Week 3 제6강
Exercise 1 군사 무기 공급의 역효과
The inability ____ arms suppliers to control the uses to which their military hardware will be put is troubling.
Friends can become enemies, and supplying weapons can backfire ― generating ____ the CIA calls blowback to describe what can happen when foreign activities such as covert shipments of arms are later used in retaliations against the supplier.
The United States learned this painful lesson the hard ____
The weapons it shipped to ____ when Saddam Hussein was fighting Iran in the 1980s were later used against U.S. forces in the Persian Gulf War.
This also happened when the Stinger missiles the United States supplied to Taliban forces resisting the Soviet Union's 1979 invasion in Afghanistan fell into the hands of ____ later opposing the United States.
Likewise, in 1982, Great Britain found itself shipping military equipment to Argentina just eight days before Argentina's attack on the British-controlled Falkland Islands; and in 1998, U.S. military technology sold to China was exported to Pakistan, making ____ its nuclear weapons test.
Exercise 2 도매상의 역할
A wholesaler is an organisation or individual ____ as the middle step between a producer and a retailer.
It is reasonable to ask what ____ point might be of having a wholesaler in the distribution channel.
Why would the manufacturer not simply pass the sporting goods ____ on to the retailer?
However, ____ wholesaler can be important in helping other channel members.
First, they usually ____ goods in bulk from the manufacturer and then store them.
When the retailer is ready to order some goods, the wholesaler transports ____ sporting goods to them.
A wholesaler can also stock a large range of ____ from a variety of different manufacturers.
As a result, instead of having to contact all of these producers, the retailer only has to talk to the one wholesaler to ____ access to a range of different sporting goods.
Exercise 3 감정을 기반으로 한 현실 검증
Connecting ideas logically is the basis for reality testing, because a ____ around thirty to forty months old connects experiences inside herself with those outside and categorizes which are which (fantasy versus reality).
Her ongoing emotional interactions support this ability to form a category of reality because they continuously put a ____ in contact (through the interactions) with a "not me or you."
This ongoing ____ with someone who is "not me" provides constant contact with an external reality outside oneself.
The emotional investment in relationships enables the child to recognize the difference between her fantasies ____ the actual behavior of others.
While "reality testing" might appear to be ____ purely cognitive capacity, it requires an ability to organize an emotional sense of self that is distinct from one's sense of others.
Such "reality testing" is a ____ foundation for logical thinking.
Without ____ facts are often used to support irrational beliefs.
Exercise 4 동물의 모방
Procedures have recently ____ developed that separate imitation from other forms of social influence and social learning, and the results of initial studies indicate that species from chimpanzees to quail can imitate.
Such findings should not be surprising because social learning, whether by imitation or some other process, often provides ____ benefits than genetically predisposed behavior or trial-and-error learning.
However, the processes ____ that enable animals to match their behavior to that of a demonstrator are poorly understood.
Imitation may involve some form of coordination of visual and touch-based sensory modalities, perspective taking, ____ response facilitation.
However, the role of such processes in opaque ____ is still unknown.
A reasonable strategy to better understand the mechanisms involved in imitation would be to determine the necessary and sufficient conditions for opaque imitation to occur and to ____ the range of behaviors that animals can imitate.
Finally, ____ ability to learn from others may not only be adaptive in making more efficient the acquisition of behavior important for survival and reproduction but it may also free the animal from trial-and-error learning to engage in innovative variants that may be adopted by others.
Exercise 5 스포츠 산업에서 고객의 기쁨 경험
In the sports industry, feelings of delight do not stay permanently with a customer; they will not continue to ____ the physical intensity of delight (such as excitement or exhilaration) indefinitely, although they are likely to remember the experience.
If, for example, fitness centre customers remember being delighted the last time they used a service, their expectations may be raised well above ____
This may be termed assimilated delight, because ____ customer has incorporated the things that delighted them into their expectations of what is normal.
The customer may even tell others about the features of the ____ and as a result others may also come to expect a high level of performance as normal.
Worse, competing organisations may hear about what ____ being offered and duplicate it themselves, which of course will mean that there is nothing unique about the original service.
As a result, sport organisations must carefully ____ whether the cost of providing a delighting feature is worth it.
Exercise 6 정의의 범위
We can tell whether a definition is ____ broad or too narrow by looking for counterexamples.
A counterexample ____ a particular instance that proves a definition wrong.
If a definition is too narrow, a counterexample is something that belongs in the concept ____ is excluded by the definition.
Atheists are counterexamples to the definition ____ humans as religious animals.
However, if a definition is too broad, a counterexample is something that does not belong in the concept but is included in ____ definition.
Birds are counterexamples to the definition of ____ as two-legged animals.
Let's look at a few ____ cases.
"A college is ____ degree-granting educational institution."
____ counterexample would be a law school.
Law schools are degree-granting educational institutions, but they are ____ colleges.
So this definition includes too much; it's ____ broad.
"A cigarette is a sheaf ____ chopped tobacco rolled in white paper."
What about the brands that are rolled in brown ____
They are counterexamples proving that the definition does not include ____ it's too narrow.
