Week 3 제6강
Exercise 1 군사 무기 공급의 역효과
The ____ of arms suppliers to control the uses to which their military hardware will be put is troubling.
Friends can become enemies, and supplying weapons can backfire ― generating what the CIA calls blowback to describe what can ____ when foreign activities such as covert shipments of arms are later used in retaliations against the supplier.
The United States ____ this painful lesson the hard way.
The weapons it shipped to Iraq when Saddam Hussein was fighting Iran in the 1980s were later used against U.S. ____ in the Persian Gulf War.
This also happened ____ the Stinger missiles the United States supplied to Taliban forces resisting the Soviet Union's 1979 invasion in Afghanistan fell into the hands of terrorists later opposing the United States.
Likewise, in 1982, Great Britain found itself shipping military equipment to Argentina just eight days before Argentina's attack on the British-controlled Falkland Islands; and in 1998, U.S. military technology ____ to China was exported to Pakistan, making possible its nuclear weapons test.
Exercise 2 도매상의 역할
A wholesaler is an ____ or individual acting as the middle step between a producer and a retailer.
It is reasonable to ask what the point might be of having a wholesaler in the distribution ____.
Why would the manufacturer not simply pass the sporting ____ straight on to the retailer?
However, a wholesaler can be important in helping other channel ____.
First, they usually buy goods in bulk from the ____ and then store them.
When the retailer is ready to order some goods, the wholesaler transports the ____ goods to them.
A wholesaler can also stock a large ____ of goods from a variety of different manufacturers.
As a result, instead of having to contact all of these producers, the retailer only ____ to talk to the one wholesaler to gain access to a range of different sporting goods.
Exercise 3 감정을 기반으로 한 현실 검증
Connecting ideas logically is the basis for reality testing, because a child around thirty to forty months old connects experiences inside herself with those outside and categorizes which are ____ (fantasy versus reality).
Her ongoing emotional interactions support this ability to form a category of reality because they continuously put a "me" in contact (____ the interactions) with a "not me or you."
This ongoing contact with someone ____ is "not me" provides constant contact with an external reality outside oneself.
The emotional investment in ____ enables the child to recognize the difference between her fantasies and the actual behavior of others.
While "reality testing" might appear to be a purely cognitive capacity, it requires an ability to organize an emotional ____ of self that is distinct from one's sense of others.
Such "reality testing" is a ____ foundation for logical thinking.
Without it, facts are often ____ to support irrational beliefs.
Exercise 4 동물의 모방
Procedures have recently been developed that separate imitation from other forms of social influence and social learning, and the results of initial studies ____ that species from chimpanzees to quail can imitate.
Such findings should not be surprising because social learning, whether by imitation or some other process, often provides ____ benefits than genetically predisposed behavior or trial-and-error learning.
However, the processes involved that enable animals to match their behavior to that of a ____ are poorly understood.
Imitation may involve some form of coordination of visual and touch-based sensory ____, perspective taking, or response facilitation.
However, the role of ____ processes in opaque imitation is still unknown.
A reasonable strategy to better understand the mechanisms involved in imitation ____ be to determine the necessary and sufficient conditions for opaque imitation to occur and to explore the range of behaviors that animals can imitate.
Finally, the ability to learn from others may not only be adaptive in making more efficient the acquisition of behavior important for survival and ____ but it may also free the animal from trial-and-error learning to engage in innovative variants that may be adopted by others.
Exercise 5 스포츠 산업에서 고객의 기쁨 경험
In the sports industry, feelings of delight do not stay permanently with a customer; they will not continue to feel the physical intensity of delight (such as excitement or exhilaration) ____, although they are likely to remember the experience.
If, for example, fitness centre customers remember ____ delighted the last time they used a service, their expectations may be raised well above normal.
This ____ be termed assimilated delight, because the customer has incorporated the things that delighted them into their expectations of what is normal.
The customer may even tell others about the features of the service, and as a result others may ____ come to expect a high level of performance as normal.
Worse, competing organisations may hear about what is being offered and duplicate it themselves, which of course will ____ that there is nothing unique about the original service.
As a result, sport ____ must carefully consider whether the cost of providing a delighting feature is worth it.
Exercise 6 정의의 범위
We can tell whether a definition is too broad or too ____ by looking for counterexamples.
A counterexample is a particular instance that proves a definition ____.
If a definition is too narrow, a counterexample is ____ that belongs in the concept but is excluded by the definition.
Atheists are ____ to the definition of humans as religious animals.
However, if a definition is too broad, a counterexample is something that does not belong in the ____ but is included in the definition.
____ are counterexamples to the definition of humans as two-legged animals.
Let's ____ at a few other cases.
"A ____ is a degree-granting educational institution."
A counterexample ____ be a law school.
____ schools are degree-granting educational institutions, but they are not colleges.
So this definition includes too much; it's ____ broad.
"A cigarette is a sheaf of chopped tobacco ____ in white paper."
What about the ____ that are rolled in brown paper?
They are counterexamples proving that the definition does ____ include enough; it's too narrow.
