Week 3 제6강
Exercise 1 군사 무기 공급의 역효과
The ____ of arms suppliers to control the uses to which their military hardware will be put is troubling.
Friends can become enemies, and supplying weapons can backfire ― generating what the CIA calls blowback to describe what can happen when foreign activities such as covert shipments of arms ____ later used in retaliations against the supplier.
The United States learned this painful lesson ____ hard way.
The weapons it shipped to Iraq when Saddam ____ was fighting Iran in the 1980s were later used against U.S. forces in the Persian Gulf War.
This also happened when the Stinger missiles the United States ____ to Taliban forces resisting the Soviet Union's 1979 invasion in Afghanistan fell into the hands of terrorists later opposing the United States.
Likewise, in 1982, Great Britain found itself shipping military equipment to Argentina just eight days before Argentina's attack on the British-controlled Falkland Islands; and in 1998, U.S. military ____ sold to China was exported to Pakistan, making possible its nuclear weapons test.
Exercise 2 도매상의 역할
A wholesaler is an organisation or individual acting as the middle step between a producer and ____ retailer.
It is reasonable to ____ what the point might be of having a wholesaler in the distribution channel.
Why would the ____ not simply pass the sporting goods straight on to the retailer?
However, a ____ can be important in helping other channel members.
____ they usually buy goods in bulk from the manufacturer and then store them.
When the retailer is ready to order ____ goods, the wholesaler transports the sporting goods to them.
A wholesaler can also stock a large range of goods from ____ variety of different manufacturers.
As a result, instead of having ____ contact all of these producers, the retailer only has to talk to the one wholesaler to gain access to a range of different sporting goods.
Exercise 3 감정을 기반으로 한 현실 검증
Connecting ideas logically is the basis for reality testing, because a child around thirty to forty months old connects experiences inside herself ____ those outside and categorizes which are which (fantasy versus reality).
Her ongoing emotional interactions support this ability to form a ____ of reality because they continuously put a "me" in contact (through the interactions) with a "not me or you."
This ongoing contact with someone who ____ "not me" provides constant contact with an external reality outside oneself.
The emotional investment in relationships enables the child ____ recognize the difference between her fantasies and the actual behavior of others.
While ____ testing" might appear to be a purely cognitive capacity, it requires an ability to organize an emotional sense of self that is distinct from one's sense of others.
Such "reality testing" ____ a critical foundation for logical thinking.
Without it, facts are often used ____ support irrational beliefs.
Exercise 4 동물의 모방
Procedures have recently been developed that separate imitation from ____ forms of social influence and social learning, and the results of initial studies indicate that species from chimpanzees to quail can imitate.
Such findings should not ____ surprising because social learning, whether by imitation or some other process, often provides greater benefits than genetically predisposed behavior or trial-and-error learning.
____ the processes involved that enable animals to match their behavior to that of a demonstrator are poorly understood.
____ may involve some form of coordination of visual and touch-based sensory modalities, perspective taking, or response facilitation.
However, the role of such processes in opaque imitation is ____ unknown.
A reasonable strategy to better understand the mechanisms involved in imitation would be to determine the necessary and sufficient conditions for opaque imitation to occur and to explore the range ____ behaviors that animals can imitate.
Finally, the ability to learn from others may not only be adaptive in making more efficient the acquisition of behavior important for survival and reproduction but it may also free the animal from trial-and-error ____ to engage in innovative variants that may be adopted by others.
Exercise 5 스포츠 산업에서 고객의 기쁨 경험
In the ____ industry, feelings of delight do not stay permanently with a customer; they will not continue to feel the physical intensity of delight (such as excitement or exhilaration) indefinitely, although they are likely to remember the experience.
If, for example, fitness centre customers remember being delighted the last time they used ____ service, their expectations may be raised well above normal.
This may be termed assimilated delight, because the customer has incorporated the things that delighted ____ into their expectations of what is normal.
The customer may even tell others about the features of the service, and ____ a result others may also come to expect a high level of performance as normal.
Worse, competing organisations may hear about what is ____ offered and duplicate it themselves, which of course will mean that there is nothing unique about the original service.
As a result, sport organisations must carefully consider whether the cost of providing a delighting ____ is worth it.
Exercise 6 정의의 범위
We can tell whether a definition is too broad or too ____ by looking for counterexamples.
A counterexample ____ a particular instance that proves a definition wrong.
If a definition is too narrow, a counterexample is something ____ belongs in the concept but is excluded by the definition.
Atheists are counterexamples to the definition of humans as ____ animals.
However, if a definition is too broad, a counterexample ____ something that does not belong in the concept but is included in the definition.
Birds are ____ to the definition of humans as two-legged animals.
Let's look ____ a few other cases.
"A college is ____ degree-granting educational institution."
____ counterexample would be a law school.
Law schools are degree-granting educational ____ but they are not colleges.
So this definition includes too much; ____ too broad.
"A cigarette is ____ sheaf of chopped tobacco rolled in white paper."
What about ____ brands that are rolled in brown paper?
They are counterexamples proving that the definition does not include enough; it's too ____
Exercise 7 곤충의 정교한 행동과 기억
While insects are usually depicted as displaying genetically fixed, stereotyped behaviors, recent research has shown that they can have quite elaborate conducts, indicating a high degree of learning capacity and flexibility, displaying attentional capacities, navigational skills, and a ____ spatial memory.
