Week 3 제5강
Exercise 1 새롭게 알려진 돌고래의 행동 특성
The new millennium has brought discoveries about dolphin cognition, emotion, ____ consciousness, creating a bridge to what is known about dolphin behavior with an emphasis on communication.
New data on dolphin intelligence allow us to obtain a ____ picture of the inner lives of dolphins.
We see that dolphins exhibit ____ characteristics previously attributed only to humans and possibly to other higher primates.
We know ____ dolphins understand syntax, semantics, and word order, and are capable of mirror-self-recognition, comprehension of pointing gestures, and understanding reference to body parts.
They can identify the same ____ object using vision or echolocation.
____ is evidence that dolphins have culture.
For instance, killer whales have vocal dialects that are distinct to each family group and are passed down through generations; some ____ dolphins use sponges as tools when foraging along the sea floor.
Exercise 2 기술 중심적 해결책에 대한 맹목적 신뢰의 문제점
Many people, including those in most governments, place their faith in ____ technologies as the solution to every present and indeed future ecological problem.
And it is true that appropriate, clean, and affordable technology has an important role to ____ in resolving the ecocrisis; but it cannot bear the weight of cornucopian dreams.
Technology ____ vanishingly unlikely to be able to compensate for uncontrolled expansion of either population or consumption.
For example, it tends to become increasingly expensive and/or specialized, and technological 'solutions' notoriously tend to create new problems, which ____ seem to require more technological intervention, and so on.
Still more fundamentally, such 'solutions' to ecological problems ignore the urgent need actually to reduce consumption (thereby, of ____ spending less) and lock us into a collective mindset ― run by technoscience, financed by capital, and protected by state power ― which is a principal cause of the problems.
Then more of ____ cause can only be perceived, with increasingly desperate denial, as the only solution.
Exercise 3 동물 복지 법률에 대한 상충되는 견해
Many countries have had legislation to protect animals ____ place for decades, even for centuries.
This legislation may regulate practices such as slaughter or experimentation, ____ may be more generally aimed at preventing cruelty.
But whether this kind of legislation is adequate lies at the heart of a key debate between those who argue, in a legal context, for the ____ of animal welfare and those who argue for the promotion of animal rights.
Those ____ argue for animal welfare seek increased legal protection for animals from human-inflicted pain and other kinds of suffering (for example, insufficient food and space).
Animal rights advocates maintain that this welfare legislation does not ____ far enough.
Welfare legislation accepts, they argue, that ____ may be used by humans for food and as experimental subjects; it merely tries to curb the worst excesses of these practices.
The problem, on the rights view, is more fundamental than ____ animals are not the kinds of thing that humans should use in this way at all.
The ____ therefore, is not one about treating animals inhumanely, but instead one about understanding them as human resources.
Exercise 4 고대 그리스의 교육
In ancient Greece, education consistently occurred in the context of the ____ relations among teachers and students.
Most often, it involved a tutor who traveled ____ homes or other community locations where they worked with individuals or small groups of students.
Additionally, collecting teachers and students into learning communities was another approach to creating a social learning context, such as Plato's Academy ____ its descendent organizations.
It is important to note that a close relationship between student and teacher was consistently seen as essential: "advanced education involved a deep and absolutely personal bond between teacher and pupil, a bond in ____ ... emotion, if not passion, played a considerable part."
Indeed, Plato, in the Dialogues, supported the active engagement of ____ in learning.
Much of what ____ learned occurred through these interpersonal oral relationships rather than through written materials.
Exercise 5 지나친 인정 욕구의 원인
The ____ for approval has its own challenges.
In the formative period of childhood the child seeks the approval ____ its caretakers as a means of securing their love.
This persists into adulthood where there is a general need for the approval of others, especially loved ones, or those ____ are admired or looked up to because they have particular qualities or skills.
But this can turn into an unhealthy, excessive need for approval if the individual is uncertain about his or her own independence, ____ responsibilities and effectiveness (the ability to influence things).
The constant searching for approval is based on the fear that the other's love will be withdrawn and that you will ____ left helpless and unloved.
This, of course, is an extension of a childhood pattern whereby the individual feels that he or she never received enough (unconditional) approval or ____ from her or his parents.
As a result ____ learn to feel unworthy and that they don't have the right to expect unconditional love and approval.
Exercise 6 동기 부여에 대한 연구
Motivation has an extensive history in academic ____
Some of the earliest work on this topic was by Clark Hull, who observed ____ effort invested in accomplishing a goal increases as goal attainment becomes more likely.
Although this conclusion was drawn by observing ____ running a maze to achieve a food reward ― with speed increasing as distance to the food decreased ― it is nevertheless useful in seeking to explain goal pursuit in humans.
Indeed, much of the modern work on motivation has built on this foundation to understand what promotes goal pursuit ____ achievement.
For example, mirroring Hull's rats, consumers have been shown ____ accelerate coffee purchases as they approach the end of a '10th free' loyalty card.
In the sports context, athletes are often observed to give 'one last push' ____ they complete a given event, and this is also often a feature both of others' efforts to motivate them despite their fatigue, and of their own self-talk.
