Week 4 제8강
Exercise 1 해양 산성화와 해양 생태계 위기
The current trend of increasing global atmospheric temperatures and increasing seawater acidity reduces the overall capacity of oceans ____ absorb more CO₂.
If allowed to continue ____ this could potentially change pH in the deep-sea regions and hinder the critical processes associated with carbon particulate burial.
Similarly, complex relationships between water temperatures and ocean acidity in marine systems ____ calcification rates in shell-bearing organisms and threaten the survival of coral reefs.
Coral reefs cover less than 1 percent of the Earth's surface but are home to 25 percent ____ all marine biodiversity.
By the end of the century, current levels of carbon dioxide emissions could result in the most acidic levels of ocean pH in 20 million years, which would have severe adverse effects on ocean water chemistry ____ coastal and deep sea), the marine life and food webs, and the function of oceans as a carbon reservoir.
Exercise 2 대규모 언어 모델
Large Language Models (LLMs) are extremely strong artificial intelligence (AI) systems that use sophisticated algorithms and enormous volumes of data to understand, interpret, and ____ human language.
Deep learning techniques, specifically neural networks, are typically used in the ____ of LLMs in order to process and learn from massive volumes of data.
LLMs must be fundamentally trained on a large volume of ____ typically measured in petabytes.
Large strings ____ numbers, referred to as "weights" or "parameters," combined with code that decodes and applies the numbers make up machine learning models.
The ____ that models learn from is not stored in or contained in the models themselves.
Rather, certain numbers within a model adjust slightly ____ response to new information as it gains knowledge.
Large language models require the successful development of several essential steps, which are involved in the ____ process.
Large-scale text data collection and preprocessing from a variety ____ sources, including books, articles, websites, and other textual corpora, usually marks the start of the process.
Exercise 3 스마트폰 시대의 빠른 의사소통과 인간성의 상실
Emojis help us to be super-quick and ____ when responding.
Yet, this ____ raises a question: is this actually a good thing?
This kind of rapid response is closely ____ to the development of the smartphone.
Our communication is now so directly influenced by technology that the ____ cannot be separated.
Technology has increased our efficiency and productivity, but ____ is a double-edged sword.
We may ____ up less human than we ever wanted.
As we adapt to rapidity and hyper-productivity, our conversation may become like fast food, and ____ may lose the ability to produce and enjoy slow talk.
Before the arrival of the smartphone, we ____ able to wait a couple of days for an answer to an email, and for urgent matters, we made a call.
We knew the division between these two forms ____ communication.
In the smartphone era, we cannot and do not ____
We expect an immediate answer for ____
Exercise 4 마지막 기회 관광과 과잉 관광 문제
Recognizing changes in the natural world caused in part or entirely due ____ human activities ― such as climate change, pollution and habitat loss ― tourists are pursuing what is referred to as "last chance" tourism.
Last chance tourism is travel motivated by the desire to see threatened or diminishing natural ____ including glaciers, coral reefs and endangered species.
Locations ____ these attractions may continue to experience heightened visitation, simultaneously creating opportunities for increased awareness and resource protection as well as increased risk of over-tourism.
Over-tourism is acknowledged as a major threat to the ____
Over-tourism describes the tipping point ____ the costs of tourism outweigh the benefits for local communities due to overcrowding or poor management.
If not managed properly, over-tourism is a threat ____ sustainable tourism development.
The growing concern for over-tourism offers opportunities for tourism professionals to implement sustainability best practices and improve site-specific ____ destination-level management plans.
Over-tourism is a complex trend in the travel industry and calls upon destination managers to engage with all sectors and stakeholders involved ____ tourism towards long-term, fact-based planning to mitigate over-tourism.
Exercise 5 과일 가공 폐기물의 재활용과 처리
Utilizing trash or residues from the fruit processing sector has recently become a significant challenge for agro-processing businesses and has a negative influence ____ the environment.
The fruit processing ____ produces a lot of waste dumped in landfills or rivers, threatening the ecosystem.
Therefore, there is a need for ____ techniques that recycle it, provide resources for livestock feed, or extract or create goods with added value.
It is possible to lessen environmental degradation, increase energy security, and cut greenhouse gas ____ by turning wastes collected from the fruit processing industry into valuable products.
____ is believed that using fruit waste from processing can help the food industry recover value-added products and make operations commercially viable.
In light of this, it is a promising field of research to use wastes from ____ processing of fruit to create goods with value added.
Exercise 6 직무 수행에 필요한 하드 스킬과 소프트 스킬
Hard skills are defined as the specific procedural skills and technical expertise that are required to perform a job, or more aptly put, the 'what' needs to be ____
These skills are clearly listed in ____ job description and are acquired through more highly specific education and training programs.
Hard skills ____ the skills we think of when considering a professional college degree.
Examples include accountants, who must have accounting degrees, lawyers, who must have law degrees, and doctors, who must have ____ degrees.
But ____ that mean that these professionals do not need soft skills?
We ____ not.
In fact, these soft attributes, or 'how' ____ is done, are equally critical and allow professionals to thrive in the interpersonal service orientated economy faced daily.