For instance, some species of wasps ____ their nests in several places which they keep hidden and visit regularly to provide them with food.
They ____ remember the quality of the supplies provided to each nest and the time when these were delivered in order to visit them again timely.
This kind of memory (remembering the three wh's: what, where, and when something happened) was traditionally considered to be exclusive to higher vertebrates and is supposed to be a fundamental precursor of planning abilities and for ____ development of a complex representation of the world.
In humans, this capacity has been termed episodic memory, but it critically differs from its nonhuman counterparts in being a form of explicit memory; that is, it can be verbally communicated to others ____ when you tell your friend what happened last night at someone else's party).
Exercise 8 인구 고령화가 스포츠에 미치는 영향
With people living longer ____ the average age increasing markedly, the ramifications for sport are substantial.
Fewer people are likely to engage in the most popular traditional and, incidentally, most athletic sports, such as ____ other forms of football, and basketball.
These sports will need to market their products differently in order to satisfy the requirements of the older ____ or supporter.
This may mean far more comfortable sport areas with greater ____ better access to car parks, bars, and restaurants.
It ____ mean showing top sports during the day or much earlier in the evening, with far less television coverage on Fridays and Saturdays when older viewers prefer to visit friends, go to restaurants or spend time at the local pub or club.
The 'ageing viewer' syndrome, for such it may well be, will probably herald a ____ that new sponsors will be required for sport.
Colas and sport shoes may be fine for the under-35s, but ____ older generation may prefer a good red wine and comfortable slippers.
It will be the sporting organisations and sponsors who can create the idea of youth combined with the comfort of older age which will be most successful in the next ____ century.
Exercise 9 학습된 포만감
How often do you ____ three-fourths of a sandwich or cookie?
Typically, we ____ consume items of defined quantity and have experience with these particular quantities.
We can assume that, in early exposures to a sandwich, for example, consumption of one sandwich was followed by comfortable satiety and an adequate level of ____
____ also tend to consume entire portions, often completely unaware of how energy dense or dilute they are.
For example, many of us consume a "bowlful" of cereal in the morning, regardless of ____ type of cereal (high or low in calories or other nutrients).
Indeed, the popular individual serving bowls of cereals from one commercial source vary between 70 and 130 kcal, and the fat content of the milk you probably add will make even ____ differences.
We learn, in early experiences with particular foods, what ____ yield satiety.
However, we can easily be "tricked," especially when eating at restaurants, because portion sizes are often larger and ____ fat and calorie dense than we expect.
Exercise 10 성공적인 수행을 위한 의사 결정
Across different performance domains, successful performance is not just dependent on proficient movement control and the successful execution of ____ often effective decision-making is also a core requirement.
In this context, decision-making can generally be viewed as the ____ of committing to a particular course of action (choosing one option over another) and relates to the choices that are made when a number of options are available to the performer for selection.
In all cases, the decisions that are made are influenced by past experiences and the knowledge base the ____ performer has of the specific situation.
These past experiences can help or hinder decision-making but, generally speaking, will bias the decision-maker either for or against a certain ____ of action depending on whether that course of action was successful in the past.
Another important aspect of making decisions in performance settings is that there is often more than one right decision, and ____ 'right' decision will often differ from individual to individual depending upon their skill level and expertise.
Also, the timescale within which a decision is made ____ varies, as does the underpinning explanation of process which differs depending on whether the decision is time-constrained or not.
Exercise 11 온라인을 통한 소수 집단의 견해 주장
Emerging findings suggest that minorities arguing their point of view electronically ____ be influential in ways that improve group performance, as long as they claim in-group affiliation and maintain their views consistently.
Several fascinating studies have also demonstrated a persuasive and performance advantage for ____ or geographically removed minorities.
In these cases, groups with a ____ advocate who is geographically remote seemed to perform better because the minority was able to play devil's advocate, effectively inducing the majority to think about alternatives.
Perhaps being removed from the anxiety and discomfort of face-to-face ____ makes it easier for the minority to assert an atypical view without fear of reprisal, and makes it easier for majorities to accept minority input without worrying about the identity consequences of publicly accepting it.
Thus, increased opportunity for minority points of view to improve group decisions should be counted among the benefits of electronic or technology-mediated ____
Exercise 12 본질주의와 비본질주의에서의 물체 분류
Consider the concept of ____ "chair."
According to ____ a chair has specific properties necessary to be recognized and identified as a chair.
These properties may ____ having a seat, backrest, and legs, which allow for sitting.
____ other words, these essential characteristics define the essence of a chair.
Under the essentialist viewpoint, it would not be considered a chair ____ an object lacks any defining properties.
For instance, if we have an object with a seat and backrest but without legs, it would ____ fit the essentialist definition of a chair.
The presence of ____ is considered essential for an object to be classified as a chair.
Non-essentialism, on the ____ hand, would challenge the notion that a chair requires specific essential properties.
Instead, it might argue that any object can be ____ a chair if it fulfills a functional purpose, such as providing a platform for sitting.
According to non-essentialism, ____ object's essence or specific properties are not necessary for its identification or classification.