2027 수능특강 영독연 10강 빈칸 채우기

People highly sensitive to the ingroup/loyalty ____ should find ridiculing humor particularly appealing (provided their group is not the target).

Zillmann and Bryant argue that ridicule in humor is often used to disparage outgroup members ____ venerate ingroup members.

As such, those with greater sensitivity to ingroup/loyalty may be rewarded ____ this type of humor's validation of the group.

Evidence of this dynamic can be found in research explaining the widespread ____ of the racially provocative humor in Norman Lear's All in the Family.

Owing in part to the satirical nature of the program, high and low prejudice individuals were able to assign different meaning to the content, ____ it in a manner consistent with their existing views (and social identities).

Specifically, low prejudice viewers perceived the content to be satirical whereas high prejudice consumers ____ the content to be "telling it like it is."

Thus, audience members selectively perceived the object of ridicule as the outgroup member, an outcome facilitated by the ____ satirical approach.

____ a small bird nearing the end of a long, cold winter day.

It has the opportunity to visit one last foraging site before dark to get the remaining food ____ it needs to survive the night.

Suppose it requires four more units ____ food and has a choice of two possible sites.

One yields three units every time it is visited, and is thus of constant quality; the other yields five units on half the occasions it is visited, but nothing at all on the other half, and ____ therefore of variable quality.

For a rate-maximising predator, the constant site would seem to be best, because its average yield per visit is 3 units compared with only 2.5 at ____ variable site.

Unfortunately, were our bird ____ be tempted by this, it would be dead by morning.

Clearly the only way it is going to see ____ dawn is to go for the variable site and gamble on getting 5 units instead of none.

Such a decision would be based on minimising the risk of starvation rather than maximising net rate of intake, and our bird ____ be said to forage in a risk-sensitive fashion.

The true definition of representative art is not that the artifact resembles an original, but that the feeling evoked by the artifact ____ the feeling evoked by the original.

When a portrait is said to be like the sitter, what is meant is that the spectator, when he looks at the portrait, ____ as if he were in the sitter's presence.'

This is what the representative artist as such is ____ at.

He knows how he wants to make his audience feel, and he constructs his artifact in such a ____ that it will make them feel like that.

Up to a point, this is ____ by representing the object literally; but beyond that point it is done by skilful departure from literal representation.

The skill in question, like any other form of skill, is ____ matter of devising means to a given end, and is acquired empirically, by observing how certain artifacts affect certain audiences, and thus through experience becoming able to produce in one's audience the kind of effect one wants to produce.

Representative art seeks to bring out an emotional response associated with an original subject, achieved by using observation and experience to exceed ____ literal representation at some point.

____ research psychologist Elizabeth Loftus has done more than anyone else to help juries understand research implications on eyewitness testimony.

In her expert testimony, she explains to juries that eyewitness testimony can be very unreliable, that recalling is not like playing back a videotape, and that we fill ____ many of the missing details without knowing it — a process called confabulation.

It is common for prosecuting attorneys to call upon other expert witnesses in an attempt to rebut Loftus's ____

But such rebuttals ____ deny, or present evidence against, the existence of confabulation.

Instead, they usually raise the possibility ____ the eyewitness testimony is accurate.

Confabulation is one of the best established effects in cognitive psychology, so the concept itself is hard ____ rebut.

It ____ less difficult to assert exceptions to scientific generalizations.

The prosecution expert might report having known someone with uncanny recall, ____ having had occasional research subjects with that ability.

This fact, of ____ would in no way compromise the findings on memory, nor would you need an expert to make the observation.

____ is not the only numerical operation in the animal repertoire.

The ability to compare two numerical quantities is an even more fundamental ability, and indeed it is widespread among ____

Show a chimpanzee two trays ____ which you have placed several bits of chocolate.

On the first tray, two piles of chocolate chips are visible, ____ with four pieces, and the other with three pieces.

The second tray contains a pile with five pieces of chocolate and, separate from ____ a single piece.

Leave the animal enough time to watch the situation carefully before letting it choose one tray and eat its ____

Which tray do ____ think that it will pick?

____ of the time, without training, the chimpanzee selects the tray with the largest total number of chocolate chips.

Hence, the greedy primate must spontaneously compute the total of the first tray (4 + 3 = 7), then the total of the second tray (5 + ____ = 6), and finally it must reckon that 7 is larger than 6 and that it is therefore advantageous to choose the first tray.

If the chimp could not do the additions but was content with choosing the tray with the largest single pile of chocolates, it should have been wrong in this particular example because, while the pile with five ____ on the second tray exceeds each of the piles on the first tray, the total amount of chips on the first tray is larger.

Clearly, the two additions and the ____ comparison operation are all required for success.

Self-regulation ____ be hard work.

In fact, Roy Baumeister and ____ colleagues liken self-regulation to exercising a muscle.

