Week 4 제8강
Exercise 1 해양 산성화와 해양 생태계 위기
The current trend of increasing global atmospheric temperatures and increasing seawater ____ reduces the overall capacity of oceans to absorb more CO₂.
If allowed to continue unstopped, this could potentially ____ pH in the deep-sea regions and hinder the critical processes associated with carbon particulate burial.
Similarly, ____ relationships between water temperatures and ocean acidity in marine systems erode calcification rates in shell-bearing organisms and threaten the survival of coral reefs.
Coral reefs cover less than 1 ____ of the Earth's surface but are home to 25 percent of all marine biodiversity.
By the end of the century, ____ levels of carbon dioxide emissions could result in the most acidic levels of ocean pH in 20 million years, which would have severe adverse effects on ocean water chemistry (both coastal and deep sea), the marine life and food webs, and the function of oceans as a carbon reservoir.
Exercise 2 대규모 언어 모델
____ Language Models (LLMs) are extremely strong artificial intelligence (AI) systems that use sophisticated algorithms and enormous volumes of data to understand, interpret, and generate human language.
Deep learning techniques, specifically neural networks, are typically used in the ____ of LLMs in order to process and learn from massive volumes of data.
LLMs must be fundamentally trained on a large volume of data, typically measured in ____.
Large strings of numbers, referred to as "weights" or "____," combined with code that decodes and applies the numbers make up machine learning models.
The data that models learn from is ____ stored in or contained in the models themselves.
Rather, certain numbers within a model adjust slightly in response to new information as it gains ____.
Large language models require the successful development of several essential steps, ____ are involved in the training process.
Large-scale text data collection and preprocessing from a variety of sources, including books, articles, ____, and other textual corpora, usually marks the start of the process.
Exercise 3 스마트폰 시대의 빠른 의사소통과 인간성의 상실
Emojis help us to be super-quick and efficient ____ responding.
Yet, this also ____ a question: is this actually a good thing?
This ____ of rapid response is closely linked to the development of the smartphone.
Our ____ is now so directly influenced by technology that the two cannot be separated.
Technology ____ increased our efficiency and productivity, but it is a double-edged sword.
We may end up less human than we ____ wanted.
As we adapt to rapidity and hyper-productivity, our conversation may become like fast food, and we may lose the ability to produce and enjoy ____ talk.
Before the arrival of the smartphone, we were able to wait a ____ of days for an answer to an email, and for urgent matters, we made a call.
We knew the division between these two ____ of communication.
In the smartphone era, we cannot and do not ____.
We expect an ____ answer for everything.
Exercise 4 마지막 기회 관광과 과잉 관광 문제
Recognizing changes in the natural world caused in part or entirely due to human activities ― ____ as climate change, pollution and habitat loss ― tourists are pursuing what is referred to as "last chance" tourism.
Last chance ____ is travel motivated by the desire to see threatened or diminishing natural attractions, including glaciers, coral reefs and endangered species.
Locations featuring these attractions ____ continue to experience heightened visitation, simultaneously creating opportunities for increased awareness and resource protection as well as increased risk of over-tourism.
Over-tourism is acknowledged as a major ____ to the industry.
Over-tourism describes the tipping point where the ____ of tourism outweigh the benefits for local communities due to overcrowding or poor management.
If not ____ properly, over-tourism is a threat to sustainable tourism development.
The growing concern for over-tourism offers opportunities for tourism ____ to implement sustainability best practices and improve site-specific sustainable destination-level management plans.
Over-tourism is a complex trend in the travel industry and calls upon destination managers to engage with all sectors and stakeholders ____ in tourism towards long-term, fact-based planning to mitigate over-tourism.
Exercise 5 과일 가공 폐기물의 재활용과 처리
Utilizing trash or residues from the fruit processing sector has recently become a significant challenge for agro-processing businesses and has a negative influence on the ____.
The fruit processing industry produces a lot of waste dumped in landfills or rivers, ____ the ecosystem.
Therefore, there is a need for disposal ____ that recycle it, provide resources for livestock feed, or extract or create goods with added value.
It is possible to lessen environmental degradation, increase energy security, and cut greenhouse ____ emissions by turning wastes collected from the fruit processing industry into valuable products.
It is believed that using fruit waste from processing can help the food industry recover value-added products and make operations ____ viable.
In light of this, it is a promising field of research to use wastes from the ____ of fruit to create goods with value added.
Exercise 6 직무 수행에 필요한 하드 스킬과 소프트 스킬
Hard skills are defined as the ____ procedural skills and technical expertise that are required to perform a job, or more aptly put, the 'what' needs to be done.
These skills are clearly listed in the job description and are acquired through more ____ specific education and training programs.
____ skills are the skills we think of when considering a professional college degree.
Examples include accountants, who must have accounting degrees, lawyers, who must have law degrees, and doctors, ____ must have medical degrees.
But does that mean that ____ professionals do not need soft skills?
We ____ not.
In fact, these soft attributes, or 'how' something is done, are equally critical and allow ____ to thrive in the interpersonal service orientated economy faced daily.
