Week 3 제6강
Exercise 1 군사 무기 공급의 역효과
The inability of ____ suppliers to control the uses to which their military hardware will be put is troubling.
Friends can ____ enemies, and supplying weapons can backfire ― generating what the CIA calls blowback to describe what can happen when foreign activities such as covert shipments of arms are later used in retaliations against the supplier.
The United States ____ this painful lesson the hard way.
The ____ it shipped to Iraq when Saddam Hussein was fighting Iran in the 1980s were later used against U.S. forces in the Persian Gulf War.
This also happened when the Stinger missiles the United States ____ to Taliban forces resisting the Soviet Union's 1979 invasion in Afghanistan fell into the hands of terrorists later opposing the United States.
Likewise, in ____ Great Britain found itself shipping military equipment to Argentina just eight days before Argentina's attack on the British-controlled Falkland Islands; and in 1998, U.S. military technology sold to China was exported to Pakistan, making possible its nuclear weapons test.
Exercise 2 도매상의 역할
A wholesaler is an organisation or individual acting as the ____ step between a producer and a retailer.
It is reasonable to ask what ____ point might be of having a wholesaler in the distribution channel.
Why would the manufacturer ____ simply pass the sporting goods straight on to the retailer?
However, ____ wholesaler can be important in helping other channel members.
First, they usually buy goods in ____ from the manufacturer and then store them.
When the retailer is ____ to order some goods, the wholesaler transports the sporting goods to them.
A wholesaler can also stock a large range of goods from a ____ of different manufacturers.
As a result, instead of having to contact all of these producers, the retailer only has to talk to the ____ wholesaler to gain access to a range of different sporting goods.
Exercise 3 감정을 기반으로 한 현실 검증
Connecting ideas logically is the basis for reality testing, because a child around thirty to ____ months old connects experiences inside herself with those outside and categorizes which are which (fantasy versus reality).
Her ongoing emotional interactions support this ability to form a category of reality because they continuously put a "me" in ____ (through the interactions) with a "not me or you."
This ongoing contact with someone who is "not me" provides constant contact ____ an external reality outside oneself.
____ emotional investment in relationships enables the child to recognize the difference between her fantasies and the actual behavior of others.
While "reality testing" might appear to be a purely cognitive capacity, it requires an ability to organize an emotional sense of self that is distinct ____ one's sense of others.
Such "reality testing" is a ____ foundation for logical thinking.
Without it, facts are ____ used to support irrational beliefs.
Exercise 4 동물의 모방
Procedures have recently been developed that separate imitation from other forms of social influence and social learning, and the results of initial studies indicate that ____ from chimpanzees to quail can imitate.
____ findings should not be surprising because social learning, whether by imitation or some other process, often provides greater benefits than genetically predisposed behavior or trial-and-error learning.
However, the ____ involved that enable animals to match their behavior to that of a demonstrator are poorly understood.
Imitation may ____ some form of coordination of visual and touch-based sensory modalities, perspective taking, or response facilitation.
However, ____ role of such processes in opaque imitation is still unknown.
A reasonable strategy to better understand the mechanisms ____ in imitation would be to determine the necessary and sufficient conditions for opaque imitation to occur and to explore the range of behaviors that animals can imitate.
____ the ability to learn from others may not only be adaptive in making more efficient the acquisition of behavior important for survival and reproduction but it may also free the animal from trial-and-error learning to engage in innovative variants that may be adopted by others.
Exercise 5 스포츠 산업에서 고객의 기쁨 경험
____ the sports industry, feelings of delight do not stay permanently with a customer; they will not continue to feel the physical intensity of delight (such as excitement or exhilaration) indefinitely, although they are likely to remember the experience.
If, for example, ____ centre customers remember being delighted the last time they used a service, their expectations may be raised well above normal.
This may be termed assimilated delight, because the customer has incorporated the things that ____ them into their expectations of what is normal.
The customer may ____ tell others about the features of the service, and as a result others may also come to expect a high level of performance as normal.
Worse, competing organisations may hear about what is being offered and duplicate it themselves, which of course will mean ____ there is nothing unique about the original service.
As a result, sport organisations must carefully consider whether the cost of providing a delighting feature is worth ____
Exercise 6 정의의 범위
We can tell whether ____ definition is too broad or too narrow by looking for counterexamples.
A counterexample ____ a particular instance that proves a definition wrong.
If a definition is too narrow, a counterexample is something that belongs in the concept but is excluded ____ the definition.
Atheists are counterexamples to the definition of humans as religious ____
However, ____ a definition is too broad, a counterexample is something that does not belong in the concept but is included in the definition.
Birds are counterexamples to the definition of humans as ____ animals.
Let's look at a ____ other cases.
"A college is a ____ educational institution."
A counterexample would be ____ law school.
Law schools are degree-granting ____ institutions, but they are not colleges.
____ this definition includes too much; it's too broad.
"A cigarette is a ____ of chopped tobacco rolled in white paper."
What ____ the brands that are rolled in brown paper?
____ are counterexamples proving that the definition does not include enough; it's too narrow.
Exercise 7 곤충의 정교한 행동과 기억
While insects are usually depicted as displaying genetically ____ stereotyped behaviors, recent research has shown that they can have quite elaborate conducts, indicating a high degree of learning capacity and flexibility, displaying attentional capacities, navigational skills, and a good spatial memory.
