades, even for centuries.
This legislation may regulate practices such as slaughter ____ experimentation, or may be more generally aimed at preventing cruelty.
But whether this kind of legislation is adequate lies at the heart of a key debate between those who argue, in a legal context, for the promotion of animal welfare and those who argue for the promotion ____ animal rights.
Those who argue for animal welfare seek increased legal protection for animals from human-inflicted pain and other kinds of suffering (for example, insufficient ____ and space).
____ rights advocates maintain that this welfare legislation does not go far enough.
Welfare legislation accepts, they argue, that ____ may be used by humans for food and as experimental subjects; it merely tries to curb the worst excesses of these practices.
The problem, on the rights view, is more fundamental than this: animals are ____ the kinds of thing that humans should use in this way at all.
The problem, therefore, is not one about treating animals inhumanely, but instead one about understanding them ____ human resources.
Exercise 4 고대 그리스의 교육
In ancient Greece, education ____ occurred in the context of the personal relations among teachers and students.
Most ____ it involved a tutor who traveled to homes or other community locations where they worked with individuals or small groups of students.
Additionally, collecting teachers and students into learning communities was another approach to ____ a social learning context, such as Plato's Academy and its descendent organizations.
It is important to note that a close relationship between student and teacher was consistently seen as essential: "advanced education involved a deep and absolutely personal bond between teacher and pupil, a bond in which ... ____ if not passion, played a considerable part."
Indeed, Plato, in the Dialogues, ____ the active engagement of students in learning.
Much of what was learned occurred through ____ interpersonal oral relationships rather than through written materials.
Exercise 5 지나친 인정 욕구의 원인
The search for ____ has its own challenges.
In the formative period of childhood the child seeks the approval of its caretakers as a means of securing their ____
This persists into ____ where there is a general need for the approval of others, especially loved ones, or those who are admired or looked up to because they have particular qualities or skills.
But this can turn ____ an unhealthy, excessive need for approval if the individual is uncertain about his or her own independence, rights, responsibilities and effectiveness (the ability to influence things).
The ____ searching for approval is based on the fear that the other's love will be withdrawn and that you will be left helpless and unloved.
This, of course, ____ an extension of a childhood pattern whereby the individual feels that he or she never received enough (unconditional) approval or love from her or his parents.
As a result they learn to feel unworthy and that they don't have ____ right to expect unconditional love and approval.
Exercise 6 동기 부여에 대한 연구
Motivation has an extensive history ____ academic research.
Some of the earliest work on this topic was by Clark Hull, who observed that effort invested in accomplishing a goal increases as goal attainment becomes ____ likely.
Although this conclusion was drawn by observing rats running a maze to achieve a food reward ― with speed increasing ____ distance to the food decreased ― it is nevertheless useful in seeking to explain goal pursuit in humans.
Indeed, ____ of the modern work on motivation has built on this foundation to understand what promotes goal pursuit and achievement.
For example, mirroring Hull's rats, consumers have been shown to accelerate coffee purchases as they approach the end of a '10th free' loyalty ____
In the sports context, athletes are often observed to give 'one last push' as they complete a given event, and this is also often a feature both of others' efforts to motivate them despite their ____ and of their own self-talk.
This method of motivation can also be ____ when a person puts in extra effort as they reach the end of a given exercise routine.
Given the centrality of motivation to success in most life domains, this topic has fascinated scholars in a range of disciplines in the ____ sciences, including economics and psychology.
Exercise 7 충동적 행동의 원인
Every action starts ____ the mind.
We may know about the reasoned thought process in most cases but there are instances where one may ____ be able to identify the thought process.
If a person does something stupid ____ atrocious against his fundamental nature, he may say that he had lost his mind momentarily.
When pressed, he may be unable to offer any other explanation for ____ actions.
He may not be able to identify it but the actual cause might be a result of some kind of ____ emotion surfacing in impulsive behaviour.
Impulsive behaviour is a result of ____ build-up and appears as sparks in our mind leading to instantaneous rational or irrational behaviour.
The conscious mind may not be able to discern and identify the logic ____ the rationale behind many of our actions.
Though ____ is endowed with rational thinking, irrational actions happen often.
