Week 3 제5강
Exercise 1 새롭게 알려진 돌고래의 행동 특성
The new millennium has brought discoveries about dolphin cognition, emotion, and consciousness, creating a bridge to ____ is known about dolphin behavior with an emphasis on communication.
New data on dolphin intelligence allow us to obtain a ____ picture of the inner lives of dolphins.
We see that dolphins exhibit sophisticated characteristics previously attributed only to humans and possibly ____ other higher primates.
We know that ____ understand syntax, semantics, and word order, and are capable of mirror-self-recognition, comprehension of pointing gestures, and understanding reference to body parts.
They can identify the same abstract object using ____ or echolocation.
There ____ evidence that dolphins have culture.
For instance, killer whales have vocal dialects that ____ distinct to each family group and are passed down through generations; some bottlenose dolphins use sponges as tools when foraging along the sea floor.
Exercise 2 기술 중심적 해결책에 대한 맹목적 신뢰의 문제점
Many people, including those in most governments, place their faith in new technologies as the solution to every present ____ indeed future ecological problem.
And it is ____ that appropriate, clean, and affordable technology has an important role to play in resolving the ecocrisis; but it cannot bear the weight of cornucopian dreams.
Technology is vanishingly ____ to be able to compensate for uncontrolled expansion of either population or consumption.
For example, it tends to become increasingly expensive and/or specialized, and technological 'solutions' notoriously tend to create new problems, which then seem to require more ____ intervention, and so on.
Still more fundamentally, such 'solutions' to ecological problems ignore the urgent need actually to reduce consumption (thereby, of course, spending less) and lock us into a collective mindset ― run by technoscience, ____ by capital, and protected by state power ― which is a principal cause of the problems.
Then more of that cause ____ only be perceived, with increasingly desperate denial, as the only solution.
Exercise 3 동물 복지 법률에 대한 상충되는 견해
Many countries have had legislation to protect ____ in place for decades, even for centuries.
This ____ may regulate practices such as slaughter or experimentation, or may be more generally aimed at preventing cruelty.
But whether this kind of ____ is adequate lies at the heart of a key debate between those who argue, in a legal context, for the promotion of animal welfare and those who argue for the promotion of animal rights.
Those who argue for animal welfare seek increased legal protection for animals from human-inflicted pain and ____ kinds of suffering (for example, insufficient food and space).
Animal rights advocates maintain that this welfare legislation does not ____ far enough.
____ legislation accepts, they argue, that animals may be used by humans for food and as experimental subjects; it merely tries to curb the worst excesses of these practices.
The problem, on the rights view, is more fundamental than this: animals are not the kinds ____ thing that humans should use in this way at all.
The problem, therefore, is not one about treating animals inhumanely, but instead one about ____ them as human resources.
Exercise 4 고대 그리스의 교육
In ancient Greece, ____ consistently occurred in the context of the personal relations among teachers and students.
Most often, it ____ a tutor who traveled to homes or other community locations where they worked with individuals or small groups of students.
Additionally, collecting teachers and students into learning ____ was another approach to creating a social learning context, such as Plato's Academy and its descendent organizations.
It is important to note that a close relationship between student and teacher was consistently seen as essential: "advanced education involved a deep ____ absolutely personal bond between teacher and pupil, a bond in which ... emotion, if not passion, played a considerable part."
Indeed, Plato, in the Dialogues, supported the active engagement ____ students in learning.
Much of what was learned occurred ____ these interpersonal oral relationships rather than through written materials.
Exercise 5 지나친 인정 욕구의 원인
The search ____ approval has its own challenges.
In the formative period of childhood the child seeks the approval of its ____ as a means of securing their love.
This persists into adulthood where there is a general need for the approval of others, ____ loved ones, or those who are admired or looked up to because they have particular qualities or skills.
But this can turn into an unhealthy, excessive need for approval if the individual is uncertain about his or her own ____ rights, responsibilities and effectiveness (the ability to influence things).
The constant searching for approval is ____ on the fear that the other's love will be withdrawn and that you will be left helpless and unloved.
This, of course, is an extension of a childhood pattern whereby the individual feels that he or she never received enough (unconditional) approval or love from her or ____ parents.
As a result they learn to feel unworthy and that they don't have the right to expect ____ love and approval.
Exercise 6 동기 부여에 대한 연구
Motivation has ____ extensive history in academic research.
Some of the earliest work on this topic was by Clark Hull, who observed that effort invested in ____ a goal increases as goal attainment becomes more likely.
Although this conclusion was drawn by observing rats running a maze to achieve a food reward ― with speed increasing as distance to the food decreased ― it is nevertheless useful in seeking ____ explain goal pursuit in humans.
Indeed, much of the modern work on motivation has ____ on this foundation to understand what promotes goal pursuit and achievement.
For example, mirroring Hull's rats, consumers have been shown to accelerate coffee purchases as they approach the ____ of a '10th free' loyalty card.
In the sports context, athletes are often observed to give 'one last push' as ____ complete a given event, and this is also often a feature both of others' efforts to motivate them despite their fatigue, and of their own self-talk.
