26 수특 영독연 15강 변형문제 (19-25번)

In the case of self-driving cars that get into an accident, we are dealing with the following phenomenon: In the situation immediately ____ the accident, no more decisions can be made.

The decision about the behavior of ____ autonomous car was made when a decision was made about its programming.

This can be a lengthy process involving both the creation of appropriate legal regulations and their implementation by the manufacturer down to ____ individual programmer.

Now, in addition to attempts to program machines to apply certain moral theories to ____ situations, there are also those that aim to mimic human judgment as best as possible.

This would not, however, ____ to self-driving vehicles acquiring the status of “moral agents.”

Their behavior would not be considered an action in ____ sense of a result of genuine decision-making.

An autonomous vehicle merely implements the rules ____ into its software.

This is also true when ____ of self-learning Artificial Intelligence are used.

Here, too, humans will select the training examples and decide what the correct answer is in each ____

They ____ what the program should “learn” and when it has “learned” enough.

Multiculturalism is an ideology advocating that society should consist of, or at least allow and include, distinct cultural and religious groups, ____ fairness.

Some countries have official multiculturalism policies aimed at preserving the ____ identities of immigrant groups.

In this context, multiculturalism advocates a society that extends fairness to distinct cultural and ____ groups, no one culture predominating.

____ the term is more commonly used to describe a society consisting of minority immigrant cultures existing alongside a predominant, indigenous culture.

Often, multiculturalism is interchangeably used with ____ term interculturalism.

Which term is used depends on ____ language is spoken by the people.

For example, English-speaking European researchers usually use the term multicultural, while ____ researchers use the term intercultural.

It ____ also argued that multicultural describes the nature of the society whose members are from different ethnic and religious groups, while intercultural describes their interactions, negotiations, and processes.

Another view is that intercultural refers to two culturally different groups of people, and multicultural ____ to more than two culturally different groups of people.

Therefore, the term multicultural is acceptable when referring to multiple ____

Looking at science’s history suggests that the answer to the question, what is this thing called science, is ____ there is no single thing called science.

Science is ____ not a unified and continuous body of beliefs.

Neither is it captured by a ____ scientific method.

If we want to understand what science is — the different ways knowledge has been produced both now and in the past, and how different peoples and cultures have come to ____ the beliefs they have about the natural world — we simply have no choice but to look at history.

To ____ this successfully, we need to overcome that modern condescension for the past that is often particularly prevalent in the history of science.

Clearly, by the light of our current knowledge, ____ of what people in the past thought they knew was false.

It is worth remembering, though, that by the same pessimistic induction, most of what we think we know now will turn out to be wrong by the future’s ____

The ____ of science should not be a game of rewarding winners and losers in the past.

Generally a work ____ eligible for copyright protection if it is “original,” that is, it contains markers of creative decision making by the author or artists.

Something raw or common like an alphabetical listing of names would ____ be eligible for copyright protection.

____ a song melody that used an alphabetical list of names as lyrics would be.

A work must be “fixed in a tangible medium of ____ to quote U.S. copyright law, to qualify for copyright protection.

This means that if I stand up in public and speak a poem into ____ air, it does not enjoy copyright protection.

But if I record the sound of speaking it into the air or I ____ the poem out on a keyboard into a computer hard drive, it immediately enjoys protection.

My computer hard drive is a “tangible medium of ____

So are film, photographic paper, concrete, cloth, and the huge slabs of steel ____ the sculptor Richard Serra uses to make his sculptures.

You might think that one reason that some individuals are successful at recognizing others’ emotions from their facial expressions is because ____ typically show emotions clearly on their own faces.

Surprisingly, though, ____ findings related to this idea are mixed.

A review of available evidence indicates ____ both reading and expressing emotions are related but only when individuals are trying to communicate their feelings to others.

When these expressions occur spontaneously — for instance, an expression of joy when something wonderful ____ happens — then being able to recognize others’ facial expressions and displaying those cues clearly oneself are not related.

To put it in other terms, people who express ____ emotions openly and easily are not necessarily accurate at recognizing the facial expressions of others.

Accuracy appears to be tied to people’s intentional focus ____ showing their own emotions in their facial expressions.

Perhaps they gain greater insight into the ____ of others’ expressions by doing so, and this helps them to recognize others’ underlying feelings more accurately.

Research findings show that one’s tendency to clearly convey their own ____ through facial expressions doesn’t necessarily guarantee an accurate reading of others’ emotions, as the accuracy of reading seems to be linked to the deliberate display of one’s own emotions.

If you look at mammals, the larger the animal, generally speaking, the longer ____ life span.

This makes evolutionary ____

A small animal is more vulnerable to predators, and there ____ be no point in having a long life span if it is going to be eaten long before it dies of old age.

But the more fundamental reason for the relationship between size and life span is that size is related to metabolic rate, ____ is roughly the rate at which an animal burns fuel in the form of food to provide the energy it needs to function.

Small mammals have more surface ____ for their size and so lose heat more easily.

To compensate, they need to generate more heat, which means ____ a higher metabolic rate and eating more for their weight.

This means that the total number of calories burned per hour by an animal increases more slowly than the mass ____ the animal.

An animal that ____ ten times as large burns only four to five times as many calories per hour.

So ____ their weight, smaller animals burn more calories than larger animals.

The relationship between how fast an animal burns calories and its mass is named Kleiber’s law after Max Kleiber, who showed in the 1930s that ____ animal’s metabolic rate scales to the 3/4 power of its mass.

The exact power is a matter of dispute and some show that for mammals, a 2/3 ____ fits the data better.