This method of motivation ____ also be seen when a person puts in extra effort as they reach the end of a given exercise routine.
Given the centrality of motivation to success in most life domains, this topic has fascinated scholars in a range of disciplines in the social sciences, including economics and ____
Exercise 7 충동적 행동의 원인
____ action starts in the mind.
We may know about the reasoned thought process in most cases but there are instances where one may not be able to identify ____ thought process.
If a person does something stupid or atrocious against his fundamental nature, ____ may say that he had lost his mind momentarily.
When pressed, he may be unable to ____ any other explanation for his actions.
He may not be able ____ identify it but the actual cause might be a result of some kind of repressed emotion surfacing in impulsive behaviour.
Impulsive behaviour is a result of emotive build-up and appears as sparks in our mind leading to instantaneous ____ or irrational behaviour.
The conscious mind may not be able to discern and identify the logic ____ the rationale behind many of our actions.
Though mankind is endowed with rational thinking, irrational actions ____ often.
The ____ will largely depend upon mental maturity.
Exercise 8 사고 패턴이 일상 활동과 생존에 미치는 영향
It is human nature for our brains to form thought patterns ― neural pathways or so-called rivers of thinking ― to get through our ____ activities.
To ____ understand this concept, developed by Edward de Bono, create a mental image of water running down a mountain.
It may start as a series of slow drips or ____ streams, but the water eventually comes together and flows in the same direction, creating deep grooves or pathways over time ― even cutting through rock and creating gullies.
These pathways are a good analogy to what happens ____ our thinking.
We develop deep mental pathways that influence how we interpret information, what we see in the world around ____ and how we respond.
It's ____ all bad.
These rivers of thinking help us extract order, make quick ____ and create expertise.
These patterns are ____ we can go through our morning routine without much thought or drive to work without directions.
They help us survive and are essential to ____ we work and live.
Exercise 9 디지털 미디어의 발전과 청소년의 지위
The emerging power shift, where smaller and edge players are gaining more visibility and voice, is particularly important to ____ and youth.
If we look at children and youth through the lens of digital media, we have a population that has been historically subject to a higher degree of systematic and institutional control in the kinds of information ____ social communication to which they have access.
This is one reason why the alchemy ____ youth and digital media has been distinctive; it disrupts the existing set of power relations between adult authority and young people.
While ____ studies of children, youth, and media have for decades stressed the status of young people as competent and full social subjects, digital media increasingly insist that we acknowledge this viewpoint.
Not only must we see youth as legitimate social and political actors, but we must also recognize them as ____ innovators and drivers of new media change.
Exercise 10 나무 외관에 대한 암묵적 지침
In the forest, there are unwritten ____ for tree etiquette.
These guidelines lay down the proper appearance for upright ____ of ancient forests and acceptable forms of behavior.
This is what a mature, well-behaved seasonal tree ____ like.
It has a ramrod-straight trunk with a regular, ____ arrangement of wood fibers.
The roots stretch out evenly in all ____ and reach down into the earth under the tree.
In its ____ the tree had narrow branches extending sideways from its trunk.
They died back a ____ time ago, and the tree sealed them off with fresh bark and new wood so that what you see now is a long, smooth column.
Only when you get ____ the top do you see a symmetrical crown formed of strong branches angling upward like arms raised to heaven.
An ideally formed tree such as ____ can grow very old.
Similar rules hold for conifers, except that the topmost branches should be horizontal or ____ slightly downward.
Exercise 11 기술과 지식 생산, 인식론의 연관성
Heidegger ____ of technology as a 'bringing-forth', something that produces something.
Interestingly enough, the Latin combination of pro and ducere in the word production also refers to something that can be called 'bringing forth' ____ and ducere=to lead).
Technology, then, is deeply connected to the ____ of knowledge, and hence to epistemology.
This is not only because the more administrative pedagogical technologies used in teaching and learning bring with them tools for efficiency ____ educational spheres.
It is also connected to the critique of technology and its critical uses, that is, the deeper penetration of technological processes that help us be aware of the worlds (in the phenomenological sense) we inhabit, be it in the observation of new technologies of ____ or those of hearing.
Exercise 12 팬 편집자의 정보 탐색
Fan editors often consult "specialist sources" ____ track down information about their media interest(s).
These works are considered authoritative due to their reputation for accuracy and focused coverage, and after sufficient "enculturation," fan editors will often learn to seek out these sources ____ an information need arises.
While ____ editors usually seek information individually, they will sometimes collaborate with others who share their taste in media.
This collaboration ____ to emerge spontaneously, often in response to a lack of accessible information, and it usually occurs within established groups of editors.
And regardless of whether information seeking is done individually or collaboratively, fan editors commonly face several ____ informational barriers.
Paywalled sources, for ____ often block off content, and link rot can hinder an editor's ability to locate information.
Language barriers can ____ hinder editors, leading some to use machine translation tools or to seek help from multilingual colleagues.
Finally, the issue of "recentism" often makes it difficult for fan ____ to find pre-digital sources.
2027 수능특강 영어독해연습 5강 한줄 해석 (1-6번)