Week 3 제6강
Exercise 1 군사 무기 공급의 역효과
The inability of arms suppliers to ____ the uses to which their military hardware will be put is troubling.
Friends can become enemies, and supplying weapons can backfire ― generating what the CIA calls blowback to describe what can happen when foreign activities such as covert ____ of arms are later used in retaliations against the supplier.
The ____ States learned this painful lesson the hard way.
The weapons it shipped to Iraq when Saddam Hussein was fighting Iran in the 1980s were later used against U.S. forces in the Persian ____ War.
This also happened when the Stinger missiles the United States supplied to Taliban forces ____ the Soviet Union's 1979 invasion in Afghanistan fell into the hands of terrorists later opposing the United States.
Likewise, in 1982, Great Britain found itself shipping military equipment to Argentina ____ eight days before Argentina's attack on the British-controlled Falkland Islands; and in 1998, U.S. military technology sold to China was exported to Pakistan, making possible its nuclear weapons test.
Exercise 2 도매상의 역할
A wholesaler is an organisation or individual ____ as the middle step between a producer and a retailer.
It is reasonable to ask what the point might be of ____ a wholesaler in the distribution channel.
Why ____ the manufacturer not simply pass the sporting goods straight on to the retailer?
However, a wholesaler can be important in helping other channel ____.
First, they usually buy goods in bulk ____ the manufacturer and then store them.
When the retailer is ready to order some goods, the wholesaler transports the sporting goods to ____.
A ____ can also stock a large range of goods from a variety of different manufacturers.
As a result, instead of having to contact all of these producers, the retailer only has to talk to the one wholesaler to gain access to a ____ of different sporting goods.
Exercise 3 감정을 기반으로 한 현실 검증
Connecting ideas logically is the basis for reality testing, because a child around thirty to forty months old connects experiences inside herself with those outside and categorizes which are which (fantasy versus ____).
Her ongoing emotional interactions support this ability to form a category of reality ____ they continuously put a "me" in contact (through the interactions) with a "not me or you."
This ongoing contact with someone ____ is "not me" provides constant contact with an external reality outside oneself.
The emotional investment in relationships enables the ____ to recognize the difference between her fantasies and the actual behavior of others.
While "reality testing" might appear to be a purely cognitive capacity, it requires an ability to organize an emotional sense of self that is distinct from ____ sense of others.
____ "reality testing" is a critical foundation for logical thinking.
Without it, facts are often used to support irrational ____.
Exercise 4 동물의 모방
Procedures have recently been developed that separate imitation from other forms of social influence and social learning, and the results of initial studies indicate that ____ from chimpanzees to quail can imitate.
Such ____ should not be surprising because social learning, whether by imitation or some other process, often provides greater benefits than genetically predisposed behavior or trial-and-error learning.
However, the ____ involved that enable animals to match their behavior to that of a demonstrator are poorly understood.
Imitation may ____ some form of coordination of visual and touch-based sensory modalities, perspective taking, or response facilitation.
However, the role of such processes in opaque ____ is still unknown.
A reasonable strategy to ____ understand the mechanisms involved in imitation would be to determine the necessary and sufficient conditions for opaque imitation to occur and to explore the range of behaviors that animals can imitate.
Finally, the ability to learn from others may not only be adaptive in making more ____ the acquisition of behavior important for survival and reproduction but it may also free the animal from trial-and-error learning to engage in innovative variants that may be adopted by others.
Exercise 5 스포츠 산업에서 고객의 기쁨 경험
In the sports industry, feelings of delight do not stay permanently with a customer; they will not continue to feel the physical intensity of delight (such as excitement or exhilaration) indefinitely, although they are likely to ____ the experience.
If, for example, ____ centre customers remember being delighted the last time they used a service, their expectations may be raised well above normal.
This ____ be termed assimilated delight, because the customer has incorporated the things that delighted them into their expectations of what is normal.
The customer may even tell others about the features of the service, and as a result ____ may also come to expect a high level of performance as normal.
Worse, competing organisations may hear about what is being offered and duplicate it themselves, which of course will mean that there is ____ unique about the original service.
As a result, sport organisations must carefully consider whether the cost of providing a delighting ____ is worth it.
Exercise 6 정의의 범위
We can tell whether a ____ is too broad or too narrow by looking for counterexamples.
A counterexample is a particular instance that proves a definition ____.
If a definition is too narrow, a counterexample is something that belongs in the ____ but is excluded by the definition.
Atheists are counterexamples to the ____ of humans as religious animals.
However, if a definition is too broad, a ____ is something that does not belong in the concept but is included in the definition.
Birds are counterexamples to the definition of ____ as two-legged animals.
Let's ____ at a few other cases.
"A college is a ____ educational institution."
A counterexample ____ be a law school.
Law schools are degree-granting educational institutions, but they are not ____.
So this definition includes too much; ____ too broad.
"A cigarette is a ____ of chopped tobacco rolled in white paper."
____ about the brands that are rolled in brown paper?
They are ____ proving that the definition does not include enough; it's too narrow.
Exercise 7 곤충의 정교한 행동과 기억
While insects are usually depicted as displaying genetically fixed, stereotyped behaviors, recent research has shown that they can have quite elaborate conducts, indicating a high degree of learning capacity and flexibility, ____ attentional capacities, navigational skills, and a good spatial memory.
