Week 3 제5강
Exercise 1 새롭게 알려진 돌고래의 행동 특성
The new millennium has brought discoveries about dolphin ____ emotion, and consciousness, creating a bridge to what is known about dolphin behavior with an emphasis on communication.
New data on dolphin intelligence allow us ____ obtain a broader picture of the inner lives of dolphins.
We see that dolphins exhibit sophisticated characteristics previously attributed only ____ humans and possibly to other higher primates.
We ____ that dolphins understand syntax, semantics, and word order, and are capable of mirror-self-recognition, comprehension of pointing gestures, and understanding reference to body parts.
They can identify the same abstract object ____ vision or echolocation.
There ____ evidence that dolphins have culture.
For instance, ____ whales have vocal dialects that are distinct to each family group and are passed down through generations; some bottlenose dolphins use sponges as tools when foraging along the sea floor.
Exercise 2 기술 중심적 해결책에 대한 맹목적 신뢰의 문제점
Many people, including those in most governments, place their faith in new technologies as the solution to every ____ and indeed future ecological problem.
And it is true that appropriate, clean, and affordable technology has an important role to play in resolving the ecocrisis; but it cannot bear the ____ of cornucopian dreams.
Technology is vanishingly unlikely ____ be able to compensate for uncontrolled expansion of either population or consumption.
____ example, it tends to become increasingly expensive and/or specialized, and technological 'solutions' notoriously tend to create new problems, which then seem to require more technological intervention, and so on.
Still more fundamentally, such 'solutions' to ____ problems ignore the urgent need actually to reduce consumption (thereby, of course, spending less) and lock us into a collective mindset ― run by technoscience, financed by capital, and protected by state power ― which is a principal cause of the problems.
Then more of that cause can only be perceived, with increasingly desperate denial, as the ____ solution.
Exercise 3 동물 복지 법률에 대한 상충되는 견해
Many countries have had legislation ____ protect animals in place for decades, even for centuries.
This legislation may regulate practices such ____ slaughter or experimentation, or may be more generally aimed at preventing cruelty.
But whether this kind of legislation is ____ lies at the heart of a key debate between those who argue, in a legal context, for the promotion of animal welfare and those who argue for the promotion of animal rights.
Those who argue for animal welfare seek increased legal protection for animals from human-inflicted pain and other kinds ____ suffering (for example, insufficient food and space).
____ rights advocates maintain that this welfare legislation does not go far enough.
Welfare legislation accepts, they argue, that animals may be used by humans for food and as experimental subjects; it merely tries to curb ____ worst excesses of these practices.
The problem, on the rights view, is more fundamental than this: animals are not the kinds of thing that humans should use in this ____ at all.
The problem, therefore, is not one about treating ____ inhumanely, but instead one about understanding them as human resources.
Exercise 4 고대 그리스의 교육
In ____ Greece, education consistently occurred in the context of the personal relations among teachers and students.
Most often, it involved a tutor who traveled to homes or other community locations where they worked ____ individuals or small groups of students.
Additionally, collecting teachers and students into learning communities was another approach to creating a social learning context, such ____ Plato's Academy and its descendent organizations.
It is important to note that a close relationship between student and teacher was consistently seen as essential: "advanced education involved a deep and absolutely personal bond between teacher and pupil, a bond in which ... emotion, if not passion, played a considerable ____
Indeed, Plato, ____ the Dialogues, supported the active engagement of students in learning.
Much of what was learned occurred ____ these interpersonal oral relationships rather than through written materials.
Exercise 5 지나친 인정 욕구의 원인
The search for approval has its own ____
____ the formative period of childhood the child seeks the approval of its caretakers as a means of securing their love.
____ persists into adulthood where there is a general need for the approval of others, especially loved ones, or those who are admired or looked up to because they have particular qualities or skills.
But this can turn into an unhealthy, excessive need for approval if the individual is uncertain about his or her own independence, rights, ____ and effectiveness (the ability to influence things).
The ____ searching for approval is based on the fear that the other's love will be withdrawn and that you will be left helpless and unloved.
This, of course, is an extension of a childhood pattern whereby the individual feels that he or she never ____ enough (unconditional) approval or love from her or his parents.
As a result they ____ to feel unworthy and that they don't have the right to expect unconditional love and approval.
Exercise 6 동기 부여에 대한 연구
____ has an extensive history in academic research.
Some ____ the earliest work on this topic was by Clark Hull, who observed that effort invested in accomplishing a goal increases as goal attainment becomes more likely.
Although this conclusion was drawn by observing rats running a maze to achieve a food reward ― with speed increasing as distance to the food decreased ― it is nevertheless useful in seeking to explain goal pursuit ____ humans.
Indeed, much of the modern work on motivation has ____ on this foundation to understand what promotes goal pursuit and achievement.
For example, mirroring Hull's rats, consumers have been shown to accelerate coffee purchases as they approach the end of ____ '10th free' loyalty card.
In the sports context, athletes are often observed to give 'one last push' as they complete a given event, and this is also often a feature both of others' efforts to motivate them ____ their fatigue, and of their own self-talk.