Exercise 7 곤충의 정교한 행동과 기억
While insects are usually depicted as displaying genetically fixed, stereotyped behaviors, recent research has shown that they can have ____ elaborate conducts, indicating a high degree of learning capacity and flexibility, displaying attentional capacities, navigational skills, and a good spatial memory.
For instance, some species of wasps hide their nests in ____ places which they keep hidden and visit regularly to provide them with food.
They apparently ____ the quality of the supplies provided to each nest and the time when these were delivered in order to visit them again timely.
This kind of memory (remembering the three wh's: what, where, and when something happened) was ____ considered to be exclusive to higher vertebrates and is supposed to be a fundamental precursor of planning abilities and for the development of a complex representation of the world.
In humans, this capacity has been termed episodic memory, but it critically differs ____ its nonhuman counterparts in being a form of explicit memory; that is, it can be verbally communicated to others (like when you tell your friend what happened last night at someone else's party).
Exercise 8 인구 고령화가 스포츠에 미치는 영향
With people living longer and the average age increasing ____, the ramifications for sport are substantial.
Fewer people are likely to engage in the most popular traditional and, ____, most athletic sports, such as soccer, other forms of football, and basketball.
These sports will need to market their products differently in order to satisfy the requirements of the older ____ or supporter.
This may mean far more ____ sport areas with greater and better access to car parks, bars, and restaurants.
It may mean showing top sports during the day or much earlier in the evening, with far ____ television coverage on Fridays and Saturdays when older viewers prefer to visit friends, go to restaurants or spend time at the local pub or club.
The 'ageing viewer' syndrome, for ____ it may well be, will probably herald a realisation that new sponsors will be required for sport.
Colas and sport shoes ____ be fine for the under-35s, but the older generation may prefer a good red wine and comfortable slippers.
It ____ be the sporting organisations and sponsors who can create the idea of youth combined with the comfort of older age which will be most successful in the next half century.
Exercise 9 학습된 포만감
How often do you ____ three-fourths of a sandwich or cookie?
Typically, we completely consume items of defined quantity and have experience with these particular ____.
We can ____ that, in early exposures to a sandwich, for example, consumption of one sandwich was followed by comfortable satiety and an adequate level of energy.
We also tend to consume entire portions, often ____ unaware of how energy dense or dilute they are.
For example, many of us consume a "bowlful" of cereal in the morning, ____ of the type of cereal (high or low in calories or other nutrients).
Indeed, the popular individual serving bowls of cereals ____ one commercial source vary between 70 and 130 kcal, and the fat content of the milk you probably add will make even larger differences.
We learn, in early experiences with particular ____, what quantities yield satiety.
However, we can easily be "tricked," especially when eating at restaurants, because portion sizes are often ____ and more fat and calorie dense than we expect.
Exercise 10 성공적인 수행을 위한 의사 결정
Across different performance ____, successful performance is not just dependent on proficient movement control and the successful execution of skills; often effective decision-making is also a core requirement.
In this context, decision-making can generally be viewed as the ____ of committing to a particular course of action (choosing one option over another) and relates to the choices that are made when a number of options are available to the performer for selection.
In all cases, the decisions that are made are influenced by past experiences and the knowledge base the individual performer has of the ____ situation.
These past experiences can help or hinder decision-making but, generally speaking, will bias the decision-maker either for or against a certain course of action depending on whether that course of action was successful in the ____.
Another ____ aspect of making decisions in performance settings is that there is often more than one right decision, and the 'right' decision will often differ from individual to individual depending upon their skill level and expertise.
Also, the timescale within which a decision is made also varies, as does the underpinning ____ of process which differs depending on whether the decision is time-constrained or not.
Exercise 11 온라인을 통한 소수 집단의 견해 주장
Emerging findings suggest that minorities arguing their point of ____ electronically can be influential in ways that improve group performance, as long as they claim in-group affiliation and maintain their views consistently.
Several fascinating studies have also ____ a persuasive and performance advantage for remote or geographically removed minorities.
In these cases, groups with a ____ advocate who is geographically remote seemed to perform better because the minority was able to play devil's advocate, effectively inducing the majority to think about alternatives.
Perhaps being removed from the anxiety and ____ of face-to-face disagreements makes it easier for the minority to assert an atypical view without fear of reprisal, and makes it easier for majorities to accept minority input without worrying about the identity consequences of publicly accepting it.
Thus, increased opportunity for minority points of view to improve group decisions should be ____ among the benefits of electronic or technology-mediated communication.
Exercise 12 본질주의와 비본질주의에서의 물체 분류
____ the concept of a "chair."
According to ____, a chair has specific properties necessary to be recognized and identified as a chair.
These properties may include ____ a seat, backrest, and legs, which allow for sitting.
In other words, these ____ characteristics define the essence of a chair.
Under the essentialist viewpoint, it would not be considered a chair if an object lacks any ____ properties.
For instance, if we have an object with a seat and backrest but without legs, it would not fit the ____ definition of a chair.
The ____ of legs is considered essential for an object to be classified as a chair.
Non-essentialism, on the ____ hand, would challenge the notion that a chair requires specific essential properties.
Instead, it might argue that any ____ can be considered a chair if it fulfills a functional purpose, such as providing a platform for sitting.
According to non-essentialism, an object's essence or specific properties are not necessary for ____ identification or classification.