Week 3 제6강
Exercise 1 군사 무기 공급의 역효과
The inability of arms suppliers to control the uses to ____ their military hardware will be put is troubling.
Friends can become enemies, and supplying weapons can backfire ― generating ____ the CIA calls blowback to describe what can happen when foreign activities such as covert shipments of arms are later used in retaliations against the supplier.
The United States learned this painful ____ the hard way.
The weapons it shipped to Iraq when Saddam Hussein was fighting Iran in the 1980s were later used ____ U.S. forces in the Persian Gulf War.
This also happened when the Stinger missiles the United States supplied to Taliban forces resisting the Soviet Union's 1979 invasion in Afghanistan fell into ____ hands of terrorists later opposing the United States.
Likewise, in 1982, Great Britain found itself shipping military equipment to Argentina just eight days ____ Argentina's attack on the British-controlled Falkland Islands; and in 1998, U.S. military technology sold to China was exported to Pakistan, making possible its nuclear weapons test.
Exercise 2 도매상의 역할
A wholesaler is an organisation or individual acting as the middle step ____ a producer and a retailer.
It is reasonable to ask what the ____ might be of having a wholesaler in the distribution channel.
Why would the manufacturer not simply pass the sporting goods ____ on to the retailer?
However, a wholesaler can be important in helping ____ channel members.
First, they usually buy goods in bulk ____ the manufacturer and then store them.
When the retailer ____ ready to order some goods, the wholesaler transports the sporting goods to them.
A wholesaler can also stock a large range of goods from a variety of different ____
As a result, instead of having to contact all of these producers, the retailer only ____ to talk to the one wholesaler to gain access to a range of different sporting goods.
Exercise 3 감정을 기반으로 한 현실 검증
Connecting ideas logically is the ____ for reality testing, because a child around thirty to forty months old connects experiences inside herself with those outside and categorizes which are which (fantasy versus reality).
Her ongoing emotional interactions support this ability ____ form a category of reality because they continuously put a "me" in contact (through the interactions) with a "not me or you."
This ongoing contact with someone who is "not me" provides constant contact ____ an external reality outside oneself.
The emotional investment in relationships enables the child to recognize the difference ____ her fantasies and the actual behavior of others.
While "reality testing" ____ appear to be a purely cognitive capacity, it requires an ability to organize an emotional sense of self that is distinct from one's sense of others.
Such "reality ____ is a critical foundation for logical thinking.
Without it, facts are often ____ to support irrational beliefs.
Exercise 4 동물의 모방
Procedures have recently been developed that separate imitation from other forms of social influence and social learning, and the results of initial studies indicate that species from chimpanzees to quail ____ imitate.
Such findings should not be surprising because social learning, whether by imitation or ____ other process, often provides greater benefits than genetically predisposed behavior or trial-and-error learning.
____ the processes involved that enable animals to match their behavior to that of a demonstrator are poorly understood.
Imitation may involve some form of coordination of ____ and touch-based sensory modalities, perspective taking, or response facilitation.
However, the role of such processes in opaque imitation is still ____
A reasonable strategy to ____ understand the mechanisms involved in imitation would be to determine the necessary and sufficient conditions for opaque imitation to occur and to explore the range of behaviors that animals can imitate.
Finally, the ability to learn from others may not only ____ adaptive in making more efficient the acquisition of behavior important for survival and reproduction but it may also free the animal from trial-and-error learning to engage in innovative variants that may be adopted by others.
Exercise 5 스포츠 산업에서 고객의 기쁨 경험
In the sports industry, feelings of delight do not stay permanently with a customer; they will not continue to feel the physical intensity of delight (such as excitement or ____ indefinitely, although they are likely to remember the experience.
If, for example, fitness centre customers ____ being delighted the last time they used a service, their expectations may be raised well above normal.
This may be termed assimilated delight, because the customer ____ incorporated the things that delighted them into their expectations of what is normal.
The customer may even tell others about the features ____ the service, and as a result others may also come to expect a high level of performance as normal.
Worse, ____ organisations may hear about what is being offered and duplicate it themselves, which of course will mean that there is nothing unique about the original service.
As a result, sport organisations must carefully consider ____ the cost of providing a delighting feature is worth it.
Exercise 6 정의의 범위
____ can tell whether a definition is too broad or too narrow by looking for counterexamples.
A counterexample is a particular ____ that proves a definition wrong.
If a definition is too narrow, a counterexample is something that belongs in the concept but is ____ by the definition.
Atheists are counterexamples ____ the definition of humans as religious animals.
However, if a ____ is too broad, a counterexample is something that does not belong in the concept but is included in the definition.
Birds ____ counterexamples to the definition of humans as two-legged animals.
Let's look at a ____ other cases.
"A college is a degree-granting educational ____
A counterexample ____ be a law school.
____ schools are degree-granting educational institutions, but they are not colleges.
So this definition includes too ____ it's too broad.
"A cigarette is a sheaf of chopped tobacco ____ in white paper."
What about the ____ that are rolled in brown paper?
They are counterexamples proving that the definition ____ not include enough; it's too narrow.
