2027 수능특강 영독연 10강 빈칸 채우기

People highly sensitive to the ingroup/loyalty domain should find ____ humor particularly appealing (provided their group is not the target).

Zillmann and Bryant argue that ridicule in humor is often used to disparage outgroup ____ and venerate ingroup members.

As such, those with greater sensitivity to ingroup/loyalty may be rewarded by this type of humor's ____ of the group.

Evidence of this dynamic can be found in research explaining the widespread appeal of ____ racially provocative humor in Norman Lear's All in the Family.

Owing in part to the satirical nature of the program, high and low prejudice individuals were able to assign different meaning to the content, interpreting it in a manner consistent with ____ existing views (and social identities).

Specifically, low prejudice viewers perceived the content to be satirical whereas ____ prejudice consumers interpreted the content to be "telling it like it is."

Thus, ____ members selectively perceived the object of ridicule as the outgroup member, an outcome facilitated by the show's satirical approach.

Imagine a small bird nearing the end of a long, cold winter ____

It has the opportunity to visit one last foraging site before dark to get the remaining food energy it needs to survive ____ night.

Suppose it requires four more units of food and has ____ choice of two possible sites.

One yields three units every time it is visited, and is thus of constant quality; the other yields five units on half the occasions it is visited, ____ nothing at all on the other half, and is therefore of variable quality.

For a rate-maximising predator, the constant site would seem to be best, because its average yield per visit is 3 units compared with only 2.5 at the variable ____

____ were our bird to be tempted by this, it would be dead by morning.

Clearly the only way ____ is going to see another dawn is to go for the variable site and gamble on getting 5 units instead of none.

Such a decision ____ be based on minimising the risk of starvation rather than maximising net rate of intake, and our bird would be said to forage in a risk-sensitive fashion.

The true definition of representative art is not that the artifact resembles an original, but that the feeling evoked by the artifact ____ the feeling evoked by the original.

When a portrait is said to be like the sitter, what is meant is that the spectator, when he looks at ____ portrait, 'feels as if he were in the sitter's presence.'

This is what the representative ____ as such is aiming at.

He knows how he wants to make his audience feel, and he constructs his artifact in such a way that it will ____ them feel like that.

Up to a point, this is done by representing the object literally; but beyond that point it ____ done by skilful departure from literal representation.

The skill in question, like any other form of skill, is a matter of devising means to a given end, and is ____ empirically, by observing how certain artifacts affect certain audiences, and thus through experience becoming able to produce in one's audience the kind of effect one wants to produce.

Representative art seeks to bring out an emotional response associated with an original subject, achieved by using ____ and experience to exceed any literal representation at some point.

The research psychologist Elizabeth Loftus has done more than anyone else to help juries understand research implications on ____ testimony.

In her expert testimony, she explains to juries that eyewitness testimony can be very ____ that recalling is not like playing back a videotape, and that we fill in many of the missing details without knowing it — a process called confabulation.

It is ____ for prosecuting attorneys to call upon other expert witnesses in an attempt to rebut Loftus's testimony.

But such rebuttals don't deny, or ____ evidence against, the existence of confabulation.

Instead, they usually raise the possibility that ____ eyewitness testimony is accurate.

Confabulation is one of the best established effects in cognitive psychology, so the concept ____ is hard to rebut.

____ is less difficult to assert exceptions to scientific generalizations.

The prosecution expert might report having ____ someone with uncanny recall, or having had occasional research subjects with that ability.

This fact, of course, would in no way ____ the findings on memory, nor would you need an expert to make the observation.

Addition is not the only numerical operation in ____ animal repertoire.

____ ability to compare two numerical quantities is an even more fundamental ability, and indeed it is widespread among animals.

Show a chimpanzee two trays on which you have placed several ____ of chocolate.

On the first tray, two piles of chocolate chips are visible, one with four pieces, and the other with three ____

The second tray contains a pile with five pieces of chocolate and, separate from ____ a single piece.

Leave the animal enough time to watch the situation carefully before letting it choose one tray and eat ____ content.

Which tray do you think that ____ will pick?

Most of the time, without training, the chimpanzee selects the tray with ____ largest total number of chocolate chips.

Hence, the greedy primate must spontaneously compute the total of the first tray (4 + 3 = 7), then the total of the second tray (5 + 1 = 6), ____ finally it must reckon that 7 is larger than 6 and that it is therefore advantageous to choose the first tray.

If the chimp could not do the additions but was content with choosing the tray with the ____ single pile of chocolates, it should have been wrong in this particular example because, while the pile with five chips on the second tray exceeds each of the piles on the first tray, the total amount of chips on the first tray is larger.

Clearly, the two additions and the final comparison operation ____ all required for success.

____ can be hard work.

In fact, Roy Baumeister and his colleagues liken self-regulation to exercising ____ muscle.

