2026 수특 영독연 5강 변형문제 (1~6번)

Cooperation is a ____ of human society.

Not merely do people behave considerately ____ complete strangers, they sometimes make substantial financial and even physical sacrifices for them.

Such behavior seems ____ to explain with classic models of the evolution of altruism where cooperation between unrelated others can arise only when the same individuals interact repeatedly.

However, new models of the evolution of human sociality and the results of experiments to test them ____ that a sense of fairness and other foundations of morality have deep evolutionary roots.

Such models consider processes at the level of groups of individuals, but without relying on the discredited notion of group selection in which individuals ____ “for the good of the group.”

Genes promoting prosocial tendencies in individuals can arise when groups ____ in ways argued to be characteristic of the early stages of human evolution.

In particular, such conditions may have promoted the evolution of strong reciprocity, a tendency to ____ with anonymous unrelated others and to punish those who do not do the same even when doing so is costly to the punisher.

Deforestation ____ are very diverse and vary by countries and states.

A number of important ____ have attempted to generalise and pull together large numbers of local studies.

This work is hampered, however, by the fact that most information on drivers is not ____, so that few direct quantitative correlations can be made linking certain quantities of deforestation to particular activities.

Angelsen and ____ reviewed 140 economic models analysing the causes of tropical deforestation.

They found that, when looking at proximate causes, deforestation is often associated with the presence of more roads, higher ____ prices, lower wages, and a shortage of off-farm employment.

Also they considered it likely that policy reforms associated with economic liberalisation and related ____ increase the pressure on forests.

They pointed out, however, that many research studies have adopted poor methodology and low quality data, which makes the drawing of clear ____ about the role of macroeconomic factors difficult.

On the one hand, the astonishing success of modern science in predicting and explaining the world ____ to justify relying on it and bestowing extraordinary power to scientific institutions (especially in the form of public funding).

On the other hand, the ____ societal position of science risks marginalizing alternative forms of knowledge acquisition.

____ not clear that there still is a fair competition between science and its alternatives;

and it’s not ____ that science has to prove its epistemic superiority in the 21st century in a way comparable to the period of the scientific revolution (16th-18th centuries).

This is Paul Feyerabend’s major argument in Science in a Free Society, which he casts as: “today science prevails not because of its comparative merits, but because the show ____ been rigged in its favour.”

So, Feyerabend ____, the fact that science has been the most appropriate means for addressing problems in the past doesn’t warrant that it’s also the most reliable form of knowledge acquisition for our current and future problems.

A hallmark of ____ parents that has been found across socioeconomic groups and countries of origin is that first-generation immigrant parents place a high value on the educational achievement of their adolescent children.

Immigrant ____ tend to view earning good grades, finishing high school, and attending college as the primary means through which their children can establish themselves in their country of destination.

Compared to native-born parents with similar education levels, immigrant parents have been found to ____ higher educational aspirations for their children.

Immigrant adolescents internalize their ____’ values regarding the importance of education and tend to study more and devote more effort to their schoolwork than do nonimmigrant adolescents.

During adolescence, immigrants’ peer groups often ____ more segregated from nonimmigrants’ peer groups, with the immigrant adolescents supporting their peers’ academic achievement, particularly for higher SES (socioeconomic status) adolescents.

In public speaking, delivery with little or no preparation is called impromptu ____.

You ____ in impromptu speaking every day as you communicate thoughts and ideas that spring up in the moment with no preparation or practice whatsoever.

For example, when you answer a question in class or speak up during a meeting of a campus organization, you’re using ____ speaking.

In this respect, impromptu speaking is simply another way to use the basic communication skills you ____ have and use regularly.

Learning how to express yourself on the spot without relying on research, extensive preparation, or notes will help you do well in your public speaking class and in less-structured speaking ____ beyond the classroom.

In addition, developing your impromptu speaking skills increases your confidence and decreases your speaking anxiety in any ____ context.

In principle, there is an intuitively plausible relationship between profit and ____ quality. Fans like to watch exciting games where the outcome is uncertain.

This is a ____ of competitive balance between the opponents.

Tight, hard-fought games are more fun to watch ____ lopsided games in which the outcome is never in doubt.

However, fans also prefer to see their team win. As a result, attendance should increase with improvement in the team’s ____.

Presumably, better teams win more ____ weaker teams.

Thus, improved team quality should translate into more wins and therefore increased ____.

With a given set of prices, increased ____ turns into increased revenue from gate receipts, parking, and concessions.

This increased revenue should lead to higher profit, but it costs more to field a higher-quality ____ than a lower-quality team.

Consequently, there is a trade-off and therefore an optimal level of team quality that will vary from team to team depending on variation in the fan ____.