26 수특 영독연 15강 변형문제 (19-25번)

In the case of self-driving cars that get into an accident, we are dealing with the following phenomenon: ____ the situation immediately before the accident, no more decisions can be made.

The decision about the behavior of an autonomous car was made when a decision was ____ about its programming.

This ____ be a lengthy process involving both the creation of appropriate legal regulations and their implementation by the manufacturer down to the individual programmer.

Now, in addition to attempts to program machines to apply certain moral theories to particular situations, there are also those ____ aim to mimic human judgment as best as possible.

____ would not, however, lead to self-driving vehicles acquiring the status of “moral agents.”

Their behavior would not be considered an action in the sense of a result of ____ decision-making.

An autonomous vehicle merely implements the rules programmed into its ____

This is also true when forms of self-learning Artificial ____ are used.

Here, too, humans will select the training ____ and decide what the correct answer is in each case.

They decide what the program ____ “learn” and when it has “learned” enough.

Multiculturalism is an ideology advocating that society should consist of, or at least allow and include, distinct cultural and religious groups, with ____

____ countries have official multiculturalism policies aimed at preserving the cultural identities of immigrant groups.

In this context, multiculturalism advocates a society that extends fairness to ____ cultural and religious groups, no one culture predominating.

However, the term is more commonly used to describe a society consisting of minority ____ cultures existing alongside a predominant, indigenous culture.

Often, multiculturalism is ____ used with the term interculturalism.

Which term is used depends on what ____ is spoken by the people.

For example, English-speaking European researchers usually use the term multicultural, while non-English-speaking ____ use the term intercultural.

It is also argued that multicultural describes the ____ of the society whose members are from different ethnic and religious groups, while intercultural describes their interactions, negotiations, and processes.

Another view is that intercultural refers to two culturally different groups of people, and multicultural refers to more than two culturally different groups of ____

Therefore, the ____ multicultural is acceptable when referring to multiple cultures.

Looking at science’s history suggests that the answer to ____ question, what is this thing called science, is that there is no single thing called science.

Science is certainly not a ____ and continuous body of beliefs.

____ is it captured by a single scientific method.

If we want to understand what science is — the different ways knowledge has been produced both now and in the past, and how different peoples and cultures have come to hold the beliefs they have about the natural world — we simply have ____ choice but to look at history.

To do this successfully, we need to overcome that modern condescension for ____ past that is often particularly prevalent in the history of science.

Clearly, by the ____ of our current knowledge, most of what people in the past thought they knew was false.

It is worth remembering, though, that by the same pessimistic ____ most of what we think we know now will turn out to be wrong by the future’s standards.

The history of science should not be a game of rewarding winners and ____ in the past.

____ a work is eligible for copyright protection if it is “original,” that is, it contains markers of creative decision making by the author or artists.

____ raw or common like an alphabetical listing of names would not be eligible for copyright protection.

But a song melody that used an alphabetical list of ____ as lyrics would be.

A work must ____ “fixed in a tangible medium of expression,” to quote U.S. copyright law, to qualify for copyright protection.

This means that if I stand up in public and speak a ____ into the air, it does not enjoy copyright protection.

But if I record the sound of speaking it into the air or I type the poem out on a keyboard into a ____ hard drive, it immediately enjoys protection.

My ____ hard drive is a “tangible medium of expression.”

So are ____ photographic paper, concrete, cloth, and the huge slabs of steel that the sculptor Richard Serra uses to make his sculptures.

You might think that one reason ____ some individuals are successful at recognizing others’ emotions from their facial expressions is because they typically show emotions clearly on their own faces.

____ though, research findings related to this idea are mixed.

A review of available evidence indicates that both reading and expressing emotions are related but only when individuals are trying to communicate their feelings ____ others.

When these expressions occur spontaneously — for instance, an expression of joy when something wonderful suddenly happens ____ then being able to recognize others’ facial expressions and displaying those cues clearly oneself are not related.

To put it in other terms, people who express their emotions openly and easily are not necessarily accurate ____ recognizing the facial expressions of others.

Accuracy appears to be tied ____ people’s intentional focus on showing their own emotions in their facial expressions.

Perhaps they gain greater insight into the nature of others’ expressions by doing so, ____ this helps them to recognize others’ underlying feelings more accurately.

Research findings show that ____ tendency to clearly convey their own emotions through facial expressions doesn’t necessarily guarantee an accurate reading of others’ emotions, as the accuracy of reading seems to be linked to the deliberate display of one’s own emotions.

If you look at mammals, the larger the animal, generally speaking, the ____ its life span.

This makes ____ sense.

A small animal is more vulnerable to ____ and there would be no point in having a long life span if it is going to be eaten long before it dies of old age.

But the more fundamental reason for the ____ between size and life span is that size is related to metabolic rate, which is roughly the rate at which an animal burns fuel in the form of food to provide the energy it needs to function.

Small ____ have more surface area for their size and so lose heat more easily.

To ____ they need to generate more heat, which means maintaining a higher metabolic rate and eating more for their weight.

This means that the total number of calories burned per hour by an animal increases more slowly than the mass of the ____

An animal that is ten times as large burns only four to five ____ as many calories per hour.

So for their weight, smaller animals burn more calories than larger ____

The relationship between how fast an animal burns calories and its mass is named Kleiber’s ____ after Max Kleiber, who showed in the 1930s that an animal’s metabolic rate scales to the 3/4 power of its mass.

The exact power is a matter of dispute and some show that for mammals, a 2/3 power fits the ____ better.