Exercise 7 곤충의 정교한 행동과 기억
While insects are usually depicted as displaying genetically fixed, stereotyped behaviors, recent research has shown that they can have quite elaborate conducts, indicating a high degree of learning capacity and flexibility, displaying attentional capacities, navigational skills, and a ____ spatial memory.
For instance, some species of wasps hide their nests ____ several places which they keep hidden and visit regularly to provide them with food.
They apparently remember the quality of the supplies provided to each nest ____ the time when these were delivered in order to visit them again timely.
This kind of memory (remembering the three wh's: what, where, and when something happened) was traditionally considered to be exclusive to higher vertebrates and is supposed to be a fundamental precursor of planning abilities ____ for the development of a complex representation of the world.
In humans, this capacity has been termed episodic memory, but it critically differs from its nonhuman counterparts in being a form of explicit memory; that is, it can be verbally ____ to others (like when you tell your friend what happened last night at someone else's party).
Exercise 8 인구 고령화가 스포츠에 미치는 영향
With people living longer and the average age increasing markedly, the ramifications for ____ are substantial.
Fewer people are likely ____ engage in the most popular traditional and, incidentally, most athletic sports, such as soccer, other forms of football, and basketball.
These sports will ____ to market their products differently in order to satisfy the requirements of the older spectator or supporter.
This may mean far more comfortable sport areas with ____ and better access to car parks, bars, and restaurants.
It may mean showing top sports ____ the day or much earlier in the evening, with far less television coverage on Fridays and Saturdays when older viewers prefer to visit friends, go to restaurants or spend time at the local pub or club.
The 'ageing ____ syndrome, for such it may well be, will probably herald a realisation that new sponsors will be required for sport.
Colas and sport shoes may be ____ for the under-35s, but the older generation may prefer a good red wine and comfortable slippers.
____ will be the sporting organisations and sponsors who can create the idea of youth combined with the comfort of older age which will be most successful in the next half century.
Exercise 9 학습된 포만감
How often do you eat three-fourths of a sandwich or ____
Typically, we completely consume items of ____ quantity and have experience with these particular quantities.
We can assume that, in early exposures to a sandwich, for example, consumption of one sandwich was followed by comfortable satiety ____ an adequate level of energy.
We also tend to consume entire portions, often ____ unaware of how energy dense or dilute they are.
For example, many of us consume a "bowlful" of cereal in the morning, regardless of ____ type of cereal (high or low in calories or other nutrients).
Indeed, the popular individual serving bowls of cereals from one commercial source vary between 70 and 130 kcal, and ____ fat content of the milk you probably add will make even larger differences.
____ learn, in early experiences with particular foods, what quantities yield satiety.
However, we can easily be "tricked," especially when eating at restaurants, because portion sizes are often larger ____ more fat and calorie dense than we expect.
Exercise 10 성공적인 수행을 위한 의사 결정
Across different performance domains, successful performance is not just dependent on proficient movement control and the successful execution of skills; ____ effective decision-making is also a core requirement.
In this context, decision-making can generally be viewed as the process of committing to a particular course of action (choosing one option over another) and relates to the choices that are made when a number of options are available to ____ performer for selection.
In all cases, the decisions that are made are influenced by past experiences and the knowledge base the individual performer has of the specific ____
These past experiences can help or hinder decision-making but, generally speaking, will bias the decision-maker either for or ____ a certain course of action depending on whether that course of action was successful in the past.
Another important ____ of making decisions in performance settings is that there is often more than one right decision, and the 'right' decision will often differ from individual to individual depending upon their skill level and expertise.
Also, the timescale within which ____ decision is made also varies, as does the underpinning explanation of process which differs depending on whether the decision is time-constrained or not.
Exercise 11 온라인을 통한 소수 집단의 견해 주장
Emerging findings suggest that minorities arguing their point of view electronically can be influential in ways that improve group performance, as long as ____ claim in-group affiliation and maintain their views consistently.
Several fascinating studies have also demonstrated a persuasive and performance advantage for remote or geographically ____ minorities.
In these cases, groups with a minority advocate who is geographically remote seemed to perform ____ because the minority was able to play devil's advocate, effectively inducing the majority to think about alternatives.
Perhaps being removed from the anxiety and discomfort of face-to-face disagreements makes it easier for the minority to assert an atypical view without fear of reprisal, and makes it easier for majorities to accept minority input without worrying about the identity consequences ____ publicly accepting it.
Thus, increased opportunity for minority points of view to improve group decisions should be counted among the benefits of electronic or technology-mediated ____
Exercise 12 본질주의와 비본질주의에서의 물체 분류
Consider the concept of a ____
According to essentialism, a chair ____ specific properties necessary to be recognized and identified as a chair.
These properties may include having a ____ backrest, and legs, which allow for sitting.
In other words, these ____ characteristics define the essence of a chair.
Under the essentialist viewpoint, ____ would not be considered a chair if an object lacks any defining properties.
____ instance, if we have an object with a seat and backrest but without legs, it would not fit the essentialist definition of a chair.
The presence of legs ____ considered essential for an object to be classified as a chair.
Non-essentialism, on the other hand, would challenge the ____ that a chair requires specific essential properties.
____ it might argue that any object can be considered a chair if it fulfills a functional purpose, such as providing a platform for sitting.
According to non-essentialism, an object's essence or specific properties are not necessary for ____ identification or classification.