At first, the exercise ____ be easy, but with repetitions it becomes harder and harder.

And after the muscle is fatigued, it may be difficult to use it for some time until ____ recovers.

Similarly, exerting self-control in one task (such as trying to suppress thoughts about a particular object) weakens people's ability to exercise control in a completely ____ task, such as persisting in a difficult figure-drawing or anagram-solving task.

The fact that self-regulation depletes some inner ____ in this way may even account for the observation that people who are fatigued, under stress, or are low in regulatory resources for other reasons often turn to tempting behaviors that are damaging in the long run.

____ outcomes are not inevitable, however; recent studies suggest that at times, a cognitive load may reduce attention to, and feelings of temptation by, attractive stimuli such as calorie-rich treat foods.

The reason appears to be that some cognitive resources are required ____ recognize the tempting nature of such stimuli, so at times a demanding cognitive task may actually facilitate self-regulation.

Most ____ of memory over the centuries have described the memory system as a storehouse, or palace with many rooms in which memories may be placed.

A more up-to-date version of this storehouse metaphor ____ a large library.

In such a system, new books are stored in precise locations ____ to such specified characteristics as the general topic, date of publication, and author's name.

Armed with such knowledge, a borrower can retrieve the sought-for volume successfully at a later ____

Even a huge library like the Library of Congress works effectively on this ____ but when we consider human memory — when metaphors meet the brain, as it were — the analogy is less persuasive.

There is little evidence, for instance, that our millions of specific memories are each stored in just one specific location in the brain; in ____ most neuroscientists now believe that memories are represented by neural networks distributed widely throughout the cerebral cortex.

Additionally, the library metaphor suggests that memories of events and pieces of knowledge are fixed objects, like books on shelves, whereas a stronger case can be made for ____ as dynamic activities of the brain rather than as static entities.

Because environments are complex and ____ carrying capacity can vary.

If a fire destroys a forest, for example, the ____ capacities for most forest animals will decline, whereas carrying capacities for species that benefit from fire (such as fire-adapted grasses or trees with specially adapted seeds) will increase.

Our own species has proven capable of intentionally altering our environment ____ raise our carrying capacity.

When our ancestors began to build shelters and use fire for heating and ____ they eased the limiting factors of cold climates and were able to expand into new territory.

As human civilization developed, we overcame ____ factors through the development of new technologies and cultural institutions.

People have managed so far ____ increase the planet's carrying capacity for our species, but we have done so by appropriating immense proportions of the planet's natural resources.

In the process, we have reduced carrying capacities for countless ____ organisms that rely on those same resources.

With carrying capacity for individual species being fluid due to the nature of environments, humans have successfully increased their own by reshaping their living environments, but ____ has come at the expense of the carrying capacity for other species.

A groundbreaking study of morality and time by Eugene Caruso began by pointing out that moral rules are ____ assumed to remain constant.

An act that was morally wrong yesterday will be morally wrong tomorrow, and to the ____ degree, assuming the circumstances have not changed.

____ his work found that people condemned identical misdeeds more when set in the future than in the past.

In general, ____ seem to "moralize" the future.

That is, they apply stricter moral rules to the future than the past or present and show greater moral ____

In various studies, thinking about the future made people condemn misdeeds by others more intensely, as opposed to thinking about the ____

They even ____ for more severe punishment for themselves for future misdeeds than in the past.

So it is not simply a matter of selfishly wanting ____ else to obey the rules and exempting oneself.

People ____ make greater sacrifices for their reputation when focused on the future than the present.

People are ____ more virtuous and generous in their own actions, or at least they say they would be, when they are thinking about the future and the present.

That's because thinking about the future makes them ____ about having a good reputation.

Though thousands of books have been written about learning, the concept of learning potential remains insufficiently ____

One of the possible reasons for such a state of affairs is the tendency to view learning only ____ its products.

When a math or history exam is given to ____ it is assumed that the results of the exam will reveal the efficiency of students' previous learning.

In other ____ what we can see in such an exam is only the result rather than the process of learning.

Moreover, such an exam provides us with relatively ____ information about each student's potential for learning something new.

For example, one student can achieve good exam ____ by investing much more time in learning than another student who achieved the same result.

The efficiency of the first one is thus lower than that of the second student, but this factor is ____ in a typical exam.

The situation is even more complicated in the case of ____ intelligence tests.

Some psychologists insist that properly designed intelligence tests tap into the individual's innate abilities that ____ unrelated to his or her learning experiences.

Others, however, define ____ itself as a "general learning ability" and claim that intelligence tests provide us with a pretty accurate estimate of not only personal knowledge but also the person's learning ability.

Irrespective of the definition, however, the results of intelligence tests provide information only about people's current knowledge and problem-solving skills but say little about ____ learning potential.