This method of motivation can also be seen when a person puts in extra effort as they reach the end of a given ____ routine.
Given the centrality of motivation to success ____ most life domains, this topic has fascinated scholars in a range of disciplines in the social sciences, including economics and psychology.
Exercise 7 충동적 행동의 원인
____ action starts in the mind.
We may know about the reasoned thought process in most cases but there ____ instances where one may not be able to identify the thought process.
____ a person does something stupid or atrocious against his fundamental nature, he may say that he had lost his mind momentarily.
When pressed, he may be unable to offer any ____ explanation for his actions.
He may not be able to identify it but the actual cause ____ be a result of some kind of repressed emotion surfacing in impulsive behaviour.
Impulsive behaviour is a result of emotive build-up and appears ____ sparks in our mind leading to instantaneous rational or irrational behaviour.
The conscious mind may ____ be able to discern and identify the logic or the rationale behind many of our actions.
Though mankind is endowed ____ rational thinking, irrational actions happen often.
The outcome will ____ depend upon mental maturity.
Exercise 8 사고 패턴이 일상 활동과 생존에 미치는 영향
It is human nature for our brains to form thought patterns ― neural pathways or so-called rivers ____ thinking ― to get through our daily activities.
To better understand this concept, developed by Edward de Bono, create a mental image ____ water running down a mountain.
It may start as a series of slow drips or scattered streams, but the water eventually comes together and flows in the same direction, creating deep grooves ____ pathways over time ― even cutting through rock and creating gullies.
These pathways are a ____ analogy to what happens with our thinking.
We develop deep mental pathways that influence how we interpret information, what we ____ in the world around us, and how we respond.
It's not all ____
These rivers of thinking help ____ extract order, make quick decisions, and create expertise.
These patterns are why we can go through our morning routine without much ____ or drive to work without directions.
They ____ us survive and are essential to how we work and live.
Exercise 9 디지털 미디어의 발전과 청소년의 지위
The emerging power shift, where smaller and edge players are gaining more visibility and voice, is particularly ____ to children and youth.
If we look at children and youth through the lens of digital media, we have a population that has been historically subject to a higher degree ____ systematic and institutional control in the kinds of information and social communication to which they have access.
This is one reason why the alchemy between youth and digital media has been distinctive; it ____ the existing set of power relations between adult authority and young people.
While many studies of children, youth, and ____ have for decades stressed the status of young people as competent and full social subjects, digital media increasingly insist that we acknowledge this viewpoint.
Not only must we see youth as legitimate social and political actors, but we must also ____ them as potential innovators and drivers of new media change.
Exercise 10 나무 외관에 대한 암묵적 지침
In the ____ there are unwritten guidelines for tree etiquette.
These guidelines lay down the proper appearance ____ upright members of ancient forests and acceptable forms of behavior.
This is what a mature, well-behaved seasonal tree ____ like.
It has a ramrod-straight trunk with a regular, orderly arrangement of wood ____
The roots stretch out evenly in all directions and reach down into ____ earth under the tree.
In its youth, ____ tree had narrow branches extending sideways from its trunk.
They died back a long time ago, and ____ tree sealed them off with fresh bark and new wood so that what you see now is a long, smooth column.
Only when you get to the top do you see ____ symmetrical crown formed of strong branches angling upward like arms raised to heaven.
An ideally formed tree such ____ this can grow very old.
Similar rules hold for conifers, except that the topmost branches ____ be horizontal or bent slightly downward.
Exercise 11 기술과 지식 생산, 인식론의 연관성
Heidegger thought of technology as a 'bringing-forth', something that ____ something.
Interestingly enough, the ____ combination of pro and ducere in the word production also refers to something that can be called 'bringing forth' (pro=forward and ducere=to lead).
Technology, then, is ____ connected to the production of knowledge, and hence to epistemology.
This is not only because ____ more administrative pedagogical technologies used in teaching and learning bring with them tools for efficiency in educational spheres.
It is also connected to the critique of technology and its critical uses, that is, the ____ penetration of technological processes that help us be aware of the worlds (in the phenomenological sense) we inhabit, be it in the observation of new technologies of seeing or those of hearing.
Exercise 12 팬 편집자의 정보 탐색
Fan editors often consult "specialist ____ to track down information about their media interest(s).
These works are considered authoritative due to their reputation ____ accuracy and focused coverage, and after sufficient "enculturation," fan editors will often learn to seek out these sources whenever an information need arises.
While ____ editors usually seek information individually, they will sometimes collaborate with others who share their taste in media.
This collaboration tends to emerge spontaneously, often in response to a lack of accessible information, and it usually occurs within ____ groups of editors.
And regardless of whether information seeking is done individually or collaboratively, ____ editors commonly face several key informational barriers.
Paywalled sources, for instance, often ____ off content, and link rot can hinder an editor's ability to locate information.
Language barriers can also hinder editors, leading some to use machine ____ tools or to seek help from multilingual colleagues.
Finally, the issue ____ "recentism" often makes it difficult for fan editors to find pre-digital sources.
2027 수능특강 영어독해연습 5강 한줄 해석 (1-6번)