At first, the exercise may be easy, ____ with repetitions it becomes harder and harder.

And after the ____ is fatigued, it may be difficult to use it for some time until it recovers.

Similarly, ____ self-control in one task (such as trying to suppress thoughts about a particular object) weakens people's ability to exercise control in a completely different task, such as persisting in a difficult figure-drawing or anagram-solving task.

The fact that self-regulation depletes some inner resource in this way may even account for the observation that people who are fatigued, under stress, or are low in regulatory resources for other reasons often turn to tempting behaviors that are ____ in the long run.

These outcomes are not inevitable, however; recent studies suggest that at times, a cognitive load may reduce attention to, and feelings of temptation by, attractive stimuli such as calorie-rich ____ foods.

The reason appears to be that some cognitive resources are required ____ recognize the tempting nature of such stimuli, so at times a demanding cognitive task may actually facilitate self-regulation.

Most metaphors of memory over the centuries have described the memory system as a storehouse, or palace with many rooms in which ____ may be placed.

A more up-to-date ____ of this storehouse metaphor is a large library.

In such a system, new books are stored in precise locations according to such specified characteristics as the general topic, date of publication, ____ author's name.

Armed with such knowledge, a borrower can retrieve the sought-for volume ____ at a later time.

Even a huge library like the Library of Congress works effectively on this system, but when we consider human memory — when metaphors meet the brain, as it were — ____ analogy is less persuasive.

There is little evidence, for instance, that our millions of specific memories are each stored in just one specific location in the brain; in contrast, most neuroscientists now believe that memories are represented by neural networks distributed widely throughout the cerebral ____

Additionally, the library metaphor suggests that memories of events and pieces of knowledge are ____ objects, like books on shelves, whereas a stronger case can be made for memories as dynamic activities of the brain rather than as static entities.

Because environments ____ complex and ever-changing, carrying capacity can vary.

If a fire ____ a forest, for example, the carrying capacities for most forest animals will decline, whereas carrying capacities for species that benefit from fire (such as fire-adapted grasses or trees with specially adapted seeds) will increase.

Our own species ____ proven capable of intentionally altering our environment to raise our carrying capacity.

When our ancestors began to build shelters and use fire for heating and cooking, they eased the limiting factors of cold climates and ____ able to expand into new territory.

As human civilization ____ we overcame limiting factors through the development of new technologies and cultural institutions.

People have managed so far ____ increase the planet's carrying capacity for our species, but we have done so by appropriating immense proportions of the planet's natural resources.

In the process, we have reduced carrying capacities for countless other ____ that rely on those same resources.

With carrying capacity for individual species being fluid due to the nature of environments, ____ have successfully increased their own by reshaping their living environments, but this has come at the expense of the carrying capacity for other species.

A groundbreaking study of morality and time by Eugene ____ began by pointing out that moral rules are generally assumed to remain constant.

An act that ____ morally wrong yesterday will be morally wrong tomorrow, and to the same degree, assuming the circumstances have not changed.

Yet, his work found ____ people condemned identical misdeeds more when set in the future than in the past.

In general, people seem to ____ the future.

That is, they apply stricter moral rules to the future than ____ past or present and show greater moral concern.

In various studies, thinking ____ the future made people condemn misdeeds by others more intensely, as opposed to thinking about the present.

They even called for ____ severe punishment for themselves for future misdeeds than in the past.

____ it is not simply a matter of selfishly wanting everyone else to obey the rules and exempting oneself.

____ will make greater sacrifices for their reputation when focused on the future than the present.

People are even more virtuous and generous in their own actions, or at least they say they would be, ____ they are thinking about the future and the present.

____ because thinking about the future makes them worry about having a good reputation.

Though thousands of books have been written about learning, the concept of learning potential ____ insufficiently elaborated.

One of the possible reasons for such ____ state of affairs is the tendency to view learning only through its products.

When a math or history exam is given to students, it ____ assumed that the results of the exam will reveal the efficiency of students' previous learning.

In other words, what we can see ____ such an exam is only the result rather than the process of learning.

Moreover, such an exam provides us with relatively ____ information about each student's potential for learning something new.

For example, one student can achieve good exam results by investing much ____ time in learning than another student who achieved the same result.

The efficiency of the first one is thus lower than that of the ____ student, but this factor is "hidden" in a typical exam.

The situation is even more complicated in ____ case of so-called intelligence tests.

Some psychologists insist that properly designed intelligence tests tap into the individual's innate abilities ____ are unrelated to his or her learning experiences.

Others, however, define intelligence itself as a "general learning ability" and claim that intelligence tests provide us with a pretty accurate estimate of not ____ personal knowledge but also the person's learning ability.

Irrespective of the definition, however, the results of intelligence tests provide information ____ about people's current knowledge and problem-solving skills but say little about their learning potential.