For instance, some species of wasps hide their nests in several places which they keep hidden and visit regularly to provide them with ____.
They apparently remember the quality of the ____ provided to each nest and the time when these were delivered in order to visit them again timely.
This kind of memory (remembering the three wh's: what, where, and when something happened) was traditionally considered to be exclusive to higher vertebrates and is supposed to be a ____ precursor of planning abilities and for the development of a complex representation of the world.
In humans, this capacity has been ____ episodic memory, but it critically differs from its nonhuman counterparts in being a form of explicit memory; that is, it can be verbally communicated to others (like when you tell your friend what happened last night at someone else's party).
Exercise 8 인구 고령화가 스포츠에 미치는 영향
With people living longer and the average ____ increasing markedly, the ramifications for sport are substantial.
Fewer people are ____ to engage in the most popular traditional and, incidentally, most athletic sports, such as soccer, other forms of football, and basketball.
These sports will need to ____ their products differently in order to satisfy the requirements of the older spectator or supporter.
This may ____ far more comfortable sport areas with greater and better access to car parks, bars, and restaurants.
It may mean showing top sports during the day or much earlier in the evening, with far less television coverage on Fridays and Saturdays when older viewers prefer to visit friends, go to restaurants or spend time at the local pub or ____.
The 'ageing viewer' syndrome, for such it may well be, will probably herald a realisation that new sponsors will be ____ for sport.
Colas and sport shoes may be fine for the under-35s, but the older ____ may prefer a good red wine and comfortable slippers.
It will be the sporting ____ and sponsors who can create the idea of youth combined with the comfort of older age which will be most successful in the next half century.
Exercise 9 학습된 포만감
How often do ____ eat three-fourths of a sandwich or cookie?
Typically, we completely consume items of defined quantity and have experience with these ____ quantities.
We can assume that, in early exposures to a sandwich, for example, consumption of ____ sandwich was followed by comfortable satiety and an adequate level of energy.
We also tend to consume entire ____, often completely unaware of how energy dense or dilute they are.
For example, many of us ____ a "bowlful" of cereal in the morning, regardless of the type of cereal (high or low in calories or other nutrients).
Indeed, the popular individual serving bowls of cereals from one ____ source vary between 70 and 130 kcal, and the fat content of the milk you probably add will make even larger differences.
We learn, in early experiences with particular foods, what ____ yield satiety.
However, we can easily be "tricked," especially when eating at restaurants, because portion sizes are often larger and more fat and ____ dense than we expect.
Exercise 10 성공적인 수행을 위한 의사 결정
Across different performance domains, successful performance is not ____ dependent on proficient movement control and the successful execution of skills; often effective decision-making is also a core requirement.
In this context, decision-making can generally be viewed as the process of committing to a particular course of action (choosing one option over another) and relates to the ____ that are made when a number of options are available to the performer for selection.
In all cases, the decisions that are made are ____ by past experiences and the knowledge base the individual performer has of the specific situation.
These past experiences can help or hinder decision-making but, generally speaking, will bias the decision-maker either for or ____ a certain course of action depending on whether that course of action was successful in the past.
Another ____ aspect of making decisions in performance settings is that there is often more than one right decision, and the 'right' decision will often differ from individual to individual depending upon their skill level and expertise.
Also, the timescale within which a decision is made also varies, as does the ____ explanation of process which differs depending on whether the decision is time-constrained or not.
Exercise 11 온라인을 통한 소수 집단의 견해 주장
Emerging findings suggest that minorities arguing their ____ of view electronically can be influential in ways that improve group performance, as long as they claim in-group affiliation and maintain their views consistently.
____ fascinating studies have also demonstrated a persuasive and performance advantage for remote or geographically removed minorities.
In these cases, groups with a minority advocate who is geographically remote seemed to perform better because the minority was able to play devil's advocate, effectively inducing the majority to think ____ alternatives.
Perhaps being removed from the anxiety and discomfort of face-to-face disagreements makes it ____ for the minority to assert an atypical view without fear of reprisal, and makes it easier for majorities to accept minority input without worrying about the identity consequences of publicly accepting it.
Thus, increased opportunity for minority points of view to improve group decisions should be ____ among the benefits of electronic or technology-mediated communication.
Exercise 12 본질주의와 비본질주의에서의 물체 분류
Consider the ____ of a "chair."
According to essentialism, a chair has specific properties necessary to be recognized and ____ as a chair.
These properties may include having a seat, backrest, and legs, which ____ for sitting.
In other words, these essential characteristics define the ____ of a chair.
Under the essentialist viewpoint, it would not be ____ a chair if an object lacks any defining properties.
For instance, if we have an object with a seat and backrest but without legs, it would not ____ the essentialist definition of a chair.
The presence of legs is considered essential for an object to be ____ as a chair.
Non-essentialism, on the other hand, would challenge the notion that a ____ requires specific essential properties.
____, it might argue that any object can be considered a chair if it fulfills a functional purpose, such as providing a platform for sitting.
According to non-essentialism, an object's essence or specific ____ are not necessary for its identification or classification.