____ outcome will largely depend upon mental maturity.
Exercise 8 사고 패턴이 일상 활동과 생존에 미치는 영향
It is human nature for our brains to form thought patterns ― neural pathways or so-called rivers of thinking ― to get ____ our daily activities.
____ better understand this concept, developed by Edward de Bono, create a mental image of water running down a mountain.
It may start as a series of slow drips or scattered streams, but the water eventually comes together and flows in the same direction, ____ deep grooves or pathways over time ― even cutting through rock and creating gullies.
These pathways are a good analogy to ____ happens with our thinking.
We develop deep mental pathways that influence how we interpret information, what ____ see in the world around us, and how we respond.
It's ____ all bad.
These rivers of thinking help us extract order, make ____ decisions, and create expertise.
____ patterns are why we can go through our morning routine without much thought or drive to work without directions.
They help us survive ____ are essential to how we work and live.
Exercise 9 디지털 미디어의 발전과 청소년의 지위
The emerging power shift, where smaller and edge players are gaining more visibility and voice, is particularly important ____ children and youth.
If we look at children and youth through the lens of digital media, we have a population that has been historically subject to a higher degree of systematic and institutional control in the kinds of information and social communication to which ____ have access.
This is one reason why the alchemy between youth and ____ media has been distinctive; it disrupts the existing set of power relations between adult authority and young people.
While many studies of children, youth, and media have for decades stressed the status of young people as competent and full social subjects, digital media increasingly insist that ____ acknowledge this viewpoint.
Not only must we see youth as legitimate social and political actors, but we must also recognize ____ as potential innovators and drivers of new media change.
Exercise 10 나무 외관에 대한 암묵적 지침
In the forest, there are unwritten guidelines for ____ etiquette.
These guidelines lay down the proper appearance for upright members of ancient forests and acceptable forms ____ behavior.
____ is what a mature, well-behaved seasonal tree looks like.
It has ____ ramrod-straight trunk with a regular, orderly arrangement of wood fibers.
The roots stretch out evenly in all directions and ____ down into the earth under the tree.
In ____ youth, the tree had narrow branches extending sideways from its trunk.
They died back a long time ago, and the tree sealed them off with fresh ____ and new wood so that what you see now is a long, smooth column.
Only when you get to the top do you see a symmetrical crown formed of strong branches angling upward like arms ____ to heaven.
An ideally formed tree such as this can grow very ____
Similar rules hold for conifers, except ____ the topmost branches should be horizontal or bent slightly downward.
Exercise 11 기술과 지식 생산, 인식론의 연관성
____ thought of technology as a 'bringing-forth', something that produces something.
Interestingly enough, the Latin combination of pro and ducere in the word production also refers ____ something that can be called 'bringing forth' (pro=forward and ducere=to lead).
Technology, then, is deeply connected ____ the production of knowledge, and hence to epistemology.
This is not only because the ____ administrative pedagogical technologies used in teaching and learning bring with them tools for efficiency in educational spheres.
It is also connected to the critique of technology and its critical uses, that is, the deeper penetration of technological processes that help us be aware of the worlds (in the phenomenological sense) we inhabit, be it in the observation of ____ technologies of seeing or those of hearing.
Exercise 12 팬 편집자의 정보 탐색
Fan editors ____ consult "specialist sources" to track down information about their media interest(s).
These works are considered authoritative ____ to their reputation for accuracy and focused coverage, and after sufficient "enculturation," fan editors will often learn to seek out these sources whenever an information need arises.
While fan editors usually seek information individually, they will sometimes collaborate with ____ who share their taste in media.
This collaboration tends to emerge spontaneously, often in response to a lack of accessible information, and it ____ occurs within established groups of editors.
And regardless of whether ____ seeking is done individually or collaboratively, fan editors commonly face several key informational barriers.
Paywalled sources, for instance, often block off content, and link rot can hinder an editor's ability to ____ information.
Language barriers can also hinder editors, ____ some to use machine translation tools or to seek help from multilingual colleagues.
Finally, the issue of "recentism" ____ makes it difficult for fan editors to find pre-digital sources.
2027 수능특강 영어독해연습 5강 한줄 해석 (1-6번)