Exercise 7 곤충의 정교한 행동과 기억
While insects are usually depicted as displaying genetically fixed, stereotyped behaviors, recent research has shown that they can have quite elaborate conducts, indicating a high degree ____ learning capacity and flexibility, displaying attentional capacities, navigational skills, and a good spatial memory.
For instance, some species of wasps hide their nests in several ____ which they keep hidden and visit regularly to provide them with food.
They apparently remember the quality of ____ supplies provided to each nest and the time when these were delivered in order to visit them again timely.
This kind of memory (remembering the three wh's: what, where, and when something happened) was traditionally considered to be exclusive to higher vertebrates and is supposed to be a fundamental precursor of ____ abilities and for the development of a complex representation of the world.
In humans, this capacity has ____ termed episodic memory, but it critically differs from its nonhuman counterparts in being a form of explicit memory; that is, it can be verbally communicated to others (like when you tell your friend what happened last night at someone else's party).
Exercise 8 인구 고령화가 스포츠에 미치는 영향
With people living longer ____ the average age increasing markedly, the ramifications for sport are substantial.
Fewer people are likely to engage in the most popular traditional and, incidentally, most ____ sports, such as soccer, other forms of football, and basketball.
These sports will need to market their products differently in order to satisfy the requirements of the ____ spectator or supporter.
This may mean far more comfortable sport areas with greater and better access to car parks, bars, ____ restaurants.
It may mean showing top sports during the day or much earlier in the evening, with far less television coverage on Fridays and Saturdays when older viewers prefer to visit friends, go to restaurants or ____ time at the local pub or club.
The 'ageing viewer' syndrome, for such it may well be, will probably herald a realisation that new sponsors will be required ____ sport.
Colas and sport shoes may be fine for the under-35s, but ____ older generation may prefer a good red wine and comfortable slippers.
It will be the sporting organisations and sponsors who can create the idea of youth combined with the comfort ____ older age which will be most successful in the next half century.
Exercise 9 학습된 포만감
How ____ do you eat three-fourths of a sandwich or cookie?
Typically, we completely consume items of defined quantity ____ have experience with these particular quantities.
We can assume that, in early exposures to a sandwich, for example, consumption of one sandwich was followed by comfortable satiety and an adequate level of ____
We also tend to consume entire ____ often completely unaware of how energy dense or dilute they are.
For example, many of ____ consume a "bowlful" of cereal in the morning, regardless of the type of cereal (high or low in calories or other nutrients).
Indeed, the popular individual serving bowls of cereals from one commercial source vary between 70 and 130 kcal, and the fat content of the ____ you probably add will make even larger differences.
We learn, in early ____ with particular foods, what quantities yield satiety.
However, we can easily be "tricked," especially when eating at restaurants, because portion sizes are often ____ and more fat and calorie dense than we expect.
Exercise 10 성공적인 수행을 위한 의사 결정
Across different performance domains, successful performance is not just dependent on proficient movement control and ____ successful execution of skills; often effective decision-making is also a core requirement.
In this context, decision-making can generally be viewed as the process of committing to a particular course of ____ (choosing one option over another) and relates to the choices that are made when a number of options are available to the performer for selection.
In all cases, the decisions that are made are influenced by past experiences and the knowledge base the individual performer has ____ the specific situation.
These past experiences can help or hinder decision-making but, generally speaking, will bias the decision-maker either for or against a certain course of action depending ____ whether that course of action was successful in the past.
Another important aspect of making decisions in performance settings is that there is often more than one right decision, and the 'right' decision will often differ from individual to ____ depending upon their skill level and expertise.
Also, the timescale within which a decision is made also varies, as does the underpinning explanation of process which differs depending on whether the ____ is time-constrained or not.
Exercise 11 온라인을 통한 소수 집단의 견해 주장
Emerging findings suggest that minorities arguing their point of view electronically can be influential in ways that improve group performance, as long as they claim in-group affiliation and maintain ____ views consistently.
Several fascinating studies have also demonstrated a persuasive and performance advantage for remote or geographically removed ____
In these cases, groups with a minority advocate who is geographically remote seemed to perform better because the minority was able to play devil's ____ effectively inducing the majority to think about alternatives.
Perhaps being removed from the anxiety and discomfort of face-to-face disagreements makes it easier for the minority to assert an ____ view without fear of reprisal, and makes it easier for majorities to accept minority input without worrying about the identity consequences of publicly accepting it.
Thus, increased opportunity for minority points of view to improve group decisions should be counted among the benefits of electronic ____ technology-mediated communication.
Exercise 12 본질주의와 비본질주의에서의 물체 분류
Consider the concept of a ____
____ to essentialism, a chair has specific properties necessary to be recognized and identified as a chair.
These properties may ____ having a seat, backrest, and legs, which allow for sitting.
In other words, these essential characteristics define the essence of a ____
Under the essentialist viewpoint, it ____ not be considered a chair if an object lacks any defining properties.
For instance, if we have an object with a seat and backrest but without legs, it would not fit the essentialist definition ____ a chair.
____ presence of legs is considered essential for an object to be classified as a chair.
____ on the other hand, would challenge the notion that a chair requires specific essential properties.
Instead, it might argue that any object can be considered a chair if it fulfills ____ functional purpose, such as providing a platform for sitting.
According to non-essentialism, an object's essence or ____ properties are not necessary for its identification or classification.