This method of motivation can also be seen when a person puts in extra effort as they reach the end ____ a given exercise routine.
Given the centrality of motivation to success in most life domains, this topic has fascinated scholars in ____ range of disciplines in the social sciences, including economics and psychology.
Exercise 7 충동적 행동의 원인
Every ____ starts in the mind.
We may know about the reasoned thought process in most cases but there are instances where one may not ____ able to identify the thought process.
If a person does something stupid or atrocious against his fundamental nature, ____ may say that he had lost his mind momentarily.
When pressed, he may be ____ to offer any other explanation for his actions.
He may not ____ able to identify it but the actual cause might be a result of some kind of repressed emotion surfacing in impulsive behaviour.
Impulsive behaviour is a result ____ emotive build-up and appears as sparks in our mind leading to instantaneous rational or irrational behaviour.
The conscious mind may not be able to discern and identify the logic or the rationale behind ____ of our actions.
____ mankind is endowed with rational thinking, irrational actions happen often.
The outcome will largely depend upon ____ maturity.
Exercise 8 사고 패턴이 일상 활동과 생존에 미치는 영향
It is human nature for our brains to form thought patterns ― neural pathways or so-called rivers of thinking ― to get ____ our daily activities.
To better understand this concept, developed by Edward de Bono, create a mental image ____ water running down a mountain.
It may ____ as a series of slow drips or scattered streams, but the water eventually comes together and flows in the same direction, creating deep grooves or pathways over time ― even cutting through rock and creating gullies.
These pathways are a ____ analogy to what happens with our thinking.
We develop deep mental pathways that influence how we interpret information, what we see in the world around us, and how ____ respond.
It's not all ____
These rivers of thinking help us extract order, make quick decisions, and ____ expertise.
These patterns are why we can go through our morning routine without much thought ____ drive to work without directions.
They ____ us survive and are essential to how we work and live.
Exercise 9 디지털 미디어의 발전과 청소년의 지위
____ emerging power shift, where smaller and edge players are gaining more visibility and voice, is particularly important to children and youth.
If we look at children and youth through the lens of digital media, we have a population that has been historically subject to a higher degree of systematic and institutional control ____ the kinds of information and social communication to which they have access.
This is one reason why the alchemy between youth and digital media has been distinctive; it disrupts the existing set of power relations between adult authority ____ young people.
While many studies of children, youth, and media have for decades stressed the status of young people as competent and full social subjects, digital media increasingly ____ that we acknowledge this viewpoint.
Not only must we see youth as legitimate social and political actors, but we must also recognize them as ____ innovators and drivers of new media change.
Exercise 10 나무 외관에 대한 암묵적 지침
____ the forest, there are unwritten guidelines for tree etiquette.
These guidelines lay down the proper appearance for upright members ____ ancient forests and acceptable forms of behavior.
This is what a mature, well-behaved ____ tree looks like.
It has a ramrod-straight trunk with a regular, orderly ____ of wood fibers.
The roots stretch out evenly in all directions and ____ down into the earth under the tree.
In its youth, the tree had narrow branches ____ sideways from its trunk.
They died back a long time ago, and the tree sealed them off with fresh bark and new wood ____ that what you see now is a long, smooth column.
Only when you get ____ the top do you see a symmetrical crown formed of strong branches angling upward like arms raised to heaven.
An ideally formed tree such as this ____ grow very old.
Similar rules hold for conifers, except ____ the topmost branches should be horizontal or bent slightly downward.
Exercise 11 기술과 지식 생산, 인식론의 연관성
Heidegger thought of technology as a 'bringing-forth', something that produces ____
Interestingly enough, the Latin combination of pro and ducere in the word production also refers to something that can be called 'bringing forth' (pro=forward and ____ lead).
Technology, then, is deeply connected ____ the production of knowledge, and hence to epistemology.
This is not only because the more administrative pedagogical technologies used in ____ and learning bring with them tools for efficiency in educational spheres.
It is also connected to the critique ____ technology and its critical uses, that is, the deeper penetration of technological processes that help us be aware of the worlds (in the phenomenological sense) we inhabit, be it in the observation of new technologies of seeing or those of hearing.
Exercise 12 팬 편집자의 정보 탐색
Fan editors often consult "specialist sources" to track down information about their media ____
These works are considered authoritative due to their reputation for accuracy and focused coverage, and after sufficient "enculturation," fan editors will often learn to seek out these sources whenever an information need ____
While fan editors usually seek information individually, ____ will sometimes collaborate with others who share their taste in media.
This collaboration tends to emerge spontaneously, often in response to a ____ of accessible information, and it usually occurs within established groups of editors.
____ regardless of whether information seeking is done individually or collaboratively, fan editors commonly face several key informational barriers.
Paywalled sources, for instance, often block off content, and link rot can ____ an editor's ability to locate information.
Language ____ can also hinder editors, leading some to use machine translation tools or to seek help from multilingual colleagues.
Finally, the issue of "recentism" ____ makes it difficult for fan editors to find pre-digital sources.
2027 수능특강 영어독해연습 5강 한줄 해석 (1-6번)