This is why modern businesses are ____ for graduates with a good mix of hard and soft skills as they enter the workforce.
Exercise 7 무역의 발전과 문명 형성
____ is an inevitable activity of human existence.
In all periods, people have engaged in transactions that involve the exchange of ____, services, and ideas.
Not only has trade helped societies adapt their responses to risk and uncertainty but it has also played a central role in ____ relations be they cordial or predatory.
Long ____ the invention of money for private exchange, elements of trade formed part of the earliest human interactions.
Among prehistoric people, goods, services, and ideas were exchanged as gifts, tributes, or as part of a barter ____.
Beyond ____ hunter-gatherer communities which strove to maintain self-sufficiency, long-distance trade could be found.
Indeed, since its beginnings in the Palaeolithic and Neolithic periods, the impulse to trade has developed, eventually fueling immense civilisations and ____.
It was the development of maritime trade connecting the Mediterranean, Indian Ocean, and South China Sea, along with the ____ of the Silk Road, that established what we recognise today as the foundations of the world's modern commercial and trading systems.
Exercise 8 직원의 이직 및 창업 결정 요인
____ tend to leave companies to become founders when their employers' growth rates begin to fall, reducing the attractiveness of staying there and the opportunity costs of becoming founders.
The likelihood of an employee leaving to become a founder has also ____ linked to the employee's own performance.
Employees whose performance was in the middle of the distribution were the least likely to leave; the most likely were the poor-performing employees (the "slugs" whose pay wasn't high and who had the least to lose by leaving to found a startup) and the high-performing employees (the "stars" who had the potential to earn high ____ by becoming self-employed).
Although high-paid employees may be less likely than lower-paid employees to walk away from their salaries, if they have saved a high percentage of their earnings over the years, that nest egg may make them more likely to make the ____ than if they hadn't saved.
Exercise 9 체온에 따른 상대적 시간 지각
There is some evidence that cooler body temperatures can cause people's internal clocks to click at a slower ____.
One experiment found that divers immersed in 39-degree sea water estimated a 60-second interval to pass more than 10 ____ faster than they did before entering the water.
Other studies have found that people with high fevers perceive the clock to move more slowly than it ____ does (they overestimate intervals of time).
These findings raise the possibility that people in warmer places are operating on slower ____ clocks.
This would, in turn, cause the speed of events to seem faster to them, perhaps explaining why their actual temporal norms are ____ slower.
In other words, in ____ of their internal metronomes, there may be little or no difference in the subjective tempo experienced by people in hotter and colder climates.
The tempo in both cases may seem ____ right.
Exercise 10 세대 의식의 형성 요인
By the 1950s, social theorists began thinking and writing about age, aging, generations, and the ____ course.
Their ____ remains relevant today.
The first serious attempt to look at the social importance of age groups was made by the German sociologist Karl Mannheim in an essay titled "The ____ of Generations," which was first published in 1927.
Mannheim defined generation as a ____ of people born within a specific historical era or time period.
For Mannheim, a generation was also characterized by common world ____ that distinguished it from other generations.
Mannheim was keenly aware that accident of birth timing did not automatically create these common understandings and worldviews; he observed that social and social ____ processes led some members of a generation to develop an identity and consciousness with their age peers.
Mannheim suggested that generational consciousness arose not from merely ____ born at the same time but from being exposed to the same kinds of experiences and historical events in a common social and political environment.
According to Mannheim, ____ to a generation is a combination of a state of mind and an age grouping.
Exercise 11 인간 의식 규명을 통한 동물 의식 이해
A promising starting point for seeing how well we currently understand consciousness is to look at the ____ species that we know for certain does have conscious experiences ― our own.
With ____ consciousness we at least know what it is from our own personal experience and we also have the advantage of being able to use language to ask other people what their conscious experiences are like.
If we could identify the characteristic 'signature' of consciousness in our own brains, then it might be ____ to look for similar signatures in the brains of animals that cannot tell us in words what they are feeling.
Even a theory of consciousness that did not explain how conscious experiences ____ from brain tissue might at least indicate what brain structures or types of brain activity were correlated with consciousness.
We could then see whether similar ____ structures or activities are also found in other species.
Insights from human consciousness could ____ become our way of coming to grips with animal consciousness.
Exercise 12 유기 화학의 실생활 속 중요성
____ chemistry occupies a central role in the world around us, as we are surrounded by organic compounds.
The food that we eat and the clothes that we wear are comprised of ____ compounds.
Our ability to smell odors or see ____ results from the behavior of organic compounds.
Pharmaceuticals, pesticides, paints, adhesives, and plastics are all ____ from organic compounds.
In fact, our bodies are constructed mostly from organic compounds (DNA, RNA, proteins, etc.) whose behavior and function are determined by principles such as molecular ____, bonding, and reactivity ― all central to organic chemistry.
The responses of our bodies to pharmaceuticals are the results of reactions guided by the principles of organic ____.
A deep understanding of those principles enables the design of new ____ that fight disease and improve the overall quality of life and longevity.
Accordingly, it is not surprising that organic ____ is required knowledge for anyone entering the health professions.