This is why modern businesses are looking for graduates with a good mix of ____ and soft skills as they enter the workforce.
Exercise 7 무역의 발전과 문명 형성
Trade is ____ inevitable activity of human existence.
In all periods, people have engaged in transactions that involve the ____ of goods, services, and ideas.
Not only has trade helped societies adapt ____ responses to risk and uncertainty but it has also played a central role in intergroup relations be they cordial or predatory.
Long before the invention of money for ____ exchange, elements of trade formed part of the earliest human interactions.
Among ____ people, goods, services, and ideas were exchanged as gifts, tributes, or as part of a barter economy.
Beyond early hunter-gatherer communities which strove to maintain ____ long-distance trade could be found.
Indeed, since its beginnings in the ____ and Neolithic periods, the impulse to trade has developed, eventually fueling immense civilisations and empires.
It was the development of maritime trade connecting the Mediterranean, Indian ____ and South China Sea, along with the creation of the Silk Road, that established what we recognise today as the foundations of the world's modern commercial and trading systems.
Exercise 8 직원의 이직 및 창업 결정 요인
Employees tend to leave companies ____ become founders when their employers' growth rates begin to fall, reducing the attractiveness of staying there and the opportunity costs of becoming founders.
The ____ of an employee leaving to become a founder has also been linked to the employee's own performance.
Employees whose performance was in the middle of the distribution were the least likely to leave; the most likely were the poor-performing employees (the "slugs" whose ____ wasn't high and who had the least to lose by leaving to found a startup) and the high-performing employees (the "stars" who had the potential to earn high wages by becoming self-employed).
Although high-paid employees may be less likely than ____ employees to walk away from their salaries, if they have saved a high percentage of their earnings over the years, that nest egg may make them more likely to make the leap than if they hadn't saved.
Exercise 9 체온에 따른 상대적 시간 지각
There is some evidence that cooler body temperatures can cause people's internal clocks to click at a ____ rate.
____ experiment found that divers immersed in 39-degree sea water estimated a 60-second interval to pass more than 10 percent faster than they did before entering the water.
____ studies have found that people with high fevers perceive the clock to move more slowly than it actually does (they overestimate intervals of time).
These findings raise the possibility that ____ in warmer places are operating on slower internal clocks.
This would, in ____ cause the speed of events to seem faster to them, perhaps explaining why their actual temporal norms are kept slower.
In other words, in terms of their internal ____ there may be little or no difference in the subjective tempo experienced by people in hotter and colder climates.
The tempo in both cases may seem just ____
Exercise 10 세대 의식의 형성 요인
By the 1950s, social theorists began thinking and writing about age, ____ generations, and the life course.
Their work remains relevant ____
The first serious attempt to look at the social importance of age groups was made by the German sociologist ____ Mannheim in an essay titled "The Problem of Generations," which was first published in 1927.
Mannheim defined generation as a category of people born within a specific ____ era or time period.
For Mannheim, a generation was also characterized by common ____ views that distinguished it from other generations.
Mannheim was keenly aware that accident of ____ timing did not automatically create these common understandings and worldviews; he observed that social and social psychological processes led some members of a generation to develop an identity and consciousness with their age peers.
Mannheim suggested that generational consciousness arose not from merely being born at the same time but from being exposed to the same kinds of experiences and historical events in a common ____ and political environment.
According to Mannheim, belonging to a generation is a ____ of a state of mind and an age grouping.
Exercise 11 인간 의식 규명을 통한 동물 의식 이해
A promising starting point for seeing how well we currently understand consciousness is to look at the one species that we ____ for certain does have conscious experiences ― our own.
With human consciousness we at least know what it is from our own personal experience and we also have ____ advantage of being able to use language to ask other people what their conscious experiences are like.
If we could identify the characteristic 'signature' of consciousness in our own brains, then it might be possible to look for ____ signatures in the brains of animals that cannot tell us in words what they are feeling.
Even ____ theory of consciousness that did not explain how conscious experiences arise from brain tissue might at least indicate what brain structures or types of brain activity were correlated with consciousness.
We could then see whether similar brain structures or activities are ____ found in other species.
Insights from human consciousness could therefore become our way of coming to grips with animal ____
Exercise 12 유기 화학의 실생활 속 중요성
Organic chemistry occupies a central role in the world around us, as we ____ surrounded by organic compounds.
The food that we eat and the clothes that we wear are ____ of organic compounds.
Our ability to smell odors ____ see colors results from the behavior of organic compounds.
Pharmaceuticals, pesticides, paints, adhesives, and plastics are all ____ from organic compounds.
____ fact, our bodies are constructed mostly from organic compounds (DNA, RNA, proteins, etc.) whose behavior and function are determined by principles such as molecular structure, bonding, and reactivity ― all central to organic chemistry.
The responses of our bodies to pharmaceuticals are the ____ of reactions guided by the principles of organic chemistry.
A deep understanding of those principles enables the design of new drugs that fight disease and improve ____ overall quality of life and longevity.
____ it is not surprising that organic chemistry is required knowledge for anyone entering the health professions.