____ instance, some species of wasps hide their nests in several places which they keep hidden and visit regularly to provide them with food.
They apparently remember the quality of the supplies provided to each nest and the time when these were delivered in ____ to visit them again timely.
This kind of memory (remembering the three wh's: what, where, and when something happened) ____ traditionally considered to be exclusive to higher vertebrates and is supposed to be a fundamental precursor of planning abilities and for the development of a complex representation of the world.
In humans, this capacity has been termed episodic memory, but it critically differs ____ its nonhuman counterparts in being a form of explicit memory; that is, it can be verbally communicated to others (like when you tell your friend what happened last night at someone else's party).
Exercise 8 인구 고령화가 스포츠에 미치는 영향
With people living longer ____ the average age increasing markedly, the ramifications for sport are substantial.
Fewer people are likely to engage in the most popular traditional and, incidentally, ____ athletic sports, such as soccer, other forms of football, and basketball.
These sports will need ____ market their products differently in order to satisfy the requirements of the older spectator or supporter.
This may mean far more comfortable sport areas with greater ____ better access to car parks, bars, and restaurants.
It may mean showing top sports during the day or much earlier in the evening, with far less television coverage on Fridays and Saturdays when older ____ prefer to visit friends, go to restaurants or spend time at the local pub or club.
The 'ageing viewer' syndrome, for such it ____ well be, will probably herald a realisation that new sponsors will be required for sport.
Colas and sport shoes may be fine for the ____ but the older generation may prefer a good red wine and comfortable slippers.
It will be the sporting organisations and sponsors who can create the idea of ____ combined with the comfort of older age which will be most successful in the next half century.
Exercise 9 학습된 포만감
How often do ____ eat three-fourths of a sandwich or cookie?
Typically, we completely consume items of defined ____ and have experience with these particular quantities.
We can assume that, in ____ exposures to a sandwich, for example, consumption of one sandwich was followed by comfortable satiety and an adequate level of energy.
We also tend to consume entire portions, often completely ____ of how energy dense or dilute they are.
For example, many of us consume a "bowlful" of cereal in the morning, regardless of the type of cereal (high or low ____ calories or other nutrients).
Indeed, the popular individual serving bowls of cereals from one commercial source vary between 70 and 130 kcal, and the fat ____ of the milk you probably add will make even larger differences.
We learn, in early experiences with particular foods, what ____ yield satiety.
However, we can ____ be "tricked," especially when eating at restaurants, because portion sizes are often larger and more fat and calorie dense than we expect.
Exercise 10 성공적인 수행을 위한 의사 결정
Across different performance domains, successful performance is not just dependent ____ proficient movement control and the successful execution of skills; often effective decision-making is also a core requirement.
In this context, decision-making can generally be viewed as the process of committing to a particular course of action (choosing one option over another) and relates to the choices that are made when ____ number of options are available to the performer for selection.
In all cases, the decisions that are made are influenced by past experiences and the ____ base the individual performer has of the specific situation.
These past experiences can help or hinder decision-making but, generally speaking, will bias the decision-maker either for or against a certain course of action ____ on whether that course of action was successful in the past.
Another important aspect of making decisions in performance settings is that there is often more than one right decision, and the 'right' decision will often differ from individual to individual depending upon their ____ level and expertise.
Also, the timescale within which a decision is made also varies, as does the underpinning explanation of process which differs depending on ____ the decision is time-constrained or not.
Exercise 11 온라인을 통한 소수 집단의 견해 주장
Emerging ____ suggest that minorities arguing their point of view electronically can be influential in ways that improve group performance, as long as they claim in-group affiliation and maintain their views consistently.
Several fascinating studies have also demonstrated a persuasive and performance advantage for remote or geographically ____ minorities.
In these cases, groups with a minority advocate who is ____ remote seemed to perform better because the minority was able to play devil's advocate, effectively inducing the majority to think about alternatives.
Perhaps being removed from the anxiety and discomfort of face-to-face disagreements makes it easier for the minority to assert an atypical ____ without fear of reprisal, and makes it easier for majorities to accept minority input without worrying about the identity consequences of publicly accepting it.
Thus, increased ____ for minority points of view to improve group decisions should be counted among the benefits of electronic or technology-mediated communication.
Exercise 12 본질주의와 비본질주의에서의 물체 분류
Consider the concept ____ a "chair."
According to essentialism, ____ chair has specific properties necessary to be recognized and identified as a chair.
These properties ____ include having a seat, backrest, and legs, which allow for sitting.
In other words, these essential characteristics define the essence ____ a chair.
Under the essentialist viewpoint, it would not be considered a chair if an ____ lacks any defining properties.
For instance, if we have an ____ with a seat and backrest but without legs, it would not fit the essentialist definition of a chair.
The presence of legs is ____ essential for an object to be classified as a chair.
Non-essentialism, on the other hand, would challenge the notion that a ____ requires specific essential properties.
Instead, it might argue that any ____ can be considered a chair if it fulfills a functional purpose, such as providing a platform for sitting.
According to non-essentialism, an object's essence or specific properties are not necessary for ____ identification or classification.